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Telecommunications—Page 1
Commerce Control List Supplement No. 1 to Part 774 Category 5 - Telecommunications—page 1 CATEGORY 5 – NS applies to 5A001.b NS Column 2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND (except .b.5), .c, .d, .f “INFORMATION SECURITY” (except f.3), and .g. Part 1 – TELECOMMUNICATIONS SL applies to 5A001.f.1 A license is required for all destinations, as Notes: specified in §742.13 of the EAR. Accordingly, 1. The control status of “components,” test a column specific to and “production” equipment, and “software” this control does not therefor which are “specially designed” for appear on the telecommunications equipment or systems is Commerce Country determined in Category 5, Part 1. Chart (Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 of the N.B.: For “lasers” “specially designed” for EAR). telecommunications equipment or systems, see ECCN 6A005. Note to SL paragraph: This licensing 2. “Digital computers”, related equipment requirement does not or “software”, when essential for the operation supersede, nor does it and support of telecommunications equipment implement, construe or described in this Category, are regarded as limit the scope of any “specially designed” “components,” provided criminal statute, they are the standard models customarily including, but not supplied by the manufacturer. This includes limited to the Omnibus operation, administration, maintenance, Safe Streets Act of engineering or billing computer systems. 1968, as amended. AT applies to entire AT Column 1 entry A. “END ITEMS,” “EQUIPMENT,” “ACCESSORIES,” “ATTACHMENTS,” Reporting Requirements “PARTS,” “COMPONENTS,” AND “SYSTEMS” See § 743.1 of the EAR for reporting requirements for exports under License Exceptions, and Validated End-User 5A001 Telecommunications systems, authorizations. equipment, “components” and “accessories,” as follows (see List of Items Controlled). -
Radar Transmitter/Receiver
Introduction to Radar Systems Radar Transmitter/Receiver Radar_TxRxCourse MIT Lincoln Laboratory PPhu 061902 -1 Disclaimer of Endorsement and Liability • The video courseware and accompanying viewgraphs presented on this server were prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its Lincoln Laboratory, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, products, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its Lincoln Laboratory. • The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors Radar_TxRxCourse MIT Lincoln Laboratory PPhu 061802 -2 Outline • Introduction • Radar Transmitter • Radar Waveform Generator and Receiver • Radar Transmitter/Receiver Architecture -
How to Configure Radios for Use with Repeaters
Concept of How to Configure Your Handheld and Mobile Radio for Use on a Repeater System VA6RPL Peter LaGrandeur Calgary Amateur Radio Association 2015 Learning Conference Limitations of “Standalone” Radios such as Handhelds and Vehicle Mounted Mobiles. Short Range of Coverage Signal easily blocked by major obstacles such as mountains, valleys, urban infrastructure What is a “Repeater” Radio? A repeater is basically a two way radio that receives a signal on one frequency, and simultaneously retransmits it on another frequency. It can retransmit with much greater power than received, and can send over a much wider area. A good example is where users are scattered in various areas separated by mountains; if a repeater is situated on top of a central mountain, it can gather signals from surrounding valleys, and rebroadcast them to all surrounding valleys. Handy! From there, repeater stations can be “linked” together to connect a series of repeater radios, each in a different area. With this, every time a user transmits on his mobile or handheld, his call will be heard simultaneously over all the repeater transmitters. And, yes! Repeater stations can now be connected via the internet. This internet linking is called IRLP – Internet Relay Linking Project. For example, a repeater in Calgary can link, via the internet, with an IRLP repeater anywhere in the world. You can carry on a two way radio conversation with someone in a faraway land with the assistance of the internet. Locating of Repeater Stations The higher the better. Yes, there are even satellite repeaters for amateur radio. In places that afford the best coverage in as many directions as possible. -
Radio Communications in the Digital Age
Radio Communications In the Digital Age Volume 1 HF TECHNOLOGY Edition 2 First Edition: September 1996 Second Edition: October 2005 © Harris Corporation 2005 All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-94476 Harris Corporation, RF Communications Division Radio Communications in the Digital Age Volume One: HF Technology, Edition 2 Printed in USA © 10/05 R.O. 10K B1006A All Harris RF Communications products and systems included herein are registered trademarks of the Harris Corporation. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS .....................................6 CHAPTER 2 THE IONOSPHERE AND HF RADIO PROPAGATION..........................16 CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTS IN AN HF RADIO ..........................................................24 CHAPTER 4 NOISE AND INTERFERENCE............................................................36 CHAPTER 5 HF MODEMS .................................................................................40 CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT (ALE) TECHNOLOGY...............48 CHAPTER 7 DIGITAL VOICE ..............................................................................55 CHAPTER 8 DATA SYSTEMS .............................................................................59 CHAPTER 9 SECURING COMMUNICATIONS.....................................................71 CHAPTER 10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .....................................................................77 APPENDIX A STANDARDS -
History of Radio Broadcasting in Montana
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1963 History of radio broadcasting in Montana Ron P. Richards The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Richards, Ron P., "History of radio broadcasting in Montana" (1963). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5869. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5869 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN MONTANA ty RON P. RICHARDS B. A. in Journalism Montana State University, 1959 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1963 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number; EP36670 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Oiuartation PVUithing UMI EP36670 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). -
About Submarine Telecommunications Cables
About Submarine Telecommunications Cables Communicating via the ocean © International Cable Protection Committee Ltd www.iscpc.org Contents ~ A brief history ~ What & where are submarine cables ~ Laying & maintenance ~ Cables & the law ~ Cables & the environment ~ Effects of human activities ~ The future www.iscpc.org A Brief History - 1 ~ 1840-1850: telegraph cables laid in rivers & harbours; limited life, improved with use of gutta b percha insulation c.1843 a ~ 1850-1: 1st international telegraph link, England-France, later cables joined other 1850 (a) and 1851 (b) cables from European countries & USA with UK-France link. Courtesy: BT Canada ~ 1858: 1st trans-Atlantic cable laid by Great Eastern, between Ireland & Newfoundland; failed after 26 days & new cable laid Great Eastern off Newfoundland. in 1866 Courtesy: Cable & Wireless www.iscpc.org A Brief History - 2 ~ 1884: First underwater telephone cable service from San Francisco to Oakland ~ 1920s: Short-wave radio superseded cables for voice, picture & telex traffic, but capacity limited & subject to atmospheric effects ~ 1956: Invention of repeaters (1940s) & their use in TAT-1, the 1st trans-Atlantic telephone cable, began era of rapid reliable communications ~ 1961: Beginning of high quality, global network ~ 1986: First international fibre-optic cable joins Belgium & UK ~ 1988: First trans-oceanic fibre-optic system (TAT-8) begins service in the Atlantic www.iscpc.org What & Where are Submarine Cables Early telegraph cable Conductor-usually copper Insulation-gutta percha resin -
En 303 345 V1.1.0 (2015-07)
Draft ETSI EN 303 345 V1.1.0 (2015-07) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Radio Broadcast Receivers; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the Directive 2014/53/EU 2 Draft ETSI EN 303 345 V1.1.0 (2015-07) Reference DEN/ERM-TG17-15 Keywords broadcast, digital, radio, receiver ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI. -
Maintenance of Remote Communication Facility (Rcf)
ORDER rlll,, J MAINTENANCE OF REMOTE commucf~TIoN FACILITY (RCF) EQUIPMENTS OCTOBER 16, 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION AbMINISTRATION Distribution: Selected Airway Facilities Field Initiated By: ASM- 156 and Regional Offices, ZAF-600 10/16/89 6580.5 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE. direction authorized by the Systems Maintenance Service. This handbook provides guidance and prescribes techni- Referenceslocated in the chapters of this handbook entitled cal standardsand tolerances,and proceduresapplicable to the Standardsand Tolerances,Periodic Maintenance, and Main- maintenance and inspection of remote communication tenance Procedures shall indicate to the user whether this facility (RCF) equipment. It also provides information on handbook and/or the equipment instruction books shall be special methodsand techniquesthat will enablemaintenance consulted for a particular standard,key inspection element or personnel to achieve optimum performancefrom the equip- performance parameter, performance check, maintenance ment. This information augmentsinformation available in in- task, or maintenanceprocedure. struction books and other handbooks, and complements b. Order 6032.1A, Modifications to Ground Facilities, Order 6000.15A, General Maintenance Handbook for Air- Systems,and Equipment in the National Airspace System, way Facilities. contains comprehensivepolicy and direction concerning the development, authorization, implementation, and recording 2. DISTRIBUTION. of modifications to facilities, systems,andequipment in com- This directive is distributed to selectedoffices and services missioned status. It supersedesall instructions published in within Washington headquarters,the FAA Technical Center, earlier editions of maintenance technical handbooksand re- the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, regional Airway lated directives . Facilities divisions, and Airway Facilities field offices having the following facilities/equipment: AFSS, ARTCC, ATCT, 6. FORMS LISTING. EARTS, FSS, MAPS, RAPCO, TRACO, IFST, RCAG, RCO, RTR, and SSO. -
En 300 720 V2.1.0 (2015-12)
Draft ETSI EN 300 720 V2.1.0 (2015-12) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) on-board vessels communications systems and equipment; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the Directive 2014/53/EU 2 Draft ETSI EN 300 720 V2.1.0 (2015-12) Reference REN/ERM-TG26-136 Keywords Harmonised Standard, maritime, radio, UHF ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI. -
High Frequency (HF)
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1990-06 High Frequency (HF) radio signal amplitude characteristics, HF receiver site performance criteria, and expanding the dynamic range of HF digital new energy receivers by strong signal elimination Lott, Gus K., Jr. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34806 NPS62-90-006 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, ,California DISSERTATION HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) RADIO SIGNAL AMPLITUDE CHARACTERISTICS, HF RECEIVER SITE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, and EXPANDING THE DYNAMIC RANGE OF HF DIGITAL NEW ENERGY RECEIVERS BY STRONG SIGNAL ELIMINATION by Gus K. lott, Jr. June 1990 Dissertation Supervisor: Stephen Jauregui !)1!tmlmtmOlt tlMm!rJ to tJ.s. eave"ilIE'il Jlcg6iielw olil, 10 piolecl ailicallecl",olog't dU'ie 18S8. Btl,s, refttteste fer litis dOCdiii6i,1 i'lust be ,ele"ed to Sapeihil6iiddiil, 80de «Me, "aial Postg;aduulG Sclleel, MOli'CIG" S,e, 98918 &988 SF 8o'iUiid'ids" PM::; 'zt6lI44,Spawd"d t4aoal \\'&u 'al a a,Sloi,1S eai"i,al'~. 'Nsslal.;gtePl. Be 29S&B &198 .isthe 9aleMBe leclu,sicaf ,.,FO'iciaKe" 6alite., ea,.idiO'. Statio", AlexB •• d.is, VA. !!!eN 8'4!. ,;M.41148 'fl'is dUcO,.Mill W'ilai.,s aliilical data wlrose expo,l is idst,icted by tli6 Arlil! Eurse" SSPItial "at FRIis ee, 1:I.9.e. gec. ii'S1 sl. seq.) 01 tlls Exr;01l ftle!lIi"isllatioli Act 0' 19i'9, as 1tI'I'I0"e!ee!, "Filill ell, W.S.€'I ,0,,,,, 1i!4Q1, III: IIlIiI. 'o'iolatioils of ltrese expo,lla;;s ale subject to 960616 an.iudl pSiiaities. -
Electromagnetic Theory
Electromagnetic Theory Electromagnetic Waves come in many varieties, What difference did it make? Maxwell’s new law including radio waves, from the ‘long-wave’ band and Faraday’s law give a wave equation, implying through VHF, UHF and beyond; microwaves; infrared, that any disturbance in the electric and magnetic visible and ultraviolet light; X-rays, gamma rays etc. fields will be self sustaining and travel out in space at the speed of light as an ‘electro-magnetic’ wave. About 1860, James Clerk Maxwell brought together all the known laws of electricity and What happened next? In 1887 Heinrich Hertz used magnetism: a spark-gap transmitter and receiver to demonstrate that these waves actually existed: • Gauss’ law gives the electric field pro- ∇∙D = ρ duced by electric charges • Faraday’s law gives the electric field produced by a changing magnetic field ∇×E = −∂B/∂t • Ampère’s law gave the magnetic field produced by an electric current ∇×H = J • A fourth law states that individual magnetic charges cannot exist ∇∙B = 0 In a metal wire electric charges flow round as a continuous current, while in an insulator they are only displaced by a small distance. Maxwell reasoned that this displacement could still make a current, ∂D/∂t, and so he reformulated Ampère’s law as ∇ ∇×H = J + ∂D/∂t. The spark generator causes a current spike across the gap in the central antenna. The transient pulse of electric field travels outwards at the speed of light. It alternates in direction (red for up, blue for down) making a Maxwell’s equations are essential to the wave, and carries with it a magnetic field and electromagnetic energy. -
Prof. K Radhakrishna Rao Lecture 2 Role of Analog Signal Processing
Analog Circuits and Systems Prof. K Radhakrishna Rao Lecture 2 Role of Analog Signal Processing in Electronic Products – Part 1 1 Structure of an electronic product 2 Electronic Products o Process analog signals and digital data o This involve transmission and reception of signals and data o It is generally necessary to code signal and data to transmit over channels o Transmission can be over wires or wireless o Processing and storage are efficient in digital form o Several human interface technologies are available 3 Products considered o Radio Receiver o Modem o Cell Phone o ECG 4 Radio Receiver o AM Receiver o FM Receiver 5 Radio waves are classified as o Low frequency (LF): 30 kHz – 300 kHz, o Medium frequency (MF): 300 kHz – 3 MHz, o High frequency (HF): 3 MHz – 30 MHz, o Very high frequency (VHF): 30 MHz – 300 MHz, o Ultra high frequency (UHF): 300 MHz – 3 GHz, o Super high frequency (SHF): 3 GHz – 30 GHz, o Extremely high frequency (EHF): 30 GHz to 300 GHz. 6 Radio broadcasting o one-way wireless transmission over radio waves to reach a wide audience o takes place in MF (300 kHz – 3 MHz), HF (3 MHz – 30 MHz) and VHF (30 MHz – 300 MHz) regions 7 Major modes of radio broadcasting o Sine wave (single tone) represented by Vtp sin(ωφ+ ) PM (Analog) where φ = phase in radians PSK (Digital) QPSK( Digital) FM (Analog) ω = frequency in rad/sec FSK (Digital) AM, DSB (Analog) V = peak magnitude in volts p ASK (Digital) 8 AM broadcasting o Amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted o Amplitude modulation is done by a unit called mixer (nothing but a multiplier) which produces an output output=+( Vpc V pm sinωω m t )sin c t Vpm where ωm is the modulating frequency = m is known as the Vpc ω is the carrier frequency c modulation index.