Christian Theology Edited by Ian A

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-41496-9 - The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology Edited by Ian A. McFarland, David A. S. Fergusson, Karen Kilby, Iain R. Torrance Frontmatter More information

the cambridge dictionary of Christian Theology

With over 550 entries ranging from ‘Abba’ to ‘Zwingli’ composed by leading contemporary theologians from around the world, The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology represents a fresh, ecumenical approach to theological reference. Written with an emphasis on clarity and concision, all entries are designed to help the reader understand and assess the specifically theological significance of the most important concepts. Clearly structured, the volume is organized around a small number of ‘core entries’ which focus on key topics to provide a general overview of major subject areas, while making use of related shorter entries to impart a more detailed knowledge of technical terms. The work as a whole provides an introduction to the defining topics in Christian thought and is an essential reference point for students and scholars.

ian a. mcfarland is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at Emory University. His publications include Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthro- pology (2001) and The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God (2005).

davida.s.fergussonis Professor of Divinity and Principal of New College at the University of Edinburgh. His recent publications include Church, State and Civil Society (Cambridge, 2004) and Faith and Its Critics (2009).

karen kilby is Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham and President of the Catholic Theological Associ- ation of Great Britain. She is the author of A Brief Introduction to Karl Rahner (2007) and Karl Rahner: Theology and Philosophy (2004).

iain r. torrance is President and Professor of Patristics at Princeton Theological Seminary. He is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988) and co-editor of To Glorify God: Essays in Modern Reformed Liturgy (1999) and The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (2007).

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-41496-9 - The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology Edited by Ian A. McFarland, David A. S. Fergusson, Karen Kilby, Iain R. Torrance Frontmatter More information

the cambridge dictionary of Christian Theology

Edited by

IAN A. MCFARLAND, DAVID A. S. FERGUSSON, KARENKILBY,IAINR.TORRANCE

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www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107414969 © Cambridge University Press 2011 Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 First paperback edition 2014 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Th e Cambridge dictionary of Christian theology / edited by Ian A. McFarland . . . [et al.]. p. cm. isbn 978-0-521-88092-3 (Hardback) 1. Th eology–Dictionaries. I. McFarland, Ian A. (Ian Alexander), 1963– II. Title. bv2.5.c36 2011 230.03–dc22 2010022749 isbn 978-0-521-88092-3 Hardback isbn 978-1-107-41496-9 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of contributors page vi

Acknowledgements xvii

Preface xix

Entries 1

References 542

Contributors

William J. Abraham is Albert Cook Outler Professor John F. Baldovin, S. J., is Professor of Historical and of Wesley Studies and Altshuler Distinguished Liturgical Theology in the School of Theology Teaching Professor at the Perkins School of and Ministry at Boston College. Priesthood Theology, Southern Methodist University. Hans M. Barstad is Professor of Hebrew and Old Revelation Testament Studies in the School of Divinity at the Nicholas Adams is Senior Lecturer in Systematic University of Edinburgh. Biblical Theology Theology and Theological Ethics at the The Revd Dr Michael Battle is Provost and Canon University of Edinburgh. Frankfurt School, Theologian at the Cathedral Center of the German Idealism Anglican Diocese of Los Angeles. Nonviolence Allan Heaton Anderson is Professor of Global The Revd Mgr Dr F. J. Baur is Regent of the Pentecostal Studies and Director of the Graduate Priesterseminars St. Johannes der Ta¨ufer in Institute for Theology & Religion at the Munich. Occasionalism University of Birmingham. Pentecostal Theology Tina Beattie is Professor of Catholic Studies at Andreas Andreopoulos is Lecturer in Christian Roehampton University. Abortion, Assumption, Theology and Director of the Centre for Human Rights, Immaculate Conception, Orthodox Studies at the University of Wales, Mariology, Nuptial Theology Lampeter. Transfiguration Dana Benesh is a PhD student in theology at Baylor Edward P. Antonio is Harvey H. Potthoff Associate University, with an interest in the history of Professor of Christian Theology and Social Theory exegesis. Excommunication, Secularization, at the Iliff School of Theology. Black Theology Tolerance Kenneth Appold is the James Hastings Nichols Michael Bergmann is Professor of Philosophy at Associate Professor of Reformation History at Purdue University. Reformed Epistemology Princeton Theological Seminary. Justification Nigel Biggar is Regius Professor of Moral and Willem J. van Asselt is Senior Lecturer of Church Pastoral Theology at the University of Oxford. History in the Department of Theology at Utrecht Moral Theology University and Professor of Historical Theology Andre´ Birmele´ is Professor of Dogmatics at the at the Evangelical Theological Faculty in Faculte´ de The´ologie Protestante in Strasbourg. Louvain. Synod of Dort Ecumenism, World Council of Churches Paul Avis is the General Secretary of the Council for C. Clifton Black is Otto A. Piper Professor of Biblical Christian Unity. Episcopacy Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Christine Axt-Piscalar is Professor of Systematic Kingdom of God Theology and Director of the Institutum Paul M. Blowers is Dean E. Walker Professor of Lutheranum in the Theological Faculty of the Church History at the Emmanuel School of Georg-August-Universita¨t, Go¨ttingen. Liberal Religion. Maximus the Confessor, Monothelitism Theology H. Russel Botman is Rector and Vice-Chancellor at Lewis Ayres is Bede Professor of Catholic Theology Stellenbosch University. African Theology at the University of Durham. Arian Controversy, John Bowlin is the Rimmer and Ruth de Vries Augustine of Hippo, Creeds, Council of Nicaea Associate Professor of Reformed Theology and Vincent Bacote is Associate Professor of Theology Public Life at Princeton Theological Seminary. and Director of the Center for Applied Christian Aristotelianism Ethics at Wheaton College. Abraham Kuyper Ian Bradley is Reader in Practical Theology in Gary D. Badcock is Associate Professor of Divinity the School of Divinity at the University of at Huron University College. Vocation St Andrews. Pilgrimage

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Lucy Bregman is Professor of Religion in the and Ingraham Professor at Claremont School of Religion Department of Temple University. Death Theology. Panentheism and Dying Francis X. Clooney, S. J., is Parkman Professor of Luke Bretherton is Senior Lecturer in Theology and Divinity and Professor of Comparative Theology Politics and Convener of the Faith and Public at Harvard Divinity School. Hinduism and Policy Forum at King’s College London. Christianity Constantinianism, Divine Command Ethics Basil Cole, O. P., teaches Moral, Spiritual, and James T. Bretzke, S. J., is Professor of Moral Dogmatic Theology at the Dominican House of Theology in the Boston College School of Studies, Washington, DC. Seven Deadly Sins Theology and Ministry. Casuistry Tim Cooper is Lecturer in Church History in the Lynn Bridgers is Director of Intercultural Religious Department of Theology and Religious Studies at Research at the College of Santa Fe. William James the University of Otago. Antinomianism John P. Burgess is the James Henry Snowden Paul Copan is Pledger Family Chair of Philosophy Professor of Systematic Theology at Pittsburgh and Ethics at Palm Beach Atlantic University. Theological Seminary. Baptism Moral Argument Stanley M. Burgess is Distinguished Professor of M. Shawn Copeland is Associate Professor of Christian History at the Regent University School Theology at Boston College. Womanist Theology of Divinity. Perfectionism John Cottingham is Professor Emeritus of David B. Burrell, C. S. C., is Hesburgh Professor Philosophy at the University of Reading and an Emeritus in Philosophy and Theology at the Honorary Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford. University of Notre Dame and the Uganda Cartesianism Martyrs University. Islam and Christianity S. Peter Cowe is the Narekatsi Professor of Jason Byassee is the Director of the Center for Armenian Studies in the Department of Near Theology, Writing and Media at Duke Divinity Eastern Languages and Cultures at the University School. Allegory, Typology of California, Los Angeles. Armenian Theology Euan Cameron is Henry Luce III Professor of James L. Cox is Professor of Religious Studies in Reformation Church History at Union the School of Divinity at the University of Theological Seminary, New York. Reformation Edinburgh. Traditional Religions and Christianity Amy Carr is Associate Professor of Religious Studies William Lane Craig is Research Professor of at Western Illinois University. Temptation Philosophy at the Talbot School of Theology. Mark J. Cartledge is Senior Lecturer in Pentecostal Cosmological Argument, Middle Knowledge and Charismatic Theology at the University of Shannon Craigo-Snell is Associate Professor of Birmingham. Glossolalia Religious Studies at Yale University. Patriarchy, Augustine Casiday is Lecturer in Historical Supernatural existential Theology and Director of the MA in Monastic Andrew Crislip holds the Blake Chair in the History Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. of Christianity at Virginia Commonwealth Hesychasm, Gregory Palamas, Platonism University. Asceticism Christophe Chalamet is Assistant Professor in the Garry J. Crites is Director of Evening and Weekend Department of Theology at Fordham University. Courses at Duke University. Fasting Dialectical Theology The Revd Dr Anthony R. Cross is Fellow of the Centre The Revd Dr Mark D. Chapman is Vice-Principal of for Baptist History and Heritage at Regent’s Park Ripon College Cuddesdon, Oxford, and member College, University of Oxford. Joachim of Fiore of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Richard Crouter is John M. and Elizabeth Oxford. Ernst Troeltsch W. Musser Professor of Religious Studies, Sathianathan Clarke is Bishop Sundo Kim Professor Emeritus at Carleton College. Enlightenment of World Christianity at the Wesley Theological Lawrence Cunningham is the Revd John A. O’Brien Seminary. Dalit Theology Professor of Theology in the Department of Philip Clayton is Professor of Religion and Theology of the University of Notre Dame. Philosophy at Claremont Graduate University Catholic Theology

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Mary B. Cunningham is Lecturer in Theology at the Paul S. Fiddes is Professor of Systematic Theology University of Nottingham. Divine Energies, at the University of Oxford and Director of Iconoclasm Research at Regent’s Park College, Oxford. Ivor J. Davidson is Professor of Systematic Theology Baptist Theology at the University of Otago. Catechesis, Stephen Fields, S. J., is Associate Professor of Catechumen, Council of Chalcedon, Jerome Theology at Georgetown University. Symbol Douglas J. Davies is Professor in the Study of Duncan B. Forrester is Honorary Fellow and Religion at Durham University. The Church of Professor Emeritus in the School of Divinity Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints at the University of Edinburgh. Political Andrew Dawson is Lecturer in Religious Studies at Theology Lancaster University. Base Communities Paul Foster is Senior Lecturer in New Testament in Juliette Day is Senior Research Fellow in Christian the School of Divinity at the University of Liturgy at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. Canon of Mass Edinburgh. Logos Gavin D’Costa is Professor of Catholic Theology in Nancy Frankenberry is the John Phillips Professor the Department of Theology and Religious of Religion at Dartmouth College. Natural Studies at the University of Bristol. Anonymous Theology Christianity, Inculturation, Religious Pluralism, Mary McClintock Fulkerson is Professor of Karl Rahner Theology at Duke Divinity School. Feminist Celia Deane-Drummond is Professor of Theology Theology and the Biological Sciences and Director of the Simon Gathercole is Lecturer in New Testament Centre for Religion and the Biosciences at the Studies in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Chester. Ecotheology University of Cambridge. Paul, Quest of the Paul J. DeHart is Associate Professor of Theology Historical Jesus at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Michelle A. Gonzalez is Assistant Professor of Postliberal Theology Religious Studies at the University of Miami. Ralph Del Colle is Associate Professor of Theology Latino/a Theology, Mujerista Theology at Marquette University. Mortal Sin, Penance, Todd Gooch is Associate Professor in the Venial Sin Department of Philosophy and Religion at Gary Dorrien is the Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Eastern Kentucky University. Rudolf Otto Social Ethics at Union Theological Seminary and Bruce Gordon is Professor of Reformation History Professor of Religion at Columbia University. at Yale Divinity School. Heinrich Bullinger, Social Gospel Conciliarism Geoffrey D. Dunn is an Australian Research Fellow Elaine Graham is Grosvenor Research Professor in at the Centre for Early Christian Studies, the Department of Theology and Religious Studies Australian Catholic University. Tertullian at the University of Chester. Practical Theology Mark W. Elliott is Lecturer in Church History in the Gordon Graham is Henry Luce III Professor of School of Divinity at the University of St Philosophy and the Arts at Princeton Theological Andrews. Nominalism, Pelagianism Seminary. Commonsense Philosophy Noel Leo Erskine is Professor of Theology and Janette Gray, R. S. M., is Lecturer in Theology at the Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Jesuit Theological College, the United Faculty of Emory University. Caribbean Theology, Martin Theology, Melbourne. Celibacy Luther King Joel B. Green is Professor of New Testament Wendy Farley is Professor in the Department of Interpretation and Associate Dean for the Religion at Emory University. Phenomenology Center for Advanced Theological Studies at Douglas Farrow is Professor of Christian Thought in Fuller Theological Seminary. Soul the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill Niels Henrik Gregersen is Professor of Systematic University. Ascension and Session Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the Richard Fenn is Maxwell M. Upson Professor of University of Copenhagen. Nordic Theology Christianity and Society at Princeton Theological Mike Grimshaw is Senior Lecturer in Religious Seminary. Purgatory Studies in the School of Philosophy and Religious viii

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Studies at the University of Canterbury. Mike Higton is Senior Lecturer in Theology in the Post-Christian Theology Department of Theology at the University of David Grumett is Research Fellow in Theology at Exeter. Adoptionism, Anhypostasis, Christology, the University of Exeter. Nouvelle the´ologie, Communicatio Idiomatum, Hans Frei, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Homoousios, Hypostasis, Hypostatic Union, Ruben L. F. Habito is Professor of World Religions Incarnation, Neo-Chalcedonianism and Spirituality at the Perkins School of Mary Catherine Hilkert is Professor in the Theology, Southern Methodist University. Department of Theology at the University of Buddhism and Christianity Notre Dame. Edward Schillebeeckx Roger Haight, S. J., is Scholar in Residence at Union Harvey Hill is Associate Professor of Religion at Theological Seminary in New York City. Juan Luis Berry College. Modernism Segundo Kenneth Einar Himma is Associate Professor of Douglas John Hall is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Seattle Pacific University. Christian Theology at McGill University. Ontological Argument Neo-Orthodoxy Bradford Hinze is Professor of Theology at Fordham The Revd Stuart George Hall is Professor Emeritus University. Tu¨bingen School (Catholic) of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Andrew Hoffecker is Professor of Church History at London at King’s College. Historical Theology Reformed Theological Seminary. Charles Hodge, The Revd Dr Harriet A. Harris is Chaplain of Princeton Theology Wadham College at the University of Oxford. Orders Christopher R. J. Holmes is Associate Professor of John F. Haught is Senior Fellow in Science and Theology and Ethics at Providence Theological Religion at the Woodstock Theological Center, Seminary. Ludwig Feuerbach Georgetown University. Natural Science Edward Howells is Lecturer in Christian Spirituality Nicholas M. Healy is Professor of Theology and at Heythrop College, University of London. Religious Studies and Associate Dean of the Teresa of Avila College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at St John’s Richard T. Hughes is Senior Fellow of the Ernest University. Apostolic Succession, Thomas Aquinas, L. Boyer Center and Distinguished Professor of Ecclesiology, Infallibility, Marks of the Church, Religion at Messiah College. Restorationism Vatican Council I The Revd Mgr Kevin W. Irwin is Dean of the School The Revd Dr Brian L. Hebblethwaite is Life Fellow of Theology and Religious Studies at the Catholic of Queens’ College, and formerly Lecturer in the University of America. Eucharist Philosophy of Religion in the Faculty of Divinity, Lisa Isherwood is Professor of Feminist Liberation University of Cambridge. The Transcendentals Theologies and Director of the Centre for Charles Hefling is Associate Professor of Theology Theological Partnerships at the University of at Boston College. Liturgical Movement Winchester. Queer Theology Gyo¨rgy Heidl is Associate Professor at the Center for Timothy P. Jackson is Professor of Christian Ethics Patristic Studies at the University of Pe´cs. at the Candler School of Theology, Emory Origenism University. Adoption S. Mark Heim is the Samuel Abbot Professor of Paul D. Janz is Senior Lecturer in Systematic Christian Theology at Andover Newton Theology at King’s College London. Theological School. Religion Metaphysics Scott H. Hendrix is Professor Emeritus of Werner G. Jeanrond is Professor of Divinity at the Reformation History and Doctrine at Princeton University of Glasgow. Hermeneutics Theological Seminary. Lutheran Theology, Sola Willis Jenkins is Margaret A. Farley Assistant Scriptura, Two Kingdoms Professor of Social Ethics at Yale Divinity School. Alasdair Heron is Professor of Reformed Theology Dietrich Bonhoeffer at the University of Erlangen. Reformed Theology Robin M. Jensen is the Luce Chancellor’s Professor Michael Higgins is President and Vice-Chancellor of the History of Christian Art and Worship at of St Thomas University, New Brunswick. Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Icons and Canonization Iconography ix

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Darrell Jodock is the Drell and Adeline Bernhardson Jacqueline Lapsley is Associate Professor of Old Distinguished Professor of Religion at Gustavus Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary. Adolphus College. Adolf von Harnack, Alfred Loisy Ten Commandments Mark D. Jordan is Richard Reinhold Niebuhr Emmanuel Y. Lartey is Professor of Pastoral Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School. Theology, Care and Counseling at the Candler Body, Sexuality School of Theology, Emory University. David G. Kamitsuka is Associate Professor of Pastoral Theology Religion at Oberlin College. G. W. F. Hegel Gordon W. Lathrop is Charles A. Schieren James F. Kay is Joe R. Engle Professor of Homiletics Professor of Liturgy Emeritus at the Lutheran and Liturgics and Director of the Joe R. Engle Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Liturgy, Institute of Preaching at Princeton Theological Prayer Seminary. Rudolf Bultmann, Demythologization David R. Law is Reader in Christian Thought at the Henry Ansgar Kelly is Professor Emeritus in the School of Arts, Histories and Cultures, University Department of English at the University of of Manchester. Kenotic Theology California, Los Angeles. Devil Frederick Lawrence is Professor of Theology at Daren Kemp is a Director of Kempress Ltd and Co- Boston College. Bernard Lonergan Editor of the Journal of Alternative Spiritualities Bo Karen Lee is Assistant Professor of Spirituality and New Age Studies. Christian Science and Historical Theology at Princeton Theological Fergus Kerr, O. P., FRSE, is Honorary Fellow in the Seminary. Hildegard of Bingen School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh Sang Hyun Lee is the Kyung-Chik Han Professor of and Editor of New Blackfriars. Thomism Systematic Theology at Princeton Theological Thomas S. Kidd is Associate Professor of History at Seminary. Asian-American Theology, Jonathan Baylor University. Revivalism Edwards Fr George Kilcourse is Professor of Theology at Mark R. Lindsay is Director of Research at the Bellarmine University. Thomas Merton Melbourne College of Divinity. Israel Sebastian C. H. Kim is Professor of Theology and Thomas G. Long is the Bandy Professor of Public Life in the Faculty of Education and Preaching at the Candler School of Theology, Theology at York St John University. Korean Emory University. Homiletics Theology Janice Love is Dean and Professor of Masami Kojiro is Professor of Systematic Theology Christianity and World Politics at the Candler at the Tokyo Union Theological Seminary. School of Theology, Emory University. Kairos Japanese Theology Document Steven Kraftchick is Director of General and Robin W. Lovin is Cary Maguire University Advanced Studies and Associate Professor in the Professor of Ethics at Southern Methodist Practice of New Testament Interpretation at the University. Reinhold Niebuhr Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Myth Walter Lowe is Professor of Systematic Theology Alan Kreider is Professor of Church History and Emeritus at the Candler School of Theology, Mission at the Associated Mennonite Biblical Emory University. Immanuel Kant Seminary. Conversion Morwenna Ludlow is Lecturer in the Department of Peter A. Kwasniewski is Professor of Theology and Theology of the University of Exeter. Apostolic Philosophy and Instructor in Music at Wyoming Fathers, Patristics Catholic College. Teresa of Lisieux F. Thomas Luongo is the Eva-Lou Joffrion Edwards Lai Pan-chiu is Professor and Associate Dean of the Newcomb Professor at Tulane University. Faculty of Arts at the Divinity School of Chung Catherine of Siena Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Randy L. Maddox is Professor of Theology and Chinese Theology Wesley Studies at Duke Divinity School. Dirk G. Lange is Associate Professor of Worship at Methodist Theology Luther Seminary. Divine Office, Inclusive Language, Lois Malcolm is Associate Professor of Systematic Lex orandi lex credendi, Community of Taize´ Theology at Luther Seminary. Theodicy

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Mark H. Mann is Associate Professor of Theology Research Associate in the Faculty of Education and and Director for the Wesleyan Center for 21st Theology at York St John University. Personalism Century Studies at Point Loma Nazarene Mark A. McIntosh is Van Mildert Canon Professor University. Rationalism of Divinity in the Department of Theology and William E. Mann is Professor in the Department of Religion at the University of Durham. Hans Urs Philosophy at the University of Vermont. Anselm von Balthasar, Beatific Vision, Contemplation, of Canterbury Faith, John Henry Newman, Spirituality Neil A. Manson is Assistant Professor of Philosophy Steven A. McKinion is Associate Professor of at the University of Mississippi. Teleological Theology and Patristics at Southeastern Baptist Argument Theological Seminary. Cyril of Alexandria, George M. Marsden is Francis A. McAnaney Council of Ephesus Professor of History at the University of Notre The Revd Mgr. Paul McPartlan is Carl J. Peter Dame. Fundamentalism Professor of Systematic Theology and Bruce D. Marshall is Professor of Historical Theology Ecumenism in the School of Theology and at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Religious Studies at the Catholic University of Methodist University. Judaism and Christianity America. Henri de Lubac, Vatican Council II Hjamil A. Martinez-Vazquez is Assistant Professor Ne´stor Medina teaches Theology at Queen’s of Religion at Texas Christian University. Theological College, Queen’s University. Bartolome´ de Las Casas Mestizaje Rex D. Matthews is Assistant Professor in the M. Douglas Meeks is the Cal Turner Chancellor’s Practice of Historical Theology at the Candler Chair in Wesleyan Studies and Theology at School of Theology, Emory University. John Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Hope Wesley, Wesleyan Quadrilateral Linda Mercadante is Professor of Theology in the William C. Mattison III is Assistant Professor of B. Robert Straker Chair of Historical Theology at Systematic Theology at the Catholic University of the Methodist Theological School in Ohio. America. Divorce, Marriage Theology of Trauma Bruce Lindley McCormack is the Charles Hodge Paul Middleton is Lecturer in New Testament Professor of Systematic Theology at Princeton Studies in the Department of Theology and Theological Seminary. Atonement Religious Studies at the University of Wales, Joy Ann McDougall is Associate Professor of Lampeter. Martyrdom Theology at the Candler School of Theology, Daniel L. Migliore is Charles Hodge Professor of Emory University. Androcentrism, Sin Systematic Theology Emeritus at Princeton Bernard McGinn is Naomi Shenstone Donnelley Theological Seminary. Lord’s Prayer Professor Emeritus of Historical Theology and of Bruce Milem is Associate Professor of Philosophy the History of Christianity in the Divinity School and Coordinator of the Religious Studies and the Committees on Medieval Studies and on Program at the State University of New York, General Studies at the University of Chicago. New Paltz. Meister Eckhart Mystical Theology R. W. L. Moberly is Professor of Theology and Alister McGrath is Professor of Theology, Ministry, Biblical Interpretation at Durham University. and Education at King’s College London. Prophecy Protestantism Paul D. Molnar is Professor of Theology at St John’s John A. McGuckin is Ane Marie and Bent Emil University. Karl Barth Nielsen Professor in Late Antique and Byzantine The Revd Dr Andrew Moore is Fellow of the Centre Christian History at Union Theological Seminary for Christianity and Culture at Regent’s Park (New York) and Professor of Byzantine Christian College, University of Oxford. Realism and Studies at Columbia University. Ecumenical Anti-Realism Councils, Origen of Alexandria Susan Hardman Moore is Senior Lecturer in Esther McIntosh is Assistant Editor at the Divinity in the School of Divinity at the International Journal of Public Theology and University of Edinburgh. Deism

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Christopher Morse is the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Theology, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Professor of Theology and Ethics at Union California. Confirmation Theological Seminary, New York. Soteriology Gene Outka is Dwight Professor of Philosophy and Christian Moser is a staff member of the Institut fu¨r Christian Ethics at Yale Divinity School. Love Schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte at the Aristotle Papanikolaou is Associate Professor of University of Zurich. Huldrych Zwingli Systematic Theology and Co-Director of the Rachel Muers is Lecturer in Christian Studies in the Orthodox Christian Studies Program at Fordham Department of Theology and Religious Studies at University. Orthodox Theology the University of Leeds. Quaker Theology David Parker is Edward Cadbury Professor of Francesca A. Murphy is Reader in Systematic Theology and Director of the Centre for the Theology at King’s College in the University of Editing of Texts in Religion at the University of Aberdeen. Aesthetics, E´tienne Gilson Birmingham. Biblical Criticism David Nash is Reader in History at Oxford Brookes George L. Parsenios is Assistant Professor of New University. Blasphemy Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary. Mark Thiessen Nation is Professor of Theology at Mount Athos Eastern Mennonite University. Mennonite Paul Parvis is an Honorary Fellow in the School of Theology Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Irenaeus Olga V. Nesmiyanova is Professor at the St of Lyons, Recapitulation Petersburg School of Religion and Philosophy. Bonnie Pattison is Adjunct Professor of Theology at Russian Theology Wheaton College. Poverty Craig L. Nessan is Academic Dean and Professor of George Pattison is Lady Margaret Professor of Contextual Theology at Wartburg Theological Divinity at the University of Oxford and a canon of Seminary. Orthopraxis Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. Sren Kierkegaard Peter Neuner is Professor Emeritus at the Amy Plantinga Pauw is Henry P. Mobley, Jr, Katholisch-Theologische Fakulta¨t at the Professor of Doctrinal Theology at the Louisville Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨t in Munich. Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Election Joseph Mare´chal Lori Pearson is Associate Professor of Religion at Damayanthi Niles is Associate Professor of Carleton College. History of Religion School Constructive Theology at Eden Theological Michael Davey Pearson has served as Assistant Seminary. D. T. Niles Professor of Theology at Solusi University in Paul T. Nimmo is the Meldrum Lecturer in Zimbabwe and is currently writing two books on Theology in the School of Divinity at the the Holy Spirit for Andrews University Press. University of Edinburgh. Scottish Theology Adventism The Hon. John T. Noonan, Jr, is a judge on the Clark Pinnock is Professor Emeritus of Systematic United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Theology at McMaster Divinity College. Circuit, with chambers in San Francisco, Open Theism California. Usury Sarah Pinnock is Associate Professor of Simon Oliver is Associate Professor in the Contemporary Religious Thought at Trinity Department of Theology and Religious Studies at University, San Antonio, Texas. Holocaust the University of Nottingham. Radical Orthodoxy Alyssa Lyra Pitstick is Assistant Professor of Thomas O’Loughlin is Professor of Historical Religion at Hope College. Glory Theology in the Department of Theology and Paul-Hubert Poirier is Professor in the Faculte´ de Religious Studies at the University of The´ologie et de Sciences Religieuses at the Nottingham. Celtic Christianity Universite´ Laval. Gnosticism Roger E. Olson is Professor of Theology at the Jean Porter is the Revd John A. O’Brien Professor of George W. Truett Theological Seminary, Baylor Theology at the University of Notre Dame. University. Arminianism Natural Law Kenan B. Osborne, O. F. M., is Professor Emeritus of Robert W. Prichard is Arthur Lee Kinsolving Systematic Theology at the Franciscan School of Professor of Christianity in America and

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Instructor in Liturgy at Virginia Theological Paul Rorem is Benjamin B. Warfield Professor of Seminary. Book of Common Prayer Medieval Church History at Princeton Inese Radzins is Assistant Professor of Theology Theological Seminary. Dionysius the Areopagite and Dorothea Harvey Professor of Christopher Rowland is the Dean Ireland Professor Swedenborgian Studies at the Pacific School of of the Exegesis of Holy Scripture at the Religion. Simone Weil University of Oxford. Apocalyptic J. Paul Rajashekar is Luther D. Reed Professor of Fr Neil J. Roy is a priest of the diocese of Systematic Theology and Dean of the Lutheran Peterborough, Canada, and teaches liturgy and Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. sacramental theology at the University of Notre M. M. Thomas Dame. Saints Shelly Rambo is Assistant Professor of Theology at Tinu Ruparell is Assistant Professor and Graduate Boston University School of Theology. Coordinator in the Department of Religious Anchoritism, Julian of Norwich Studies at the University of Calgary. Pantheism Arne Rasmusson is Associate Professor in Theology Norman Russell is an independent scholar and and Ethics at Umea˚ University. Christendom translator. He is the author of several works on Paul Rasor is Director of the Center for the Study of the Greek fathers and the translator of texts Religious Freedom at Virginia Wesleyan College. by several contemporary Greek theologians. Unitarianism Deification Stephen G. Ray, Jr, is Neal F. and Ila A. Fisher Robert John Russell is Director of the Center for Professor of Systematic Theology at Garrett- Theology and the Natural Sciences (CTNS) and Evangelical Theological Seminary. Race the Ian G. Barbour Professor of Theology and Esther D. Reed is Associate Professor of Theological Science in Residence at the Graduate Theological Ethics at the University of Exeter. Forgiveness Union. Divine Action Fr Alexander Rentel is Assistant Professor of Canon Don E. Saliers is the William R. Cannon Law and Byzantine Studies at St Vladimir’s Distinguished Professor of Theology and Worship Orthodox Theological Seminary. Ecumenical Emeritus at Emory University. Theology and Music Patriarchate Marcel Sarot is UUF Chair for the History and Joerg Rieger is Wendland-Cook Endowed Professor Philosophy of Theology and Head of the of Constructive Theology at the Perkins School of Department of Theology at Utrecht University. Theology, Southern Methodist University. Diaconate, Patripassianism, Philosophical Materialism, Sanctification Theology, Theopaschite Controversy Cynthia L. Rigby is the W. C. Brown Professor of Hans Schwarz is Professor of Systematic Theology Theology at Austin Presbyterian Theological and Director of the Institute of Protestant Seminary. Barmen Declaration, Barthianism Theology at the University of Regensburg. Michelle Voss Roberts is Assistant Professor in the Descent into Hell, Eschatology, Heaven, Hell, Department of Religious Studies at Rhodes Universalism College. Mechthild of Magdeburg Fr Johannes M. Schwarz is Visiting Professor at the Richard H. Roberts is Professor Emeritus of International Theological Institute, Gaming, Religious Studies at Lancaster University and Austria. Limbo Emeritus Visiting Professor in the Department of Fernando F. Segovia is Oberlin Graduate Professor Religious Studies at the University of Stirling. of New Testament and Early Christianity at Tu¨bingen School (Protestant) Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Latin Joan L. Roccasalvo, C. S. J., is Scholar-in-Residence American Theology at Fordham University. Eastern Catholic Churches Frank C. Senn is Pastor of Immanuel Lutheran Eugene F. Rogers, Jr, is Professor of Religion at the Church, Evanston, Illinois and has taught at University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Seabury-Western and Garrett-Evangelical Holy Spirit Theological Seminaries. Liturgical Calendar Philip A. Rolnick is Professor of Theology at the James W. Skillen is President of the Center for University of St Thomas. Analogy Public Justice in Washington, DC. Covenant

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Natalia Smelova is Researcher in Syriac Studies at Elizabeth Stuart is Professor of Christian Theology at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian the University of Winchester. Anointing of the Sick Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg. Syriac Phillip H. Stump is Professor of History at Christian Theology Lynchburg College. Council of Constance J. Warren Smith is Associate Professor of Historical Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki is Professor Emerita at Theology at Duke Divinity School. Cappadocian the Claremont School of Theology. Fathers Process Theology James K. A. Smith is Associate Professor in the R. S. Sugirtharajah is Professor of Biblical Department of Philosophy at Calvin College. Hermeneutics at the University of Birmingham. Deconstruction, Postmodernism Colonialism and Postcolonialism Luther E. Smith, Jr, is Professor of Church and Steven Sutcliffe is Lecturer in Religion and Society Community at the Candler School of Theology, in the School of Divinity at the University of Emory University. Howard Thurman Edinburgh. New Age John Snarey is Professor of Human Development John Swinton is Professor in Practical Theology and and Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Pastoral Care at the University of Aberdeen. Emory University. William James Disability Theology W. Becket Soule, O. P., is the former Dean of the Mark Lewis Taylor is the Maxwell M. Upson Pontifical Faculty and Associate Professor of Professor of Theology and Culture at Princeton Canon Law at the Dominican House of Studies in Theological Seminary. Paul Tillich Washington, DC. Canon Law M. Thomas Thangaraj is the D. W. and Ruth Brooks R. Kendall Soulen is Professor of Systematic Associate Professor of World Christianity, Theology at Wesley Theological Seminary. Emeritus, at the Candler School of Theology, Scriptural Reasoning Emory University. South Asian Theology Bryan D. Spinks is Professor of Liturgical Studies at John E. Thiel is Professor of Religious Studies at Yale Divinity School. Sacramentology Fairfield University. Tradition Max L. Stackhouse is Professor of Reformed Deanna Thompson is Associate Professor of Theology and Public Life Emeritus at Princeton Religion and Chair of the Department of Religion Theological Seminary. Civil Society at Hamline University. Cross and Crucifixion Brian Stanley is Professor of World Christianity N. J. Thompson is Lecturer in Church History at the and Director of the Centre for the Study of University of Aberdeen. Martin Bucer World Christianity in the Faculty of Divinity Susannah Ticciati is Lecturer in Systematic at the University of Edinburgh. Missiology Theology at King’s College London. Job Stephen J. Stein is Chancellor’s Professor, Emeritus, Terrence N. Tice is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies at at the University of Michigan. Friedrich Indiana University. Jehovah’s Witnesses Schleiermacher James Steven is Lecturer in Theology and Ministry at David Tombs is Lecturer and Programme King’s College London. Charismatic Movement Co-ordinator in Reconciliation Studies at the The Right Revd Dr Kenneth W. Stevenson is the Irish School of Ecumenics. Liberation Theology former Bishop of Portsmouth, England. Joseph Torchia, O. P., is Professor of Philosophy at Blessing, Sacrifice Providence College. Manichaeism Dan R. Stiver is Professor of Theology at Logsdon Jonathan Tran is Assistant Professor of Christian Seminary, Hardin-Simmons University. Religious Ethics at Baylor University. Excommunication, Language Secularization, Tolerance, Virtue Ethics Jonathan Strom is Associate Professor of Church Daniel J. Treier is Associate Professor of Theology at History at the Candler School of Theology, Wheaton College. Doctrine, Evangelical Emory University. Pietism Theology, Wisdom George W. Stroup is J. B. Green Professor of Theology Carl R. Trueman is at Westminster Theological at Columbia Theological Seminary. Narrative Seminary. Assurance, Federal Theology,Ordo Theology salutis, Puritanism

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Christopher Tuckett is Professor of New Testament Timothy P. Weber is Visiting Professor of Church at Pembroke College, University of Oxford. John History at Fuller Theological Seminary, Colorado the Evangelist Springs, Colorado. Premillennialism Lucian Turcescu is Associate Professor of Historical John Webster is Professor and Chair of Systematic Theology at Concordia University, Montreal, Theology at the University of Aberdeen. Divine Canada. Sobornicity, Dumitru Sta˘niloae Attributes Max Turner is Professor of New Testament Timothy J. Wengert is Ministerium of Pennsylvania Studies at the London School of Theology. Professor of the History of Christianity at the Pentecost Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Cornelis P. Venema is President and Professor of Martin Luther Doctrinal Studies at Mid-American Reformed Merold Westphal is Distinguished Professor of Seminary. Predestination Philosophy at Fordham University. Atheism Medi Volpe is an Honorary Lecturer at Durham David Wetsel is Professor in the School of University. Dorothee Soelle International Letters and Cultures at Arizona Andrew Walker is Professor of Theology, Culture, State University. Blaise Pascal and Education at King’s College, London. The Very Revd Stephen R. White is the Dean of Charismatic Movement Killaloe in County Clare, Ireland. Agnosticism Lee Palmer Wandel is Professor in the Department Jane Williams is Tutor in Theology at St Mellitus of History at the University of Wisconsin, College, London. Angels Madison. Humanism Stephen N. Williams is Professor of Systematic Bernd Wannenwetsch is University Lecturer in Theology at Union Theological College, Belfast. Ethics at the University of Oxford. Just War, Friedrich Nietzsche Virtue Thomas Williams is Associate Professor in the Kevin Ward is Senior Lecturer in African Religious Department of Religious Studies at the University Studies at the University of Leeds. Anglican of South Florida. John Duns Scotus, Voluntarism Theology, Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker Ben Witherington III is Professor of New Patricia A. Ward is Professor of French and Testament Interpretation at Asbury Theological Comparative Literature at Vanderbilt University. Seminary. Dispensationalism Quietism John Witte, Jr, is Jonas Robitscher Professor of Law Brent Waters is Stead Professor of Christian Social and Director of the Center for the Study of Law Ethics and the Director of the Stead Center for and Religion at Emory University. Law Ethics and Values at Garrett-Evangelical Susan K. Wood is Professor of Theology at Theological Seminary. Bioethics, Procreation Marquette University. Laity Francis Watson is Chair of Biblical Interpretation at Thomas Worcester, S. J., is Associate Professor of Durham University. Scripture History at the College of the Holy Cross. Papacy Darlene Fozard Weaver is Associate Professor of A. D. Wright is Reader in Ecclesiastical History at Theology and Religious Studies and Director of the University of Leeds. Council of Trent the Theology Institute at Villanova University. N. T. Wright is the Bishop of Durham. Resurrection Conscience Randall C. Zachman is Professor of Reformation Stephen H. Webb is Professor of Religion and Studies in the Department of Theology of the Philosophy at Wabash College. Animals University of Notre Dame. John Calvin

Editors

Ian A. McFarland is Associate Professor of Karen Kilby is Associate Professor of Systematic Systematic Theology at Emory University’s Theology and Head of the Department of Candler School of Theology and a Lutheran lay Theology and Religious Studies at the University theologian. He is a member of the American of Nottingham. She is President of the Catholic Academy of Religion and of the Nashville-based Theological Association of Great Britain. Workgroup for Constructive Theology. His most Her most recent book is Karl Rahner: Theology recent book is The Divine Image: Envisioning and Philosophy (2004). the Invisible God (2005). Iain R. Torrance is President of Princeton Theological David A. S. Fergusson is Professor of Divinity Seminary and Professor of Patristics. Formerly he and Principal of New College at the University held a Personal Chair in Patristics and Christian of Edinburgh. He has served as President of Ethics at the University of Aberdeen and served a the Society for the Study of Theology (2000–2) term as Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Divinity. and President of the UK Association of He was Moderator of the General Assembly of University Departments of Theology and the Church of Scotland (2003–4). He has been Religious Studies (2005–8). He is a Fellow co-editor of Scottish Journal of Theology since of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His most 1982 and edits the Cambridge monograph series recent book is Faith and Its Critics: on Contemporary Issues in Theology. His interests A Conversation (2009). are in early Christianity, and he is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988).

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Acknowledgements

The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology has final list of entries for the Dictionary. Over the final been over five years in the making, and many people two years of the project, Diane Kenaston proofread have contributed towards seeing it through to com- virtually every article, rendering especially invalu- pletion. First in the list of those to whom thanks are able service (inter alia) in tracking down dates for due comes Kate Brett at Cambridge University Press, some of the less well-known figures mentioned in who was instrumental both in helping to conceive various entries. And Maegan Gilliland and Bradley this project and for shepherding it through the early East provided sterling service in correcting the final stages of development, not least through countless proofs. helpful suggestions of possible contributors for indi- It goes without saying, however, that all this work vidual entries. We are also immensely grateful for behind the scenes would have been to no purpose the dedicated service of Rosanna Christian, Petra without the co-operation of our many contributors. Michalkova, and Joanne Tunnicliffe, who handled Given the many other demands on a scholar’s time, with cheerful aplomb the mostly thankless task of composing articles for a reference volume is truly a organizing contracts for over two hundred contribu- work of supererogation, and we are correspondingly tors, as well as for Laura Morris, who managed a grateful for the participation of so many colleagues, seamless transition in supervising the project when who willingly condensed their expertise on complex Kate moved to a new post at CUP. topics into agonizingly restrictive word limits for Many thanks, too, are owed to the research assist- the benefit of our readers. We have especially appre- ants who helped along the way. Kristine Suna-Koro ciated their grace and patience in dealing with the translated the article on Russian theology for us. quibbles of four editors, and we hope that they find Vance West collated entries from dozens of theological in the final product a tool that justifies their trust in reference works as we struggled to come up with a us along the way.

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Preface

There is no shortage of Christian theological refer- level of integration. While the Dictionary is formatted ence works in print. Moreover, the proliferation of conventionally, we have tried to ensure that the length web-based resources (most notably the increasingly and focus of individual articles make it as easy as comprehensive Wikipedia) means that basic infor- possibleforthereadertomovebetweenmultipleentries mation about even the most obscure theological in order to gain a well-rounded, appropriately contextual terms is rarely more than a few mouse clicks away. understanding of related theological concepts. Under these circumstances the production of yet Entries range from a minimum of 250 to a max- another theological dictionary may seem unneces- imum of 2,000 words in length. We settled on the sary at best and reactionary at worst. Consequently, minimum length of 250 words on the grounds that an before embarking upon this project, we discussed at important feature of a theological dictionary should some length what possible justification there could be be that it devotes enough space to terms and concepts for The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology. to allow the reader to see how they are actually used In part we were encouraged by our sister publica- in theological conversation. We have therefore not tion, Robert Audi’s Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, included any purely lexical entries. At the same time, which is widely recognized as having achieved remark- we have opted for an upper limit of 2,000 words as able compactness and accessibility without sacrificing an appropriate means of preserving the concision accuracy or comprehensiveness. At the same time, we expected in a dictionary, which, we felt, would be recognized that the extraordinarily pluriform character eroded if individual entries were to encroach upon of contemporary Christian theology, including but also the length of a book chapter. Nevertheless, these longer cutting across traditional confessional and juridical entries contribute to the distinctive character of the boundaries, raised particular challenges. Nevertheless, Dictionary, since they provide a framework through it seemed to us that there was a place – and, indeed, a which the various shorter entries are integrated both need – for a single-volume reference work that was at with one another and with larger conceptual fields. once comprehensive in its coverage of topics, inclusive in the many perspectives of its contributors, and, most core entries importantly, committed to a specifically theological We have conceived the 2,000-word articles as ‘core examination of each topic considered. In short, we entries’. Although they comprise only about 10 per wanted a text that would exhibit what Hans Frei once cent of the total number of listings, they take up referred to as a ‘generous orthodoxy’: coherent and around a quarter of the total volume of text. As such, capacious, but neither partisan nor blinkered. they are designed to provide the conceptual ballast for In order to achieve these aims, we sought to enlist the volume as a whole, serving as the superstructure the services of a broad range of prominent theologians around and in terms of which many of the other writing in English. Given the many commitments entries are conceived and composed. The core entries scholars face we have been able to reach this goal only fall into five basic categories that together map the very imperfectly, but we are all the more grateful for territory of systematic theology from distinct, though the generosity of the many colleagues who agreed to complementary, conceptual perspectives: contribute to this volume. In enlisting their services, traditional doctrinal topics or loci (e.g., creation, we judged it important to give the Dictionary astruc- ecclesiology, revelation); ture that would allow their individual contributions confessional orientations (e.g., Catholic, Lutheran, to be combined most effectively for the reader. Thus, Orthodox); theological styles (e.g., evangelical, feminist, liberal); while the Dictionary’s specifically theological (as Christianity’s relation to other faith traditions opposed to historical or sociological) focus includes (e.g., Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam); a comprehensive coverage of relevant topics, no less academic disciplines (e.g., biblical theology, histor- important than the range of material included is its ical theology, systematic theology). xix

PREFACE

The inclusion of core entries on Christianity’s Atlantic academic contexts. All these classes of art- relation to other faith traditions (as well as a range icles function analogously to core entries, in that of articles of varying lengths on theologies emerging they have been used to help focus discussion on from non-western regions) is a feature driven by related topics. the recognition that the startling growth of Christian biographical entries Churches in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, together with patterns of migration, make it likely Biographical entries fall into a separate category. that theology in the twenty-first century will cease to Though in many cases individual theologians are be dominated by western academic elites and that it directly relevant to the material covered in core will be increasingly conducted in close proximity entries and/or shorter articles relating to particular with other religions. theological concepts or movements, we judged it The core entries include basic lexical orientation to important to treat significant thinkers in a more the subject matter, historical and cultural contextual- focused and deliberate manner. At the same time, ization, summary of key developments in the history because the number of figures who might qualify for of the topic, identification of continuing points of entry is almost limitless, it was necessary to impose tension or debate, and evaluation of future prospects. fairly severe limits on the number of figures granted Furthermore, core-entry authors were encouraged to individual entries. We have followed the practice use the comparatively large amount of space allotted of the New Dictionary of National Biography and to provide their own perspective on the topic as well the Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart in not as coverage of the basic conceptual terrain. The core assigning separate entries to living persons (though entries were commissioned prior to the other articles, living theologians are in many cases mentioned in so that their content could be used by the editors to other articles). Even with this means of exclusion, guide the composition of shorter articles on related however, the list of those who might have been topics. In this way, shorter entries are used to provide included remains vast, and we acknowledge a definition of and orientation to technical terms, free- degree of unavoidable arbitrariness in the selection ing authors of core entries to sketch the main con- of those to be included. tours of their assigned topic without the need to In order to provide as balanced a list of figures as make frequent explanatory digressions. possible, we have tried to prioritize those theolo- Needless to say, while the range of material gians whose influence on the shape of central doc- covered by the core entries is large, it is not exhaust- trines (e.g., Athanasius, Irenaeus), the subsequent ive. Some selection has inevitably been required in history of the tradition (e.g., Aquinas, Luther, Pala- order to control the overall size of the volume, in mas), or contemporary theology (e.g., Barth, Rah- line with our judgement of the relative significance ner) is widely recognized. Since the sociological of topics for the field as a whole. Thus, while all the complexion of Christian culture up to the twentieth major doctrinal loci feature in core entries, some century virtually guarantees that these criteria will significant theological styles (e.g., narrative and produce a list that is overwhelmingly male and Queer theologies) have been assigned fewer than European, we have also endeavoured to include a 2,000 words. Similarly, slightly shorter entries (gen- significant number of women and persons of colour erally between 1,500 and 1,750 words) have been whose voices, though not as prominent in trad- allotted to other important topics that do not fall itional academic theology, indicate something of under any of the broader core-entry categories (e.g., the genuine, if often unacknowledged, diversity of baptism, monasticism, and philosophical traditions Christian thought over the centuries. that have been important influences in the shaping In order to allow the maximum amount of space of Christian thought). Finally, entries on the theolo- to subject entries, the vast majority of biographical gies associated with particular geographical regions entries have been set at either 250 or 500 words, vary widely in length and are, inevitably, somewhat though a few major figures have been assigned arbitrary, though we have endeavoured to identify 1,000 words or more. Although the article’s assigned coherent centres of theological production both length will constrain what is possible in each indi- within (e.g., Scottish theology) and outside (e.g., vidual case, all entries include a summary of the South Asian theology) more established North figure’s life, reference to the debates or controversies xx

PREFACE

in which he or she was involved and the major ideas Where material is cited from a modern or more with which he or she is associated, identification of contemporary edition of an older work, the date of his or her most important works, and an evaluation the more recent edition is given in square brackets of his or her influence. after the original publication date. There are also a number of other, miscellaneous using the dictionary editorial conventions we have adopted in the Dic- As already noted, articles are arranged alphabetically, tionary that the reader should note. First to note are with each entry clearly identified in bold type and the conventions we have adopted for biblical quota- small capitals (e.g., APOLOGETICS). Core entries are tions. All such quotations are taken from the New further set apart by being printed in all capital letters Revised Standard Version, unless otherwise indi- (e.g., CREATION). Small capitals without boldface cated, using the abbreviations for biblical and apoc- are employed within articles as a means of cross- ryphal books followed by the Journal of Biblical referencing: when the reader comes across a term in Studies; to save space we have also abbreviated the small capitals in the body of an article (e.g., SCRIP- Old and New Testaments as OT and NT respectively. TURE), this indicates that the term has an article of its Second, throughout the volume we have chosen to own elsewhere in the Dictionary. Occasionally, cross- use only Arabic numerals when referencing pre- referencing is indicated by the addition of the modern texts (e.g., Against Heresies 3.20.3 means conventional designations, ‘see’ or ‘see also’. Because Book 3, Chapter 20, Section 3; The City of God 5.6–9 the core entries provide the conceptual centre of means Book 5, Chapters 6–9; Summa theologiae gravity for the text, readers are encouraged to refer 1.93.2–4 means Part I, Question 93, Articles 2–4, to them in order to acquire a fuller sense of how and so forth). Third, we have uniformly referred to concepts covered in related shorter entries mesh with the Church of Rome as ‘Catholic’ rather than the larger themes of Christian theological discourse. ‘Roman Catholic’. Although we realize that this Most entries include a brief bibliography of decision begs some significant ecclesiological ques- between one and six works. Obviously, given the tions, it was the easiest way to ensure consistency enormous amount of writing available on almost and economy of expression across a volume includ- every one of the entry topics, these bibliographies ing contributors from a range of confessional trad- could be extended almost indefinitely, but strin- itions. (For similar reasons, we refer to the gency was necessary in order to meet the require- Chalcedonian Churches of the East as ‘Orthodox’ ments of a one-volume reference work. The items rather than as ‘Eastern Orthodox’.) Finally, we have listed at the end of the articles are, correspondingly, sought to provide dates for all figures mentioned proposed in the vein of ‘suggestions for further within articles who do not have an article of their reading’ for those wishing to pursue the topic in own elsewhere in the Dictionary. In most cases we greater depth. In addition to these more formal have used dates of birth (if known) and death bibliographic entries, however, two further sorts of (where applicable), or, where both are unknown, references to other works are found in the Diction- fl. (Latin floruit, ‘flourished’). For popes and mon- ary. First, biographical entries in particular generally archs, we have opted to use the dates of their reigns include in the body of the article the titles and dates (indicated by the letter ‘r.’). There are, however, two of the most important texts authored by the figure exceptions to this last convention. First, because the examined. Second, within all articles works cited onset of the Roman emperor Constantine I’s reign are referenced by an abbreviated title and (where a can be marked in several different ways, we have portion of text is quoted) page, paragraph, or used his birth and death rather than reign dates. section numbers in parentheses. The full titles, ori- Second, in referring to the competing claimants to ginal composition/publication dates, and (where the papal throne during the Great Western Schism of relevant) the English translations (ET) from which 1378–1415, we have used birth and death dates to the citations were taken are listed alphabetically by avoid confusion with respect to overlapping reigns, author (or, where no author is indicated, by title) in as well as disputed judgements regarding particular the ‘References’ pages at the end of the volume. claimants’ canonical status.

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