LANGUAGE the years. been influencedby SanskritandHindiover native toSouthIndia, althoughtheyhave The Dravidianlanguages suchasTamilare peoples whoinvaded whatisnowIndia. guages werespokenbytheCentral Asian which Englishbelongs).TheIndic lan- Indo-European groupoflanguages (to ily appreciated! The scopeformisunderstandingcan beeas- and dialectswerelistedinthelatestcensus. Additionally, over1600minorlanguages groups: Indic,orIndo-Aryan,andDravidian. constitution, andthesefallintotwomajor cial languageofthejudiciary. British leftIndiaandwhyit’sstilltheoffi- widely spokenmorethan50yearsafterthe This ispartofthereasonwhyEnglishstill There isnoone‘Indian’ language assuch. CONTENTS Language 1190 © LonelyPlanetPublications The Indiclanguagesareabranch ofthe Eighteen languagesarerecognisedbythe ie&Dts 1195 1195 1195 1196 Transport Time &Dates Shopping &Services 1193 1194 Numbers 1195 Directions 1195 Conversation &Essentials 1193 Emergencies 1195 Accommodation 1194 Pronunciation 1194 1193 Script &Transliteration Tamil 1194 1194 Transport Time &Dates 1192 Shopping &Services Numbers 1193 Language Difficulties Health 1192 Directions 1192 Conversation &Essentials Emergencies 1192 Accommodation 1191 Pronunciation 1190 Hindi 1190 language. good toknowatleastalittleofthelocal around IndiawithEnglish,butit’salways second tongue.Thusit’sveryeasytoget than onelanguage,Englishisoftentheir large numberofIndianswhospeakmore virtually theirfirstlanguage,andforthe retention ofEnglish. along withthestrongestsupportfor countrywide adoptionofHindicomes, Nadu, thatthemostvocaloppositionto here, particularlyinthestateofTamil people inthesouthspeakHindi.Itisfrom guages ofthesouth.Subsequently,veryfew it bearslittlerelationtotheDravidianlan- the predominantlanguageinnorth,but stumbling blocktothisplanisthatHindi andtograduallyphaseoutEnglish.A mote Hindiasthenationallanguageof opposite, formoreinformation.) Tamil, TeluguandUrdu.(Seetheboxedtext, layalam, Marathi,Oriya,Punjabi,, Bengali, Gujarati,Kannada,Kashmiri,Ma- languages: fromthetop,theyareAssamese, as HindiandEnglishthere’salistof12other the scriptsof14India’slanguages.Aswell English. AnRs5orlargerbanknoteshows Himachal Pradeshvirtuallyeverythingisin you’ll hardlyseeawordofit,whereasin common; insomestates,suchasGujarat, script, butwrittenEnglishcanalsobequite Urdu &BengaliPhrasebook Hindi, getacopyofLonelyPlanet’s and ‘unaspirated’ consonants – the aspirated and ‘unaspirated’ consonants –theaspirated ones. There’sadifference between‘aspirated’ lish counterparts, butthereareafewtricky Most Hindisounds aresimilartotheirEng- PRONUNCIATION many ofHindi’sgrammaticalfeatures. familiar, Englishspeakerswillrecognise nagari script.Whilethescriptmay beun- Hindi iswritten fromlefttorightinDeva- HINDI For manyeducatedIndians,Englishis Major effortshavebeenmadetopro- Most ofIndia’slanguageshavetheirown For afarmorecomprehensiveguide to . Hindi, LANGUAGE 1191 (m/f)

HINDI •• Accommodation Accommodation •• HINDI as the ‘ee’ in ‘feet’ as in ‘sit’ as the ‘oo’ in ‘fool’ as in ‘cheese’ maing dorm me teharnaa chaahtaa/ee hoong in ‘put’ as always as in ‘gun’, never as in ‘age’ as in ‘go’ as in ‘shot’ as in ‘they’ as in ‘yak’ slightly trilled slightly Please write the address. lik deejiye zaraa us kaa pataa Do you have any rooms available? kyaa koee kamraa kaalee hai? I’d like to share a dorm. e ee i o oo u Consonants ch g r y g ACCOMMODATION hotel? Where is the (best/cheapest) sab se (achaa/sastaa) hotal kahaang hai? . The combina- aa A Dravidian language, and the state language of . A Dravidian language, and the State language of Assam, and spoken State language Dates back to the 13th 60% of that state’s population. by nearly compared to An Indic language of the northeast region. State language of , spoken population. by about 65% of that state’s Kashmiri speakers It is an Indic 55% of the population of Jammu and Kashmir. account for about A Dravidian language spoken by people in the Goa region. a One of the oldest languages in the world, and the language of classical India. All the and classical and All the Vedas the world, and the language of classical India. One of the oldest languages in State language of Gujarat, it is an Indic language. State language An Indic language dating back to around the 13th century, Marathi An Indic language dating back is the state language of . Spoken the state language of West what is now Bangladesh), and 200 million people (mostly in by nearly Another Indic language, this is the state language of Punjab. Although based on Devanagarithe state language of Punjab. Another Indic language, this is (the same script The Dravidian language spoken of . by the largest number of people, it is the state language The predominant language of Sikkim, The predominant Nepalis. ethnic around 75% of the people are where A significant number of Sindhi speakers A significant number of Sindhi are number found in what is now , although the greater are The most important although it is only spoken Indian language, by about 20% of the as a mother tongue An Indic language, it is the state language of Orissa An Indic language, it is the state it is spoken where by around 90% of the population. An ancient Dravidian language at least 2000 years old, and the state language of . It is spoken by state language of Tamil An ancient Dravidian language at least 2000 years old, and the This is the state language of Jammu and Kashmir. Along with Hindi, This is the state language of Jammu and Kashmir. it evolved . While Hindi in early was

after a vowel indicates that it is na- ‘aisle’ at the end of a word ‘ou’ in ‘ouch’ at the end of a word ng

as Hindi), it is written script in a 16th-century known as Gurumukhi, by the Sikh which was created Angad. guru, population, mainly in the area known as the Hindi-belt, in the area population, mainly includes , Madhya the cow-belt or Bimaru, which Pradesh, and Uttar Indian government, the is the official language of the Pradesh. This Indic language and Himachal mentioned, plus Haryana states already Pradesh. language written script. Perso- in the Tamil 65 million people. Telugu Urdu Sanskrit Sindhi Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Konkani Manipuri Kannada Kashmiri Bengali Gujarati Hindi INDIA’S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OFFICIAL INDIA’S Assamese largely adopted by the Hindu population, the and so the latter is written embraced Urdu, in the Perso- words. Arabic script and includes many Persian in India. In Pakistan, language is written the in India. script, in a Perso-Arabic while in India it uses the Devanagari script. century. literature such as the Mahabharataliterature and the written were in this Indic language. Bengal. Developed century. as a language in the 13th It’s important to pay attention to the pro- as in ‘haul’ before a consonant; as the as in ‘father’ as in ‘hair’ before a consonant; as in

as the ‘u’ in ‘sun’ Vowels a aa ai au tion ones are pronounced with a strong puff of air, like saying ‘h’ after the sound. There are also ‘retroflex’ consonants, produced by curling the tongue up and back to make contact with the ridge of tissue behind the top teeth. The transliteration system we’ve used for Hindi in this language guide is designed to be as simple as possible, and for this reason it doesn’t distinguish between all the sounds of spoken Hindi. nunciation of vowels and especially to their length, eg salised (ie pronounced through the nose). lonelyplanet.com LANGUAGE expressions andthepolite formsofwords. other expressions. Thisbookusespolite lite formofthe imperative,orthrough ‘Please’ isusually conveyedthroughthepo- No. Yes. Goodbye. Hello. CONVERSATION &ESSENTIALS with awindow (cold/hot) water toilet paper shower key blanket bed thebathroom? Where’s anyotherroom? Is there Iseeit? May single room bathroom roomwitha double room a... I’d like one week one night How muchfor...? 1192 gusalkaanaa kahaanghai? koee aurkamraahai? kyaa maingkamraadeksaktaa/eehoong? myembassy/consulate. I wishtocontact toilet police station isthe...? Where I’m lost. thepolice! Call anambulance! Call adoctor! Call Thief! Stop! Help! EMERGENCIES

katnaa logõchaahtaa/chaahteehoong maing apneembassykesebaat HINDI••Emergencies

jee naheeng jee haang namaste/namskaar namaste/namskaar kirkeevaalaa paanee (tandaa/garam) taailet pepar shaavar chaabee kambaal palang singal kamraa gusalkaanevaalaa kamraa dabal kamraa mujhe ...chaahiye ek hafte ek din ... kaakiraayaakitnaahai? gusalkaanaa taanaa ... kahaanghai? maing raastaabhoolgayaa/ pulis kobulaao! embulains leaanaa! daaktar kobulaao! chor! ruko! mada keejiye! gayee hoong (f/m)

(m/f) (f/m) kyaavohyahaangsedoor/nazdeekhai? Is itfarfrom/nearhere? town square Sikh temple public toilet public phone post office mosque embassy consulate bank a/the... Where’s DIRECTIONS What’s yourname? Fine, andyou? you? How are Excuse me/Sorry. welcome. You’re you. Thank tampons syringe nausea medicine diarrhoea contraceptives condoms aspirin antibiotics antiseptic I’m sick. hospital doctor clinic isa/the...? Where HEALTH /Um[p;n krn; aNdr a;n; bNd %ul; ink;r÷b;hr p[vex÷aNdr SIGNS xoc;ly #'@; gmR iniWi “iniWi÷mn;‘ hw “iniWi÷mn;‘ hw

maingbeemaarhoong

aap kaashubhnaamkyaahai? maing teekhoongaapsunaaiye? aap kaise/kaiseehaing? kshamaa keejiye koee baatnaheeng shukriyaa/danyavaad aspataal daaktar davaakaanaa ... kahaanghai? taimpon sooee gin davaa dast garbnirodak nirodak (esprin) sirdardkeedavaa ainteebayotik ainteeseptik chauk gurudvaaraa shauchaalay saarvajanik fon daakkaanaa masjid mandir dootaavaas kaungnsal baink ... kahaanghai? Toilets Cold Hot Prohibited No Smoking No Entry Closed Open Exit Entrance lonelyplanet.com

(m/f) LANGUAGE 1193 (written 1,00,00,000) (written (written 1,00,000) (written davaaee kee dukaan (m/f) ek laak ek krore kitaab kee dukaan dukaan baazaar dobee kapre film rangin lifaafaa haat kee banee cheeze patrikaae nakshaa (angrezee kaa) akbaar kaagaz ustaraa saabun tikat manjan done kaa saabun kaprre toraa baraa kaafee aur chotaa bahut/adik

HINDI •• Language Difficulties Difficulties Language •• HINDI yeh bahut mahegaa/i hai What time is it? kitne baje haing?/taaim kyaa hai? It’s (10) o’clock. (das) baje haing It's half past two. daaee baje haing a little big enough more small too much/many How much is this? is kaa daam kyaa hai? I think it’s too expensive. Canlower the price? you is kaa daam kam keejiye? Do you accept credit cards? kyaa aap vizaa kaard vagairah lete ha? TIME & DATES I’d like ... to buy mujhe ... karidnaa hai clothes film colour envelope handicrafts magazines map (in newspaper English) paper razor soap stamp toothpaste powder washing 100,000 10,000,000 & SERVICESSHOPPING nearest ...? Where’s the hai? sab se karib ... kah bookshop chemist/pharmacy store general market washerman Where I buy ...? can maing … kah kareed sakta hoong? , and 10 million is a sau hazaar ikkees baaees tees chaalees pachaas saat sattar assee nabbe/navve terah chaudah pandrah solah satrah attaarah unnees bees paangch chai saat aat nau das gyaarah bara ek do teen chaar laakh . These two words are almost always. These two words are

Once in the thousands, written numbers Once in the thousands,

1000 90 100 70 80 50 60 30 40 20 21 22 18 19 16 17 14 15 12 13 10 11 8 9 6 7 3 4 5 2 1 krore equivalents. used in place of their English places, not three. have commas every two Whereas we count in tens, hundreds, thou- Whereas we count in tens, the Indian num- sands, millions and billions, hundreds, thousands,bering system uses tens, ten millions. A hun- hundred thousands and dred thousand is a Please write it down. zaraa lik deejiye NUMBERS maing samjhaa/ee maing I don’t understand. maing naheeng samjhaa/ee kisee ko angrezee aatee hai? kyaa I understand. aap ko angrezee aatee hai? kyaa hereDoes anyone English? speak LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES LANGUAGE speak English? Do you lonelyplanet.com LANGUAGE . is oneofthemajor Dravidianlanguagesof Territory ofPuducherry (Pondicherry).It Indian stateofTamil NaduandtheUnion Tamil istheofficial language intheSouth TAMIL 2nd class 1st class return one way mujhe ek...tikatchaahiye a...ticket I’d like train plane bus boat ... kitnebajepahungchegaa/pahungchegee? What timedoesthe...arrive? ... What timedoesthe...leave? last next first When isthe...bus? How dowegetto...? TRANSPORT Sunday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday year week night morning month evening day tomorrow/yesterday today now When? 1194 the meaningismadeclearbycontext) kitnebajejaayegaa/jaayegee?

TAMIL &Transliteration ••Script

.

...kaisejaatehaing? guruvaar/brihaspativaar budvaar mangalvaar somvaar saal/baras haftaa raat saveraa/subhaa maheenaa shaam din kal aaj ab kab? dviteey shreni pratam shreni do-tarafaa ek-tarafaa aakiree aglaa/aglee pehlaa/pehlee ... baskabjaaegee? itvaar/ravivaar shanivaar shukravaar

relgaaree havaaee jahaaz bas naav (while

(f) (m/f)

(f) kal

(f) isusedforboth,

(m/f)

(m) u oo o i ee e au ai aa a Vowels context ofwhatyou’resaying. your meaningwillstillbeclearfromthe nonretroflex counterparts.You’llfindthat guished theretroflexconsonantsfromtheir this languageguidewehaven’tdistin- of themouth.Forsakesimplicity,in contact withtheridgeoftissueonroof tongue upandbacksothatthetipmakes which arepronouncedbycurlingthe cludes anumberofretroflexconsonants, Like Hindi,theTamilsoundsystemin- PRONUNCIATION Roman alphabet. resenting thesoundsofTamilusing is intendedasasimplifiedmethodforrep- guide. Thetransliterationsystemusedhere has notbeenincludedinthislanguage Tamil hasitsownalphabeticscriptwhich SCRIPT &TRANSLITERATION kaalai sirruntiyutanserttaa? included? Is breakfast oruiravukku/oru nabarukkuevallavu? How muchisitpernight/per person? oru/irantu iravukal for one/twonights oruvar/iruvarukku for one/twopeople araikal kitaikkumaa? Do you anyroomsavailable? have ACCOMMODATION zh s ñ k g Consonants asin‘bit’ asin‘sit’ asin‘kit’ asin‘met’ asthe‘u’in‘run’ asin‘hot’ asin‘go’ asin‘chute’ asthe‘ni’ in‘onion’ asin‘aisle’ asthe‘s’in‘pleasure’ asin ‘meet’ asin‘rather’ asin‘rule’ asthe‘ow’in‘how’ lonelyplanet.com LANGUAGE 1195 Closed Information Prohibited Police Station Toilets Men Women Entrance Exit Open maruntakam maatam kaalai iravu inru naalai vaaram nerru tinkal sevvaay putan viyaazhan velli sani ñaayiru vangi aruntukkataikkaarar/ ... tootarakam en unavu vituti maarkket niyoos ejensi tabaal nilayam potu tolaipesi elutuporul vanikar surrulaa seyti totarpu aluvalakam periya siriya mani ettanai? matiyam pakal

TAMIL •• Emergencies Emergencies •• TAMIL

SIGNS top cs;Ns top ntspNa jpwe;j %ba jfty; mDkjp ,y;iy fhty; epiyak; kyry$lk; Mz; ngz Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday big small TIME & DATES What time is it ? afternoon day month morning night today tomorrow week yesterday Monday SHOPPING & SERVICES What time does it open/close? neram enna? tirakkum/mootum bank chemist/ pharmacy ... embassy my hotel market newsagency post office public phone stationers tourist information office (written 10,00,000) (written 1,00,000) (written 1,00,00,000) ennai taniyaaka irukkavitu! ennai taniyaaka utavi! tolaintu po! taaktarai kooppitavum! naan vazhi taviritten poleesai kooppitavum! pesuveerkalaa? pattu latsam koti aaru ezhu ettu onpatu pattu nooru aayiram irantaayiram latsam boojyam ondru iranyu moonru naanku aintu tooram arukil neenkal aankilam tangumitam viruntinar vituti hotal/vituti ilaiñar vituti tayavu seytu nanri nallatu varuka mannikkavum vanakkam poyittu varukiren aam/illai ... enke irukkiratu? unkal peyar enna? neraaka sellavum neraaka

atu evvalavu? atu en peyar ...

itatu pakkam tirumbavum

valatu pakkam tirumbavum

Leave alone! me Go away! Call a doctor! Call the police! I’m lost. EMERGENCIES Help! 10,000,000 100,000 1,000,000 1000 2000 10 100 7 8 9 5 6 3 4 1 2 0 near NUMBERS Turn right.Turn far Go straight ahead. left.Turn Where is (a/the) ...? What’s your name? My name is ... DIRECTIONS English? How much is it? Excuse me/Sorry. Do you speak Thank you. You’re welcome. Yes/No. Please. Hello. Goodbye. youth hostel & ESSENTIALS CONVERSATION guesthouse hotel camping ground lonelyplanet.com LANGUAGE enakkuoruvazhi/iruvazhitikketvenum ticket. aone-way/return I’d like train bus (intercity) bus (city) boat ...leave/arrive? next When doesthe TRANSPORT 1196 TAMIL ••Transport

Hindi, Urdu & BengaliPhrasebook Also availablefromLonely Planet: rayil peruntu (veliyoor) peruntu (nakaram/ulloor) pataku varum/sellum? eppozhutu atutta... car bicycle a... tohire I’d like train station timetable luggage left bus/trolley stop 2nd class 1st class

kaala attavanais tavara vittasaamaan peruntu nilayam irantaam vakuppu mutalaam vakuppu kaara saikkil enakku ...vaatakaikkuvenum rayil nilayam lonelyplanet.com 1197 Glossary This glossary is a sample of the words and autorickshaw – noisy, three-wheeled, motorised terms you may come across during your contraption for transporting passengers, livestock etc for Indian wanderings. For definitions of food short distances; found throughout the country, they are and drink, see p116 . cheaper than taxis Avalokiteshvara – in Mahayana Buddhism, the abbi – waterfall bodhisattva of compassion Abhimani – eldest son of avatar – incarnation, usually of a deity Abhimanyu – son of ayah – children’s nurse or nanny acha – ‘OK’ or ‘I understand’ Ayurveda – the ancient and complex science of Indian acharya – revered teacher; spiritual guide herbal medicine and healing Adivasi – tribal person azad – free (Urdu), as in Azad Jammu & Kashmir agarbathi – azan – Muslim call to prayer Agasti – legendary Hindu sage, revered in the south, as he is credited with introducing and developing baba – religious master or father; term of respect the bagh – garden – major deity in the Vedas; mediator between men bahadur – brave or chivalrous; an honorific title and the gods; also fire baksheesh – tip, donation (alms) or bribe ahimsa – discipline of nonviolence Balarama – brother of AIR – All India Radio, the national broadcaster bandar – monkey air-cooler – big, noisy water-filled fan bandh – general strike Amir – Muslim nobleman bandhani – tie-dye amrita – immortality banian – T-shirt or undervest Ananda – Buddha’s cousin and personal attendant baniya – moneylender or trader Ananta – snake on which reclined – Indian fig tree; spiritual to many Indians – 1000-headed demon, killed by baoli – see baori angrezi – foreigner baori – well, particularly a step-well with landings and anikut – dam galleries; in Gujarat it is more commonly referred to as a baoli anna – 16th of a rupee; no longer legal tender bearer – like a butler Annapurna – form of ; worshipped for her power begum – Muslim princess or woman of high rank to provide food – Hindu Song of the Divine One; – heavenly nymph Krishna’s lessons to Arjuna, the main thrust of which was Aranyani – Hindu goddess of forests to emphasise the philosophy of bhakti; it is part of the Ardhanari – Shiva’s half-male, half-female form Arishta – who, having taken the form of a bull, Bhairava – the Terrible; refers to the eighth incarnation attacked Krishna and was killed by him of Shiva in his demonic form Arjuna – Mahabharata hero and military commander – devotional song who married Subhadra, took up arms and overcame many bhakti – surrendering to the gods; faith demons; he had the Bhagavad Gita related to him by bhang – dried leaves and flowering shoots of the Krishna, led Krishna’s funeral ceremony and finally retired marijuana plant to the Himalaya bhangra – rhythmic Punjabi music/dance Aryan – Sanskrit for ‘noble’; those who migrated from Bharat – Hindi for India Persia and settled in northern India Bharata – half-brother of ; ruled while Rama was – spiritual community or retreat in exile ashrama – Hindu system; there are three stages in life bhavan – house, building; also spelt bhawan recognised by this system: brahmachari, grihastha and bheesti – see bhisti GLOSSARY sanyasin, but this kind of merit is only available to the Bhima – Mahabharata hero; he is the brother of upper three castes and renowned for his great strength – Archaeological Survey of India; an organisation bhisti – water carrier involved in monument preservation bhoga-mandapa – Orissan hall of offering atman – soul bhojanalya – see dhaba attar – essential oil; used as a base for perfumes bidi – small, hand-rolled cigarette GLOSSARY nirvana attained it;in andthemomenthe forBuddhahood intention tostrive the wisdom’; in aisles byalineofcolumns,withvotive specifically, ahalldividedintocentralnaveand twoside ofworship;hascometomeantemple,andmore object caravans women tocoverthemselvesfromheadtoe whose bodyissomewhere else of Chandragupta Chamunda chalo, chalo chakra chaitya chaam cenotaph caste music Carnatic caravanserai cantonment bustee burka bund bugyal Buddhism Buddha Brahmin Brahmanism brahmachari Brahma Bollywood bodhisattva attained enlightenment Bodhi Tree BJP bindi 1198 highest Hindu caste highest Hindu and of Buddhism over pre-existing religions and ofBuddhismoverpre-existing monks in also regarded by astheninthincarnationof also regarded byHindus women film industry of Mumbai (Bombay) film industryofMumbai her mission was to kill thedemonsChandaandMunda her missionwastokill scimitar, nooseandmace, andclothedinelephanthide, town Raj-era Vaishya andtheShudra life; there are fourcastes:the from Vedism (see and Vishnu Buddha –BharatiyaJanataParty Brahma – forehead mark (often dot-shaped)wornby –forehead mark(often –embankmentordyke – a Hindu’s hereditary station(socialstanding)in –aHindu’s GLOSSARY – one-piece garment used by conservative Muslim Muslim garmentusedbyconservative –one-piece inordertohelpothersattainit – ritual masked dance performed by some Buddhist bysomeBuddhist danceperformed masked –ritual – focus of one’s spiritual power; disclike weapon power;disclike –focusofone’sspiritual –high-altitudemeadow –slum – Sanskrit form of ‘cetiya’, meaning shrine or formof‘cetiya’,meaning shrine –Sanskrit – Awakened One; the originator ofBuddhism; One;theoriginator –Awakened – Hindu god;worshippedasthecreator inthe –Hindu –moon,or themoonasagod gompa – member of the priest/scholar caste,the –memberofthepriest/scholar – a monument honouring adeadperson –amonumenthonouring during the period betweenhisconceivingthe theperiod during –see Early Buddhism –India’sanswertoHollywood;thebooming –formof –tree underwhichthe Mahayana –administrativeandmilitaryarea ofa –chastestudentstageofthe – –traditionalaccommodationforcamel – early form of Hinduism that evolved thatevolved –earlyformofHinduism s to celebrate the victory of good over evil ofgoodoverevil s tocelebratethevictory

–Indianruler, 3rdcenturyBC –classicalmusicofSouthIndia literally ‘one whose essence is perfected literally ‘onewhoseessenceisperfected Vedas Early Buddhism –‘let’sgo,let’sgo’ Durga ); named after ); namedafter Buddhism,onewhorenounces , bodhisattva refers onlyto , bodhisattva ; areal terror,armedwith a Brahmin Buddha , the Kshatriya, the , theKshatriya, Brahmin ashrama satwhenhe attheend priests priests Vishnu system Kedarnath, Yamunotri Kedarnath, andGangotri flip-flops (literally ‘fourgardens’) ‘hashish’ also CPI coolie Cong (I) chuba chowkidar chowk choultry chorten chomos choli chogyal chital chinkara chillum chikan chhatri chela chedi charpoy charbagh charas Char Dham chappals dhaba devadasi deul desi Delhiite Dattatreya Dasaratha darwaza darshan dargah Damodara Dalit dak daitya dais dagoba dada dacoit crore CPI (M) a woodenframe Congress (I) viewing ofadeity the pipes used for smoking the pipesusedforsmoking Shankar – Communist Party ofIndia –CommunistParty Harijan –stagingpost,government-runaccommodation –local,Indian –raisedplatform –templesanctuary – – sari blouse –sari –preferred termforIndia’s –paternalgrandfatherorelderbrother –10million – pupil or follower, as George Harrison was to Ravi wastoRavi Harrison –pupilorfollower,asGeorge –see –spotteddeer –labourer orporter –dress wornbyTibetan women – bandit (particularly armedbandit),outlaw –bandit(particularly –basicrestaurant orsnackbar –demonorgiantwhofoughtagainstthegods – town square, intersection ormarketplace –townsquare, intersection – resin of the marijuana plant; alsoreferred –resin ofthemarijuana toas –embroidered cloth(specialityofLucknow) Shiva – Communist Party ofIndia(Marxist) –CommunistParty –cenotaph(literally‘umbrella’) – shrine or place of burial of a Muslim saint ofaMuslim orplaceofburial –shrine – pipe of a hookah; commonly used to describe commonlyusedtodescribe –pipeofahookah; –see –Tibetan Buddhistnuns – Congress Party ofIndia;alsoknownas –Congress Party –king –Tibetan for –simplebedmadeofropesknottedtogetheron –resident ofDelhi – offering oraudiencewithsomeone;auspicious –offering – pilgrim’s rest house;alsocalled –pilgrim’s –gatewayordoor –gazelle – sandals or leather thonglike footwear; –sandalsorleatherthonglike –templedancer – formal Persian garden, divided into quarters –formalPersian garden,dividedintoquarters –fatherof –anothernamefor –nightwatchman,caretaker – – four pilgrimage destinations of Badrinath, destinationsofBadrinath, –fourpilgrimage chaitya ’s wife; goddess stupa Brahmin stupa saintwhoembodiedthe Rama ganja inthe Krishna Untouchable Ramayana lonelyplanet.com ‘dharamsala’ caste;see Trimurti GLOSSARY 1199 ; Punjabi ; Punjabi system; ashrama GLOSSARY GLOSSARY repeated mentally by repeated , he is also known as Vishnu Guru Granth Sahib Guru Granth ’s toe Rig-Veda was fond of them Vishnu Govinda as a cowherd; also just cowherd and Krishna and other Hindu and other ascetics – erotic poem by Jayadeva relating Govinda Shiva – river worship ceremony Krishna – the script of the – Sikh temple – householder stage of the – soaring pyramidal gateway tower of – dome on an Islamic tomb or mosque – commercially minded – – warehouse temples – ruffian or tough; political parties have been – sacred verse of – sacred – Hindu god of good fortune; popular elephant- – man-bird vehicle of – industrial action the workers where lock in their – Tibetan Buddhist monastery – Tibetan s twice a day – see – royal order or grant – royal order or – Urdu song derived from poetry; poignant love – hot-water unit found in many bathrooms – Hindu the sacred goddess representing – appliquéd Kashmiri rug ’s early life as ’s early life – aboriginal Indian race, now mainly found in the – throne of a Hindu prince – dried flowering tips of the marijuana plant – village – Muslim taken who has a vow of poverty; also may – fort – slang term describing with Indian anything to do – steps or landing on a river, range of hills, or road – Indian bison – cave – white person, European – market – milkmaid; – vehicle; ‘motor gari’ is a car and ‘rail gari’ is a train – lane or alleyway – hill employers jungles of central India movies gufa gumbad gurdwara Gurmukhi giri Gita Govinda godmen godown gompa Gonds goonda known to employ them in gangs Gopala gopi gopuram gora Govinda grihastha headed son of ganga aarti ganj ganja gaon garh gari Garuda gaur Gayatri geyser ghazal theme gherao filmi firman gabba gaddi gali Ganesh Ganpati and his vehicle is a ratlike creature Ganga Krishna Dravidian followers discharge their duty to ancestors by having sons and making sacrifices to the gods up hills apply to apply to River; to flow from said Brahmin script in , a

Devi Mahayana Theravada ’s wife, ’s wife, Shiva ideal ’s death and before the ’s death and before Buddha bodhisattva Buddha sect ; a modern form is the , but the ankle-length cloth is then – identifying symbols for the various – any of the schools of Buddhism – hall of private audience lungi – sexual harassment – pilgrim’s house rest – hall of public audience – ‘Sky-Clad’; Jain group that demonstrates – place where clothes are washed are clothes – place where – period in the 1970s during which Indira – Akbar’s philosophy asserting the common wallah – general term for the cultures and languages – general term for the cultures – wife of the five Pandava princes in the of the five Pandava – wife – Tibetan prayer hall – Tibetan – small hand-held cymbals Mahayana – doorkeeper; beside the doorways to sculpture – long scarf often for women worn with the – for Hindus, of behaviour or the moral code – rug – temple guardian – nonviolent protest – royal court; also a government – money and/or goods given by a bride’s parents – principal officer in a princely state; royal court – the Inaccessible; a form of kameez – person who washes clothes; commonly referred clothes; commonly referred – person who washes – holiest pilgrimage – holiest of India places

– like a – man-carried portable carried ‘chairs’; people are dhobi- – traditional, large, two-sided drum Punjabi – beautiful, fierce woman riding a tiger/lion; a major goddess of the Mahabharata to their son-in-law’s family; it’s illegal but still widely exists in many arranged marriages in them to hill-top temples etc salwar disdain for worldly goods by going nakeddisdain for worldly goods by going or council truth in all religions to as social duty; for Buddhists, following the law of nature, or nature, following the law of social duty; for Buddhists, by the path, as taught Eve-teasing Emergency elatalam election symbols political parties, used to canvas illiterate voters Early Buddhism dwarpal established directly after Durga dupatta durbar (Teaching of the Elders) practised in Sri and South- from the east Asia; Early Buddhism differed that it did not teach the dukhang dun Dravidian Draupadi dowry Diwan-i-Am Diwan-i-Khas diwan dikpala Din-i-Ilahi Digambara dhurrie dhoti dhol dholi dhobi dhobi ghat dharna dham dharamsala lonelyplanet.com of the deep south of India, including Tamil, Malayalam, of the deep south of India, including Tamil, and Kannada Telugu Gandhi rights suspended many political Hindu Buddhist shrines or pulled up between the legs; worn by men pulled up between the legs; worn advent of GLOSSARY by Gandhi toIndia’s by Gandhi thunder, lightningandwar tobacco influences andJain integrated WesterndesignswithIslamic,Hindu particularly those found in Rajasthan andGujarat thosefoundinRajasthan particularly jheel jawan jauhar jataka Janaka jali jagamohan Jagadhatri Ishwara Indo-Saracenic IMFL imambara imam ikat iftar howdah hookah Hiranyakasipu hindola Hinayana hijra hijab havildar haveli hathi hashish hartal Harijan Hari Hara Hanuman hammam haji haj haat Guru GranthSahib and guru 1200 holes or spaces produced through carving timberorstone holes orspacesproducedthroughcarving weaving avoid beingdishonoured bytheircaptors womenattimesofmilitary defeat to byRajput performed Ramayana of god’ – carved lattice (often marble)screen, alsorefers lattice(often tothe –carved ‘roe’ – Muslim pilgrimage toMecca pilgrimage –Muslim – Muslim whohasmadethe –Muslim – fabric made with thread which is tie-dyed before madewiththread whichistie-dyed –fabric –anothernamefor – breaking ofthe –breaking –villagemarket –eunuch,transvestite – holy teacher; in Sanskrit literally –holyteacher;inSanskrit –oneof –Indian-madeforeign liquor –swampy area – headscarf used by Muslim women usedbyMuslim –headscarf –significantandprestigious Vedic god;godofrain, –elephant – Muslim religious leader –Muslim GLOSSARY –policeman orsoldier – traditional, often ornatelydecorated, residences, –traditional,often –strike –talefrom – ritual mass suicidebyimmolation,traditionally –ritual –fatherof –name(nolongerconsidered acceptable)given (to dispel) –swing –see –anothernamegivento –seatforcarryingpeopleonanelephant’sback –armyofficer – , andafollowerof –Turkish bath;publicbathhouse –see

– Hindu monkey god,prominentinthe monkey –Hindu water pipe used for smoking water pipeusedforsmoking – tomb dedicated to a Shiite Muslim holyman –tombdedicatedtoaShiiteMuslim –LordoftheUniverse;aform –MotheroftheWorld;anothernamefor –assemblyhall Shiva charas – – style of colonial architecture that –styleofcolonialarchitecture Early Buddhism daitya Buddha Untouchable ’s names – Sikh holybook –Sikh Ramadan Vishnu king killed by killed king ’s various lives ’s various Rama caste,meaning‘children fastatsunset haj Shiva ; lord Narasimha ‘goe’ ganja (darkness) Krishna orstrong Devi there are 12 reigned in the early Christian era reigned intheearlyChristian and wearing anecklaceofskulls and wearing withblood, dripping withblackskin, commonly depicted an independentPunjab karma kapali Kanyakumari Kanishka kameez Kama Kalki Kailasa kabaddi jyoti linga jumkahs juggernaut India commonly foundinNorth jooti JKLF jihad ji jhula jhuggi kotwali kothi kot kos minar kompu koil kiang khur kho-kho Khan Khalsa Khalistan khadi Kedarnath kathputli kata Kartikiya karmachario justice forpastdeeds cosmology ceases tobe;hasbeencompared to which willappearattheendofKali-Yug, whentheworld festivals Hindu certain dragged throughthestreets during thus‘Babaji’,‘Gandhiji’ anything asaformofrespect; people tospinthisratherthanbuyEnglishcloth when pilgrims comeintohispresence when pilgrims – honorific thatcanbeaddedtotheendofalmost –honorific –fort – Hindu temple –Hindu – the ominous-looking evil-destroying formof evil-destroying –theominous-looking – Jammu & Kashmir LiberationFront –Jammu&Kashmir –blackeyeliner –Tibetan prayershawl,traditionallygiventoa –Asiaticwildass –holywar(Islam) –bridge – –WhiteHorse;future (10th)incarnationof – Muslim honorific title honorific –Muslim –residence ormansion –wildassfoundinLadakh encouraged Gandhi –homespuncloth;Mahatma – Hindu godoflove –Hindu –see –sacred bowlmadefromahumanskull – Sikh devotional singing devotional –Sikh –shantysettlement;alsocalled – Hindu, Buddhist and Sikh principle of retributive ofretributive principle BuddhistandSikh –Hindu,

– Sikh brotherhood –Sikh –C-shapedmetaltrumpet traditional, often pointy-toed,slip-in shoes; traditional, often – sacred Himalayan mountain;home of –sacred Himalayan –policestation – woman’s shirtlike tunic –woman’sshirtlike –traditionalgame(similartotag) –traditionalgame(similartotag) –earrings – important king oftheKushanaempire who king –important – Hindu godofwar, –Hindu – former Sikh secessionists’proposednamefor –formerSikh –milestone – – most important shrines to shrines –mostimportant –nameof – huge, extravagantly decoratedtemple‘car’ –huge,extravagantly

puppeteer; alsoknownas –workers – Virgin Maiden; anothernamefor –VirginMaiden; Shiva andoneofthe12 Shiva Maitreya ’s son lonelyplanet.com putli bustee Shiva inBuddhist -wallah , ofwhich jyoti linga Shiva Vishnu Durga Devi lama ;

GLOSSARY 1201 ’s vehicle; GLOSSARY GLOSSARY (‘Hail the jewel in the lotus’) samsara figure Buddha Buddha Maratha in his female incarnation in his female Mughal Swarga – stone carved with the Tibetan-Buddhist – Tibetan stone walls with sacred inscriptions stone walls with sacred – Tibetan Vedas – Madam; respectful women way of addressing – see – pillared pavilion a temple forechamber – pillared – divine Vishnu – rainy season – future – future – circle; symbol used in Hindu art and Buddhist – pairs of men and women; often seen in – central Indian people who controlled much of – one who calls Muslims to prayer, traditionally – elephant rider – elephant or master – liberation from – henna; ornate henna designs on women’s – mythical sea creature and creature – mythical sea – Muslim dynasty of subcontinental emperors – shrine – open (often parade ground area; grassed) – see – mob march or protest – sacred word or syllable used by Buddhists and word or syllable used by Buddhists – sacred – Hindu demon – mosque ‘prayer niche’ that faces Mecca – temple – Hindu storm gods – unit of weight now superseded (about 20kg) – – mosque ‘ mani padme hum’ – ritual hand movements used in Hindu religious – market – illusion – monastery – road – mother – mythical mountain found in the centre of the – mythical mountain found in the centre – Buddhist personification of that which obstructs – Buddhist personification of that – or necklace – fair or festival – gardener from Babur to Aurangzeb dancing; gesture of dancing; gesture the cultivation of virtue, often depicted of with hundreds arms; also the god of death from the minaret of a mosque from the minaret mudra muezzin Mughal mujtahid maund maya mehndi hands (and often traditionally for certain feet), or festivals (eg marriage)ceremonies mela memsahib Meru mihrab mithuna Moghul Mohini moksha monsoon morcha mandir mani stone mani walls mantra Mara Maratha marg Maruts masjid mata math Mahisa mahout Mahratta maidan Maitreya crocodile mala mali mandal mandala mandapa mandi earth; on it is temple sculpture Hindus to aid concentration; metrical psalms of praise found in the to symbolise the universe India at various times and fought the Mughals and Rajputs

; Bharata Shiva jyoti linga nirvana in the Rama Arjuna to and one of 12 Devi Shiva Shiva Shiva Shiva – founded in 1891 to encourage Bhagavad Gita Bhagavad ’s twin sons maharaja ’s consort, Hindu goddess of wealth; maharaja ’s eighth incarnation, often’s eighth coloured maharaja tirthankar see

– Great Hindu Vedic epic poem of the epic poem Hindu – Great Vedic – Great Lord; – Great Rama see

literally ‘great king’;literally ‘great princely ruler –

see – half-brother and aide of

– Vishnu – Great God; – Great – the ‘greater-vehicle’ of Buddhism; a later – the ‘greater-vehicle’ – – lower house in the Indian parliament – lower house in the Indian parliament – Great Time; Time; – Great – Great Goddess; – Great – Great Ascetic; Ascetic; – Great Vishnu – literally ‘great soul’ – literally ‘great – wife of a princely – wife a ruler in her own ruler or – ideal, teaching the renunciation of ideal, teaching the renunciation – Hindu administrators; caste of soldiers or – observation tower – Islamic seminary – last – – very full skirt with a waist cord – – phallic symbol; auspicious symbol of – phallic symbol; auspicious symbol – house or palace – Tibetan opera – Tibetan – see – prefix meaning ‘great’ – prefix – long shirt with either short collar or no collar – Tibetan new year – Tibetan – worn by men, this loose, coloured garment (simi- – worn by men, this loose, coloured – lake Toda village or tank; – Tibetan Buddhist priest or monk – Tibetan – one of – 100,000 – heavy stick used by police, especially for crowd control – heavy stick used by police, especially – realm – people blue; he revealedblue; he the adaptation of the teaching that lays emphasis on the bodhisattva (ultimate peace and cessation of rebirth) in order to help other beings along the way to enlightenment she sprang forth from the ocean holding a lotus Ramayana Buddhist studies (House of the People) second in the caste hierarchy second in the caste Maheshwara Mahayogi Mahavir Mahayana mahatma maharawal maharani maharana maharao mahal maharaja Mahadevi Mahakala Mahabodhi Society Mahadeva maha Mahabharata machaan madrasa lar to a sarong) is pleated by the wearer at the waist to fit lar to a sarong) is pleated by the wearer Losar lungi Lok Sabha loka lok lhamo Laxmi lehanga lama lathi Lakshmi Lakshmana Kusa lakh kund kurta Kshatriya Krishna lonelyplanet.com dynasty; containing approximately 10,000 verses describing and the Kauravasthe battle between the Pandavas right plural ‘linga’ GLOSSARY men’s shoulders;theoccupant sitsinsideonaseat original Palioriginal texts were recorded;Buddhist scriptures scholarsstillrefer tothe hands together at the chest or head level; also hands togetheratthechestorheadlevel; smallbowwiththe accompaniedbyarespectful often palia Pali palanquin paise pagoda pagal padyatra padma Osho Om nullah NRI noth nizam niwas final release fromthecycleofexistence nirvana nilgai Nilakantha Naxalites nawab nautch girls nautch Nataraja natamandir Narsingh Narayan Narasimha Nandi Nanda namaz namaste namaskar Naga nadi mund Mumbaikar mullah 1202 support atvillagelevel support byviolence Bengal asapeasantrebellion; characterised modern India into humanform complete concentration,itleadstoastateofemptiness enoughwith forBuddhists,ifrepeated often divine principle; swallowing poisonthatwouldhavedestroyedtheworld controversial guru –sacred invocationrepresenting theessenceof – Non-Resident Indian; ofeconomicsignificanceto –Non-Resident – the language, related to Sanskrit, inwhichthe –thelanguage,related toSanskrit, –river –theLord(Jain) – the late Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, apopular, –thelateBhagwanShree Rajneesh, – memorial stone –memorial – mythical serpentlike beingscapableofchanging –mythicalserpentlike –theIndianrupeeisdividedinto100paise – insane, crazy; often saidinjest –insane,crazy;often –antelope – statue, often ofadeity –statue,often GLOSSARY –village –house,building –bull,vehicleof –hereditary titleoftherulersHyderabad –cowherdwhoraised –ditchorsmallstream – lotus; another name for the Hindu goddess –lotus;anothernamefortheHindu – Muslim prayers –Muslim – Muslim ruling prince or powerful landowner orpowerful rulingprince –Muslim –dance – Muslim scholarorreligious leader –Muslim –see –thisistheultimateaimofBuddhistsand –incarnationof – – traditional Hindu greeting (helloorgoodbye), –traditionalHindu –see –‘footjourney’madebypoliticianstoraise – ultra-leftist politicalmovement begun inWest –ultra-leftist –see – boxlike enclosure carried onpolesfour enclosure carried –boxlike –man-lionincarnationof Shiva –formof – resident of Mumbai (Bombay) –resident ofMumbai –dancinghall –dancinggirls stupa Narasimha asthecosmicdancer namaste Shiva Shiva

Vishnu ; hisbluethroatisaresult of Krishna thecreator Vishnu namaskar Lakshmi the naturalworld,humanbehaviourandsurvival rhythm thatformthebasisforfreely interpreted compositions rhythm interstate andinternationalphonecalls refers rule toBritish termination point pukka prasad pranayama pradesh POK pir pinjrapol Taj Mahal pietra dura peon peepul PCO patachitra pashmina Parvati Partition Parsi Parasurama a bookworm pandit pandal panchayat Panchatantra palli raja raj railhead raga Quran qila qawwali putli-wallah Purnima women inseclusion;veiled keeping of especiallytheRajputs) (also adoptedbysomeHindus, purdah the 5thcenturyAD inverse,relating tothethree gods,datingfrom written punka sahib pukka a cowherd IndiaandPakistan two separatecountries, practice Vishnu – rule or sovereignty; British Raj (sometimes just Raj) (sometimes justRaj) Raj –ruleorsovereignty; British – Muslim holyman;titleofaSufisaint –Muslim –fort – Public Call Office from where you can make local, fromwhere youcanmake –Public CallOffice – king; sometimes –king; – Pakistan OccupiedKashmir –Pakistan – any of several conventional patterns of melody and conventionalpatternsof melodyand –anyofseveral – literally ‘respect’; offering orprayers offering –literally‘respect’; –village – adherent of the Zoroastrian faith –adherent oftheZoroastrian – lowest grade clerical worker –lowestgradeclerical –templepriest –theholybookofIslam,alsospeltKoran – proper; a Raj-era term –proper;aRaj-era –clothfan,swungbypullingacord – favourite mistress of –favourite – expert orwiseperson;sometimesusedtomean –expert – temple-blessed foodoffering –temple-blessed –figtree, especiallyabotree –marquee – custom among some conservative Muslims Muslims –customamongsomeconservative –anotherformof –state – set of 18 encyclopaedic Sanskrit stories, stories, –setof18encyclopaedicSanskrit –stationortownatthe endofarailwayline; –fullmoon;considered tobeanauspicioustime – Islamic devotional singing –Islamicdevotional – formal division of British Indiain1947into –formaldivisionofBritish –animalhospitalrunbyJains – – Orissan clothpainting –Orissan –villagecouncil – marble inlay work characteristic ofthe –marbleinlayworkcharacteristic –studyofbreath control;meditative

– fine woollenshawl –propergentleman –puppeteer;alsoknownas – series of traditional Hindu stories about stories oftraditionalHindu –series Rama with the axe; sixth incarnationof withtheaxe; sixth rana Devi Krishna whenhelivedas lonelyplanet.com kathputli GLOSSARY 1203 system ashrama Kartikiya GLOSSARY GLOSSARY (‘honourable woman’) (‘honourable woman’) Kartikiya , goddess of learning; sits on , goddess of learning; is still occasionally performed is still occasionally a wandering ascetic who has Shiva veena Shiva sati Brahma ’s incestuous sister – official term used for the ; became a caste Ramayana ; as the creator accumulated in successive reincarnations lingam – another name for Dalit Shiva Krishna – nonviolent protest involving a hunger – nonviolent protest involving shri Shiva or – Muslim is no God (‘There declaration of faith – wife of – wife shri Shiva – karma – worship of – like a – – follower of shri – material from which shirts made are – discourse by a or guru – hunting expedition – gondola-like boat used on lakes in Srinagar – another name for – Hindu temple-spire or temple – community of monks and nuns of monks – community – caste of labourers – ; also known as a ‘dagoba’ or ‘pagoda’ – Islamic law – creative energies perceived as female deities; perceived as female energies – creative – heard – formerly an Indian solider in British – formerly an Indian solider in service – leader or commander – literally ‘lion’; a surname adopted by Sikhs – Buddhist religious monument composed of a – Buddhist religious – see – Destroyer; also the Creator, in which form he is – Destroyer; also the Creator, – virgin forest – Hindu Vaishnavaite monastery and centre for art and centre monastery – Hindu Vaishnavaite – accommodation for travellers – accommodation for travellers – voluntary work, especially in a temple – voluntary work, especially in – Indian stringed instrument – see – see – Muslim mystic – the Hindu of agriculture; goddess commonly more – wife of – wife – honorific Indian equivalent of male prefix; – see but Allah; is his prophet’) Mohammed (Kashmir) solid hemisphere topped by a spire, containing relics of the containing relics topped by a spire, solid hemisphere Buddha devotees follow Shaktism ‘Respected Sir’ Untouchable worshipped as a strike, popularised by Mahatma Gandhi; from Sanskrit, truth’ literally meaning ‘insistence on a white swan, holding a a white swan, holding sri stupa Subhadra Subrahmanya Sufi shola shree shri shruti Shudra sikhara Singh sirdar Sita sitar Siva Skanda sonam sree Scheduled Castes sepoy serai seva shahadah Shaivism Shaivite shakti sharia shikara shikhar shirting Shiva sangha Sankara sanyasin Sati satra satsang satyagraha renounced all worldly things as part all worldly renounced of the associated with the by immolating herself; although banned more than a although banned more by immolating herself; actcentury ago, the of , in Vedas ; the Ramayana ‘babaji’ Sita karma or puja and their conflict kameez

were revealed were Sita is told in the ‘swamiji’ and Vishnu Vedas Rama temples ; died on his funeral pyre Rama raja kolam Krishna Dravidian – traditional dresslike tunic and trouser – strings of beads used in – upper house in the Indian parliament – upper house – Orissan fabric – the story of is one of India’s best-known epics – roadblock set up for protest purposes – roadblock set up for protest – the Islamic holy month of sunrise-to-sunset – the Islamic holy – prince – original and longest of the four main – wife of – wife – small, two- or three-wheeled passenger vehicle – in Hinduism, ecstatic state, sometimes – Buddhists, Hindus and Sikhs believe earthly – music – meeting of two rivers – deer – demon king of Lanka who abducted – elaborate chalk, rice-paste powder or coloured – Hindu warrior north- former rulers of caste, – trousers usually worn with a – rock-cut – rock-cut – ascetic, holy person, one who is trying to achieve – seventh of incarnation – nobleman – deserts – respectful title applied to a gentleman – main – lake, reservoir – amulet – railway town that serves as a communication point – road – king; sometimes – any poet, philosopher, saint or sage; originally a – temple festivals in religious or car used – turban – female ruler or wife of a king ruler or wife – female combination for women sage to whom the hymns of the design; also known as (Council of States) with western India sangeet sangam samsara born again and again, the quality is cyclical; you are life of these rebirths being dependent upon your sambalpuri sambar samadhi salwar kameez salai salwar sagar sahib sadhu safa sadar rudraksh mala Rukmani Road rishi Rig-Veda rawal rickshaw Ravana rasta roko rath rani ranns rangoli rana Ramayana Rama Ramadan rakhi Rajya Sabha rajkumar Rajput lonelyplanet.com defined as ‘ecstasy, trance, communion with God’; in a holy man Buddhism, concentration; also a place where has been cremated/buried, usually venerated as a shrine enlightenment; often as addressed or holy Sanskrit texts fasting (no eating, drinkingfasting (no eating, or smoking); to referred also as Ramazan to a larger town off the line, eg Mt Abu and Abu Road titanic battle between him and previous lives GLOSSARY formerly knownas defilement iftheytouchone; belief thathighercastesrisk fromthe thenamederives most menialtasksare reserved; outside windowstocooltheair nature oftheuniverseandsoul ofthe part and menial oftasks Untouchable Uma tripolia Tripitaka Trimurti trekkers toy train torana topi tonga tirthankars tilak tikka thiru Theravada thangka thakur tempo tatty Buddhism tantric tank tandava taluk tal sweeper Swarga swaraj swami sutra suiting Sufism 1204 bigger thananautorickshaw sexual andoccultovertones to initiated Hindu monks to initiatedHindu categories, hencethename‘Three Baskets’ categories, adherence tothePali canon;literally‘dwelling’ byits andSoutheastAsiathatischaracterised Lanka Sri found atsometemples –lake Vishnu –cap – auspicious forehead mark of devout Hindu men Hindu –auspiciousforehead markofdevout – – reservoir; poolorlargereceptacle ofholywater –reservoir; –holy – woven grass screen soaked inwaterandhung –wovengrassscreen soaked – string; listofrulesexpressed inverse –string; –district –twindrums – a mark Hindus putontheirforeheads –amarkHindus –thesun;amajordeityin GLOSSARY – two-wheeled horseorponycarriage –two-wheeled – title of respect meaning‘lordoftheself’;given –titleofrespect – noisy three-wheeler public transport vehicle; publictransport –noisythree-wheeler –independence –architraveoveratempleentrance –Islamicmysticism –nobleman Shiva – material fromwhichsuitsare made –material –heavenof – triple gateway –triple – –jeeps;hikers – lowest caste servant, performs themost performs –lowestcasteservant, – triple form; the Hindu triad of triad form;theHindu –triple –Tibetan clothpainting – narrow-gauge train;mini-train –narrow-gauge – classic Buddhist scriptures, dividedintothree –classicBuddhistscriptures, Vedas – orthodox form of Buddhism practised in formofBuddhismpractised –orthodox Shiva –templetank ’s consort; light ’s consort; – esoteric doctrine; ancient texts forming ancienttexts doctrine; –esoteric –the24great Jainteachers –lowestcasteor‘casteless’,forwhomthe ; delvingintoweightymatters suchasthe ’s cosmic victory dance ’s cosmicvictory Harijan –Tibetan Buddhismwithstrong Indra , now Dalit Vedas Brahma , Shiva

tempo Parasurama ;thewildboarNaraha; tortoise the whosofarhasnineavatars:thefishMatsya; Restorer and Atharva-Veda divided intofourbooks: thesecondmillenniumBCand during in preclassical Sanskrit Vishnu vipassana vikram vihara veena Vedas Varuna varna varku Valmiki Vaishya vaastu urs zenana zari zamindar zakat yogini yatri yantra yali yakshi yagna wazir wavs taxi-wallah chai-wallah, wallah, wallah environment saint memory ofaMuslim princely states princely examined aschangingphenomena Theravada women’s quarters the five‘Pillars ofIslam’ Buddha orhalloffwhichopenresidential cells,usuallywitha court – death anniversary of a revered Muslim; festival –deathanniversaryofarevered Muslim; in –mythicallioncreature –goldorsilverthread usedinweaving – female fertility symbol –female fertility –pilgrim –hamlet – step-wells, northern India –step-wells,northern –pilgrimage – title of chief minister used in some former Muslim –titleofchiefministerusedinsomeformerMuslim – tax in the form of a charitable donation,oneof –taxintheformofacharitable –conceptofcaste –sacred flutemadefromathighbone – Hindu sacred books; collection of hymns composed ofhymnscomposed sacred books;collection –Hindu – stringed instrument –stringed –self-mortification –female goddessattendants shrine atoneend shrine –Buddhistmonastery,generallywithcentral –maiden – geometric plansaidtocreate energy –geometric –creation ofacosmicallyfavourable – part ofthe –part –man;addedontoalmostanything,eg –tempooralargerversionofthestandard –supreme Vedic god –area ofahomewhere women are secluded; – principal part of Hindu temple ofHindu part –principal –authorofthe – member of the Hindu casteofmerchants –memberoftheHindu – fifth incarnationof –fifth Buddhisminwhichmindandbodyare closely –landowner ; –theinsightmeditationtechniqueof Rama ; Krishna Trimurti Rig-Veda Ramayana ; and ; Vishnu Vishnu , Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda Buddha is the Preserver and isthePreserver , asthedwarf Narasimha lonelyplanet.com ; dhobi Vamana - ; GLOSSARY 1205

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