Golden Plains Wind Farm Preliminary Cultural Heritage Assessment
Heritage Advisor: Bianca Di Fazio
Authors: Bianca Di Fazio & Samantha Brown
November 18, 2016
Acknowledgements
Heritage Insight P/L would like to acknowledge and thank the following people for their assistance and participation in this study:
WestWind Energy Adam Gray Marla Brauer Ashley Clifton Tobias Geiger
Heritage Insight Shannah Anderson Background Research Katarina Audy GIS Mapping
Golden Plains Wind Farm Preliminary Heritage Assessment Heritage Insight P/L
Disclaimer
The information contained in this Cultural Heritage Assessment has been compiled from the standard heritage database sources and is accurate as far as Heritage Insight P/L is aware. However, within the timeframes available for technical heritage reporting, it is not possible to carry out comprehensive research of all published or unpublished manuscripts, journals, maps or oral history which may pertain to the study area. No responsibility can be taken for errors or omissions in primary and secondary source material cited in this report. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of Heritage Insight P/L only.
Copyright Notice
This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. Enquiries should be made to Heritage Insight Pty Ltd.
Golden Plains Wind Farm Preliminary Heritage Assessment Heritage Insight P/L
Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 2.0 Existing Conditions, Environment and Geology ...... 6 2.1 Existing Conditions ...... 6 2.2 Landforms and Geomorphology of the Study Area ...... 8 2.3 Resources Available to Aboriginal People within the Study Area ...... 9 3.0 Review of Previous Archaeological Research ...... 12 3.1 VAHR search ...... 12 3.2 Historic Heritage Registers...... 14 3.3 Previous Archaeological Assessment within the Study Area ...... 16 4.0 Land Use History and Ethnography ...... 17 4.1 Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts in the Geographic Region ...... 17 4.2 Land-Use History of the Study Area ...... 18 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 19 5.1 Site Prediction Model ...... 19 5.2 Recommendations and Obligations under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 ...... 20 5.3 Recommendations and Obligations under the Heritage Act 1995 ...... 20 5.4 Recommendations and Obligations under the Golden Plains Shire Planning Scheme . 21 References...... 22 Appendix 1: Glossary ...... 23
Maps
Map 1: Location of the study area ...... 2 Map 2: Areas of Cultural Heritage Sensitivity within the Study Area...... 3 Map 3: Existing RAP and RAP Applications within the Study Area ...... 5 Map 4: Existing Conditions across the Study Area ...... 7 Map 5: Map showing geology of the study area and surrounds ...... 9 Map 6: Map showing 1750s EVC mapping of the study area and surrounds...... 10 Map 7: Map showing location of registered Aboriginal places inside and within 200m of the study area. 13 Map 8: Map showing location of registered historical places within the study area...... 15
Figures
Figure 1: Wada wurrung language area with the Gulidjan language area below ...... 18
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Abbreviations
ACHRIS – Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System ASL – Above Sea Level AV – Aboriginal Victoria BP – Before Present CHA – Cultural Heritage Advisor CHMP – Cultural Heritage Management Plan DPC – Department of Premier and Cabinet EVC – Ecological Vegetation Class LDAD – Low Density Artefact Distribution LGM – Last Glacial Maximum PAS – Potential Archaeological Sensitivity RTP – Radial Test Pit STP – Shovel Test Pit TP – Test Pit VAHR – Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register WTLCCHC – Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc
Please note that all maps and plans in this CHMP are prepared using Victorian Government Standard GDA94 MGA (Zone 55) coordinates.
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1.0 Introduction
This report outlines the results of a high level investigation into the potential heritage values of the proposed Golden Plains Wind Farm, and the implications of these values in respect to the preparation of a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) for the development.
The purpose of this report is to:
Identify the relevant Traditional Owner (TO) organisations;
Identify any previously registered Aboriginal Places within the study area;
Identify any previously registered historic sites within the study area;
Identify areas/landforms of potential sensitivity; and
Provide a list of subsequent steps to be followed towards an approved CHMP.
Location of the Study Area
The study area is located on land at Barunah Park and south west of Rokewood, approximately 60 kilometres north west of Geelong. The study area consists of approximately 40 properties covering an area of approximately 17,345 hectares within the Golden Plains Shire local government area. The study area includes sections of Ferrers Creek, Mount Misery Creek, Kuruc-a-Ruc Creek, and Mia Mia Creek as well as other unnamed watercourses identified as areas of cultural heritage sensitivity on the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register Information System (ACHRIS) (Maps 1 & 2).
Under section 23 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007(the Regulations) land within 200m of a named water course is considered to be an area of cultural heritage sensitivity, and this therefore applies to land within 200m of both Mia Mia and Ferrers Creeks. Section 23 also applies to Baths Swamp within the study area.
Under section 22 of the Regulations a registered cultural heritage place, and land within 50m of that place, is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. The study area contains one registered place (an artefact scatter) on the banks of Mia Mia Creek, and a further registered (a stone arrangement) place on the banks of Ferrers Creek.
For these reasons the study area as a whole is considered to be an area of cultural heritage sensitivity as defined in the Regulations.
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Map 1: Location of the study area
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Map 2: Areas of Cultural Heritage Sensitivity within the Study Area
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Land Manager
The study area is owned by multiple individual landowners and for the purposes of this study is managed by WestWind Energy P/L.
Relevant Traditional Owners
The Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAP) responsible for a part of the study area is the Wadawurrung, Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation (WWAC). The majority of the study area is not administered by a RAP however the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) and the Guligad Aboriginal Corporation (GAC) both have an interest in the area and must be consulted during the future Cultural Heritage Management Plan for the project. EMAC currently have a RAP application under review by the Aboriginal Heritage Council that encompasses the entire study area (Map 3).
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Map 3: Existing RAP and RAP Applications within the Study Area
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2.0 Existing Conditions, Environment and Geology
2.1 Existing Conditions The study area is spread over approximately 40 properties and approximately 17,000 hectares. The brief site inspection undertaken to inform this study provided only a snapshot of the wider landscape. However some broad statements about the study area can be drawn from both the site inspection and the available aerial imagery. The study area is currently utilised for agricultural and pastoral activities and consists of an undulating landscape characterised by rocky basalt rises and low-lying swamp and wetland areas. At this early stage of investigation it considered that at least six landforms are likely to be present across the study area. These are: volcanic rise, volcanic ridgeline, flat plain, floodplain, creek bank and swamp/wetland (Jacobs 2016). Within the study area the landscape is expected to be largely undisturbed beyond the standard land clearance works undertaken at the time of pastoral expansion in the colonial period and cropping and clearance of basalt floaters more recently.
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Map 4: Existing Conditions across the Study Area
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2.2 Landforms and Geomorphology of the Study Area The study area is located across the Undulating Plains, the Stony Undulating Plains, and the West Victorian Dissected Uplands – Midlands.
The Undulating Plains and the Stony Undulating Plains are the major landforms of the West Victorian Volcanic Plains, encompassing much of Western Victoria. Volcanic material was derived from eruptions between 2 and 4 million years ago. Sporadic volcanic activity continued through the Pleistocene and into recent more recent periods. Relatively thin basalt flows from the bulk of the plain along with numerous volcanic ash deposits associated with volcanic hills (Department of Environment and Primary Industries Biodiversity Interactive Map, accessed 04/05/2016).
The West Dissected Uplands were formed in conjunction with the Victorian Uplands. After a long erosion period between 150 and 300 million years ago the area would have been characterised by low lying flat ground (GSA 1995: 70). A series of tectonic processes saw the rise of the West Victorian Uplands and with it the Dissected Uplands (GSA 1995: 70). The West Dissected Uplands are considerably less rugged than their eastern counterpart and are characterised by relatively low lying corridors of valleys, plains and undulating country (Rowan et al 2000: 31). The West Victorian Dissected Uplands – Midlands is characterised by low north-south ranges interspersed with low-lying corridors of river valleys and undulating plains (Rowan et al 2000: 30). In the study area the West Victorian Dissected Uplands – Midlands unit is associated with a ‘Low Hill (relative relief 30-90m)’ landform (Department of Environment and Primary Industries Biodiversity Interactive Map, accessed 04/05/2016).
Geological mapping reveals that the majority of the study area is located on a Pleistocene to Holocene aged generic alluvium (Qa1), consisting of gravel, sand, and silt, as well as a swamp and lake deposit (Qm1) consisting of carbonaceous mud, silt, clay, and minor peat (Map 4; Department of Environment and Primary Industries Biodiversity Interactive Map, accessed 04/05/2016). Sections of the study area reside on a section of stony rises and basalt known as the Newer Volcanic Group (Neo) which formed between the Miocene and the Holocene. Smaller sections of the study area reside on a sandstone, mudstone, black hale and minor granule quartz conglomerate known as the Castlemaine Group – Lanancefieldian (Ocl) and a generic lunette and lake deposit (Ql) which consists of unconsolidated clay, silt, and sand (Department of Environment and Primary Industries Biodiversity Interactive Map, accessed 04/05/2016).
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Map 5: Map showing geology of the study area and surrounds
2.3 Resources Available to Aboriginal People within the Study Area
Plant Resources and Pre-Contact Vegetation
The pre-1750 Ecological Vegetation Community (EVC) present within the study area has been identified as EVC 132 (Plains Grassland); EVC 55 (Plains Grassy Woodland); and EVC 641 (Riparian Woodland). All these ecological communities would have provided a range of plants that would have been utilised by Aboriginal people for food, shelter, nets and the transportation of goods.
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Map 6: Map showing 1750s EVC mapping of the study area and surrounds
Information on Fauna of the Activity Area
The resource rich swamp and wetlands within the study area and surrounding region would have provided many varieties of animals, water birds, fish and eels all of which are likely to have been hunted by Aboriginal people.
Water Resources
The study area contains sections of Mia Mia and Ferrers Creek, as well as a number of other unnamed creeks and ephemeral watercourses and the swampy wetlands. Such extensive networks of fresh water sources would likely mean the area was intensively utilised by Aboriginal people throughout the year.
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Stone Resources
Quartz is known to be an abundant source of stone for Aboriginal people within the region, found within creek beds and in naturally occurring surface deposits (Clark et al. 2000: 12). Importantly, the creek beds of Mount Misery Creek, Kuruc-a-Ruc Creek, and Ferrers Creek are known to be important sources of quartz within the study area. While silcrete artefacts have been located within the study area and the surrounding region (McNiven 1998; Richards & Jordan 1999; Clark et al., 2000) there is no known source of the stone within the study area. Suspected sources for silcrete are believed to be found near Native Hut Creek and more well-known sources are located along Sutherland Creek (Richards & Jordan 1999: 112). Highly prized stone material such as greenstone could be found in the Geelong area, from Mount William, near Lancefield in Central Victoria, and from the Hopkins River area (McNiven 1998; Clark et al. 2000).
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3.0 Review of Previous Archaeological Research
3.1 VAHR search The Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR), accessed through Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System (ACHRIS), was searched to identify any previously registered Aboriginal Places within the study area. The search was conducted on October 26, 2016. The search of the VAHR identified two registered Aboriginal Places within the study area, VAHR 7622-0002 and VAHR 7621- 0005
VAHR 7622-0002 is a stone arrangement of approximately four to five metres long and two metres wide with a single line of stones running south, away from the arrangement, of about three to four metres in length (Morieson 1994: 39). The stones were arranged in a roughly oval shape west of Ferrers Creek and east of a small hill which is possibly volcanic in origin. There has been some suggestion that the site may be associated with stone arrangements located in Wurdi Youang and Derrinallum, as the site lies on an east-west axis between the two, but before more research could be carried out the stones were removed by the landowner to make way for the planting of a crop (Morieson 1994: 40).
VAHR 7621-0005 is a surface artefact scatter interpreted as being the remnants of a general purpose campsite. The scatter has been disturbed by cultivation or other earth moving works and is unlikely to contain in situ material (Presland 1981). The site is located within close proximity to Mia Mia Creek, on a flat plain and consists of silcrete artefacts.
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Map 7: Map showing location of registered Aboriginal places inside and within 200m of the study area.
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3.2 Historic Heritage Registers A search of the Victorian Heritage Database was undertaken via the HERMES online interactive map, and the Golden Plains Planning Scheme was also searched for Heritage Overlay sites. The search was conducted on October 26, 2016. The search revealed that there is one registered historical site within the study area.
The registered site is the historic mining site, Queen of the Plains Co. (H7622-0172), located at 429 Pitfield-Cressy Road, Golden Plains. The mine was built in 1897 and closed in 1901, during which time 351kg of gold were produced from a quartz lode that ran through the deep lead. The mine encompassed an area of 90 acres, and consisted of pumping and winding engines, and puddling machinery. H7622- 0172 is listed only on the Victorian Heritage Inventory and is not covered by a Heritage Overlay under the Golden Plains Shire Planning Scheme.
The study area contains many examples of the dry stone walls that are common to Victoria’s western pastoral regions. Such walls reflect the volcanic landscape from which they are derived as well as represent one of the most fundamental and visible ways in which early European settlers marked the landscape and began the process of controlling their new environment. The dry stone walls in the study area are provided protection at a local government level by their listing under Clause 52.37 (Post Boxes and Dry Stone Walls) of the Golden Plains Shire Planning Scheme.
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Map 8: Map showing location of registered historical places within the study area.
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3.3 Previous Archaeological Assessment within the Study Area As yet there have been very few archaeological investigations carried out for the study area, however a handful cover small sections of the study area or areas of interest nearby to the study area. The most relevant of which is a survey of the Corangamite Basin which included sections of the eastern portion of the activity area (McNiven 1998). This survey aimed at creating a predictive model for the location of sites by assessing the archaeological sensitivity of specific landforms. Twenty-six transects were walked within this study, covering an area of 66.2km. Transects 18 and 19 surveyed sections along Mount Misery Creek and Ferrers Creek. In total, 13 stone artefact scatters and 77 isolated artefacts were located across the entire surveyed area. The results indicated that “waterways, particularly less saline sources of water, were the singularly most important determinant of sit location” (McNiven 1998: 128-129). Quaternary sediments were identified as being the most archaeologically sensitive landforms, along with stony rises close to the mouths of creeks. Palaeozoic Metamorphic landforms were found to have been preferentially disturbed by historic gold mining practices (McNiven 1998).
Stone arrangements are known across southwestern Victoria, particularly in the region surrounding the study area. One such site is located within the study area (VAHR 7622-0002). Additionally, several stone circles and stone arrangements believed to be evidence for Aboriginal huts/shelters are located further to the south and west (Goodman 1994; Lane 2008). Limited evidence suggests stone circles were used as calendars or maps, representing fixed points either on the ground or in the sky (Goodman 1994: 56). A lack of research into such structures means that while there is evidence for their existence in the region, there is very little information which allows for their predictive modelling.
In general previous studies in similar landscapes have identified alluvial and colluvial deposits in proximity to fresh water sources and the volcanic rocky rises as having the highest potential for retention of Aboriginal cultural material, along with other areas of higher elevation. Certainly occupation deposits are routinely observed in relation to volcanic rises wherever they occur in Victoria and it is likely that the same or similar occupation patterns will be observed within the Golden Plains Wind Farm study area, possibly with even greater artefact density due to the ready availability of water and its associated food resources. During the site inspection undertaken on September 22 a scatter of lithic artefacts was observed on just such a landform. The presence of a stone arrangement in the centre of the study area is illustrative of the lack of disturbance that can be expected for many of the heritage sites within the study area.
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4.0 Land Use History and Ethnography
4.1 Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts in the Geographic Region At the time of contact, the central portion of what is now the state of Victoria was occupied by Aboriginal people who shared a common language and political, social, religious and economic affiliations and who identified themselves as Kulin, the label meaning ‘man’ in the dialect spoken in the Melbourne region. The area of land occupied by the Kulin people extended as far north as present day Echuca, west as the Richardson River, Mt Avoca, Fiery Creek and Mt Emu Creek, south to the Victorian coastline and east to the Tarwin River and Wilsons Promontory (Clark 1990).
Amongst the Kulin, political, social and economic relationships were shaped by affiliation with the main unit of social organisation (the clan) and affiliation with one of two groups linked with creation ancestors. A clan was usually formed from a number of related families (a lineal descent group), which claimed guardianship over a particular tract of land (Howitt 1904: 41). The study area falls within the traditional lands of the Wada wurrung and Gulidjan tribes. The Gulidjan language was spoken by four clans who occupied a very small territory. Very little evidence remains for the Gulidjan people but early evidence suggests they were a distinct people with their own form of government and laws (Clark 1990: 220). At the time of contact with Europeans it was suggested that the Gulidjan language was a mixed language, sharing characteristics with many of its neighbours and may have even been in the process of being assimilated with them (Clark 1990: 220). The Gulidjan were organised into two matrilineal moieties, the Gabadj (Black Cockatoo) and the Guragidj (White Cockatoo). Despite their differing descent systems, the Gulidjan occasionally intermarried with patrilineal clans of the Wada wurrung (Clark 1990): 222). Today the Gulidjan are represented by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation.
At the time of contact, there were at least twenty-five Wada wurrung local named groups (Matic 2006: 7). The activity area was likely located in the lands of the Corac balug whom Clark (1990: 321) identifies as having occupied lands around the Kuruc-a-Ruc Creek, which was named after the clan. The Wada wurrung were usually united by common dialect, descent, history and a shared 'Dreamtime' ancestor, with each group led by influential individuals, known as Nourenit or Arweet amongst the Wada wurrung (Barwick 1984: 107; Clark 1990: 91; Matic 2006: 7). Today the Wada wurrung are represented by the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation.
The Wada wurrung, who were organised under patrilineal moieties, were known to have occasionally intermarried with the Gulidjan, despite their differing descent traditions. These marriage arrangements led to an enmity between the two groups who were recorded as being in “constant war” with each other (Robinson 07/07/1840 in Clark 1990: 222). The neighbouring Gdjagurd wurrung were also known to compete with the Wada wurrung for Gulidjan brides leading to several reported retribution attacks (Robinson 07/07/1840 in Clark 1990: 222).
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Figure 1: Wada wurrung language area with the Gulidjan language area below (Clark 1990: 311)
4.2 Land-Use History of the Study Area In 1836 the Clyde Company, managed by George and Thomas Russell who arrived from Scotland in 1836 and 1837 respectively, purchased a large area of land situated between the Moorabool and Woady Yaloak Rivers. The station was known as “Barunah Plains” and in its time became one of the most important and successful pastoral companies in Victoria (Clark et al. 2000: 14). The Clyde Company was liquidated in the 1850s, with the Barunah Plains divided into several parcels of land and passed into the control of the Russel Brothers, and David and George Aitcheson. Between them, the new owners occupied the Warroook, Barunah, Golfhill, and Carngham stations (Clark et al. 2000: 14). In the 1850s and 1860s the goldrush began, and the region gained new prominence as a gold mining centre. Rich fields were discovered around Woady Yaloak Creek, Kuruc-a-Ruc Creek, and Mt Misery Creek which now exhibit thousands of shallow mine pits and tailings piles (McNiven 1998). With the influx of miners into the region the local population swelled, allowing for the formal establishment of townships at Rokewood, Corindhap, and Rokewood Junction (Clark et al. 2000: 15). Present day, the study area resides within the Golden Plains Shire, formed through the amalgamation of the Shire of Bannockburn, the Shire of Leigh, the Shire of Grenville, and part of the Shire of Buninyong in 1994. The study area resides over primarily agricultural land, encompassing the parishes of Commeralghip, Kuruc-a-Ruc, Wurrook, Poorneet, Shelford-West, and Wingeel.
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5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Site Prediction Model This desktop cultural heritage assessment for the study area has allowed a broad site prediction model to be developed. A site prediction model is intended for use as an indication of the types of archaeological sites that may occur in a given area.
The following statements can be made about the current study area:
Very few Aboriginal Places have been registered in the study area; however this can be attributed paucity of archaeological investigation undertaken in the region surrounding the study area rather than a lack of pre-contact Aboriginal occupation and landscape use.
Those that are have been located in and around the study area have been found in close proximity to water sources. In general terms areas rich in water and its associated food resources will contain higher densities of cultural material and display evidence of occupation over longer periods of time. Given the many sources of water within the study area, including swamps and soaks, it is considered highly likely that this pattern of occupation will be evident, in particular in areas of higher elevation associated with these water sources.
High rocky rises, ridges and escarpments are considered to be particularly sensitive landforms for archaeological sites, as well as creek and river banks. It is considered that the low-lying open plains will have much lower artefact densities than higher, well-drained locations with views of greater distances across the landscape.
The most likely Aboriginal site types to occur within the study area include artefact scatters and culturally modified trees. However the nature of the landscape also suggests that other site type - such as quarries, earth features, and burial sites - may also occur where environmental conditions are present. A stone arrangement has also been recorded in the study area and such site types, although relatively rare across the majority of Victoria, do occur in the region. For this reason it is considered possible that further stone arrangements may be present.
Historical information indicates that for much of the post-contact period the study area remained relatively unaffected by disturbances other than land clearance, agriculture and pastoral activities. The exception to this relates to gold mining activities during the 1850s and 1860s, however, it is not clear to what extent the disturbance associated with these activities has impacted on the study area. One registered historic site exists within the study area and this is associated with gold mining. It is considered possible that further historic sites associated with that period may exist within the study area, along with remnants of pastoral buildings, gardens/orchards and stone walls.
The site prediction model concludes that there is a high likelihood that Aboriginal cultural material will be present within the study area. Such material could be in the form of a range of site types including earth features, artefact deposits, and the potential for Aboriginal ancestral remains cannot be discounted. In terms of historical archaeology, it is possible that some historic structures associated with the gold mining history of the area may exist, along with remnant historic features of the pastoral landscape.
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5.2 Recommendations and Obligations under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 The Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 state that:
A cultural heritage management plan is required for an activity if—
(a) all or part of the activity area for the activity is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity; and
(b) all or part of the activity is a high impact activity. (r. 6)
The study area is considered an area of cultural heritage sensitivity because it contains registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places (r. 22) and is within 200m of named waterways (r. 23):
Registered cultural heritage places (1) A registered cultural heritage place is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. (2) Subject to subregulation (3), land within 50 metres of a registered cultural heritage place is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. Waterways
(1) Subject to subregulation (2), a waterway or land within 200 metres of a waterway is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity.
Under section 43 (1)(a) and (b)(xxvi) construction of a wind energy facility is a high impact activity, and therefore the preparation of a mandatory CHMP is required.
In the case of the current project the study area is partly located within the Registered Aboriginal Party (RAP) boundary of the Wadawurrung, Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation (WWAC) and partly in an area that is not currently administered by a RAP. For this reason the CHMP will be evaluated by both the WWAC and Aboriginal Victoria. The Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) has a RAP application currently before the Aboriginal Heritage Council that encompasses the entire study area, and this organisation, as well as the Guligad Aboriginal Corporation (GAC) must also be consulted in relation to the CHMP.
It is recommended that meetings be held with all the relevant Traditional Owners and with Aboriginal Victoria (Ballarat Regional Office) at the outset of the CHMP process. As already discussed with WestWind the CHMP should be undertaken in stages with some preliminary survey and excavation works to establish the nature of the landscape elements carried out in the first stage, the results of which can be used to refine the remaining fieldwork methodology. Staging of the CHMP will be discussed in more detail with WestWind in early 2017.
5.3 Recommendations and Obligations under the Heritage Act 1995
All historic archaeological sites in Victoria are protected by the Victorian Heritage Act (1995), irrespective of whether these sites are listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory or the Victorian Heritage Register. A Consent from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria is required to disturb or destroy historic archaeological sites, places, buildings or structures listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory. A Permit from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria is required to modify, disturb or destroy historic archaeological sites, places, buildings or structures listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. Permit Page | 20
Golden Plains Wind Farm Preliminary Heritage Assessment Heritage Insight P/L applications must be approved by the Heritage Council. Fees apply for the issue of Consents and Permits and a conservation bond is required for artefacts from a historic archaeological site. Heritage Victoria may also require a Conservation Bond for any conservation treatment of artefacts which are recovered from a development site. The issue of a Permit or Consent is not automatic and will be subject to furnishing of adequate supporting documentation.
The study area contains one registered historic site listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory, however it is highly unlikely that the works associated with the Golden Plains Wind Farm will impact on this site.
5.4 Recommendations and Obligations under the Golden Plains Shire Planning Scheme There are no sites within the study area listed on the Golden Plains Shire Heritage Overlay (HO) (administered by the Golden Plains Shire Planning Scheme) although a number of HO listings are located just outside the study area boundary.
The study area contains many examples of the dry stone walls that are common to Victoria’s western pastoral regions. In 2004/2005 Heritage Victoria redefined the meaning of “archaeological places” and determined that dry stone walls would no longer be included in this description. As a result of this policy change all dry stone walls have been removed (delisted) from the Victorian Heritage Inventory, removing the requirement for obtaining a Consent to Disturb in cases where these walls are removed. Heritage Victoria made it clear that management of dry stone walls would be more appropriately dealt with at a local government level, and this is reflected in their listing under Clause 52.37 (Post Boxes and Dry Stone Walls) of the the Golden Plains Shire Planning Scheme.
Under this clause a permit is required to demolish remove or alter a dry stone wall constructed before 1940, however this does not apply to dry stone structures other than walls or fences; the demolition of part of a wall to install a gate; or the reconstruction of an existing wall that is damaged (provided the specifications of the wall and materials used remain the same).
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References
Legislation
Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 Internet Resources
Department of Environment and Primary Industries – Biodiversity Interactive Map (http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/environment-and-wildlife/biodiversity/biodiversity-interactive-map)
Department of Environment and Primary Industries – EVC Benchmarks (http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/environment-and-wildlife/biodiversity/evc-benchmarks)
Department of Environment and Primary Industries – GeoVic (http://er-info.dpi.vic.gov.au/sd_weave/registered.htm)
Land Victoria – HERMES online interactive map (http://services.land.vic.gov.au/maps/hermes.jsp)
Reports and Published Resources
Barwick, D 1984, ‘Mapping the Past: an Atlas of Victorian Clans 1835-1904. Part 1’, Aboriginal History, vol. 8, no. 1–2, pp. 100–131.
Clark, I 1990, Aboriginal Languages and Clans: An Historical Atlas of Western and Central Victoria, 1800-1900, Department of Geography and Environmental Science Monash University, Melbourne.
Clark, V, Lane, S & Stevens, A 2000, McMillans Bridge Rokewood: archaeological site survey and excavation at sites AAV 7622/034 and AAV 7622/035, Dr. Vincent Clark & Associates, Woodend.
Goodman, D 1994, Aboriginal Stone Arrangements in Victoria - An Update, The Australian Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.
Howitt, AW 1904, The Native Tribes of South-East Australia, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
Jacobs, 2016, Golden Plains Wind & Solar Farm, Preliminary Geomorphology Assessment, Report to West Wind Energy P/L Lane, S 2008, Shifting Stones: the Aboriginal stone-based huts of the Mt Eccles stony rise, southwestern Victoria, Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney, Sydney.
Matic, A 2006, An archaeological survey of Lot 5, LP43014, Ballarat-Carngham Rd, Delacombe: Report for Kaufmann Property Consultants, Biosis Research Pty Ltd., Port Melbourne.
McNiven, I 1998, Archaeological Survey of the Corangamite Basin, South Central Victoria: Landuse Patterns, Sites and Management Recomendations, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, Melbourne.
Presland, G 1981, An Archaeological Survey of the Route of the Sydneham to Portland Transmission Line, Victoria Archaeological Survey, Victoria.
Richards, T & Jordan, J 1999, Aboriginal Archaeological Investigations in the Barwon Drainage Basin Occasional Report 50, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, Melbourne, Vic.
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Appendix 1: Glossary
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Adze A flake with stepped retouch along lateral margins that can be hafted for use as a tool.
Anvil A flat object on which a core was placed to flake material from. Anvils often have a small pit/groove, usually in the centre of the object, as a result of this action.
Archaeology The study of cultural remains from past cultures and generations.
Artefact Scatter The material remains of past Aboriginal peoples’ activities. Usually contain stone artefacts, but other material may also be present, including charcoal, animal bone, shell and ochre. An artefact scatter is usually represented by a single stone flake or a concentration of flaked stone pieces (or fragments).
Assemblage A collection of artefacts that are derived from the same site.
Backed Blade Stone artefact associated with the Australian small tool tradition. They are characterised by unidirectional or bidirectional retouch found along a lateral margin, thought to be blunt for hafting (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 260).
Basalt A fine-grained rock occurring from lava flows.
Bifacially Flaked Flakes removed from two faces of an object such as a core.
Blade A flake that is twice as long as it is wide.
Bondi Point An asymmetrical blade with a point at one end with backing retouch. Part of the Australian Small Tool Tradition.
Burial Human Remains, normally found as concentrations of human bones or teeth, exposed by erosion or earthworks. They are sometimes associated with charcoal or ochre, although shell, animal bone and stone tools may also be present. Tend to be located in soft soils and sand, although can occur in rock shelters, caves and dead trees.
Burin A truncated flake formed by snapping or retouching along one lateral margin that then forms a platform from which small flakes are removed forming a triangular scar that acts as a working edge (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 241-243).
Ceramic A term used to identify wares made from either clay or fusible stone such as stoneware, earthenware, porcelain or terracotta (Davies & Buckley 1987: 186).
Chert A compact, fine-grained rock made of crypto-crystalline silica and can occur in a variety of colours, usually red, green or black.
Core A specimen of rock that has undergone a process of reduction through the removal of a number of flakes and as a result they have negative flake scars. Cores can contain a single platform, have two platforms or have had flakes removed in multiple directions.
Cortex The original surface of a mineral or rock subjected to weathering by the elements.
Cultural Material Any material remains which are produced by human activity.
Debitage Detached pieces of stone that are discarded during the reduction process.
Dry Stone Wall A wall formed of a number of courses of rock (usually basalt or limestone) with no bond or binding component. Walls are usually tapered, have two faces and can have hearting (packing), or plugging.
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Earthenware A non-vitreous (porous) whiteware, usually used for domestic tablewares. Most earthenware is glazed and decorated, transfer printed or left plain (Davies & Buckley 1987: 186).
Earth Feature Collective term used to refer to mounds, rings, hearths, postholes and ovens.
Earth Mound Mounds generally appear as raised areas of darker soil. They are commonly found in the volcanic plains of western Victoria or on higher ground near water bodies. Mounds often contain charcoal, burnt clay or stone heat retainers from cooking ovens, animal bones, shells, stone tools and sometimes, Aboriginal burials.
Earth Ring Banked circles of soil often associated with stone arrangements, which had a ceremonial purpose for Aboriginal people in the past.
Excavation A controlled means of soil disturbance (digging) allowing for detailed recording of the soil profile, features and artefacts exposed.
Flake A stone artefact that contains characteristics such as the presence of a platform, bulb of percussion and termination which reveal that the stone has been struck from a core and is the result of stone working (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 5).
Flake Core A flake that has subsequently been used as a core and had other flakes removed from it.
Flaked Piece Small fragments of stone that have been removed from flakes resulting from tool maintenance or tool production (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 17). Flaked pieces do not display the characteristics evident in a complete flake.
Flint Similar to chert with a pale cortex and conchoidal fracture. Usually occurring in limestone (Roberts 1998: 65).
Footing The structural base/footprint from structures often built from bluestone, brick or wooden posts.
Geometric Microlith Part of the Australian small tool tradition. They are symmetrical in form, pointed at both ends and can be backed along a lateral margin (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 262).
Glaze A coating put over wares fired in a kiln. Glazes can come in a variety of colours and can also be transparent.
Greenstone A metamorphic rock derived from basalt containing feldspar and quartz and is made green by chlorite and epidote. Often used for the manufacture of hand axes.
Grindstone A flat slab of rock with central depression used to grind, crush or pound seeds, ochre, or sharpen tools, etc. Grindstones are usually made on sedimentary rocks with an abrasive surface and can be used in conjunction with a muller.
Ground Edge Axes A sharpening process – flaking, pecking and polishing, usually along a single lateral margin. The axes are generally hafted with the worked edge forming the tool edge.
Ground Surface Visibility The extent to which the natural soil surface below the vegetation on the ground is visible.
Hammerstone A hard rock or mineral used to flake fragments of stone from a core (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 4).
Hearth The remains of a fireplace containing charcoal and sometimes burnt earth, bone, stone artefacts or other organic material.
In situ An artefact or feature that remains in its original position, or where it was left.
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Manuport A stone block that displays no attributes of being either a core or a flake.
Microblade Has the same characteristics as a blade but just of smaller proportions (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 17).
Ochre Earth varying in colour from yellow to red, used as a pigment.
Organic Compounds formed from living organisms (plants or animals).
Oven Mound Usually circular or oval in shape and often situated close to a water source. They were used for cooking and contain a rich greasy organic mix of soil and organic material. An oven mound is likely to contain charcoal, burnt clay or stone heat retainers, stone tools, bones, shell and on occasion, burials (AAV Mini Poster 4).
Platform The surface from which the flake was struck off the core – natural, flaked or abraded (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 120).
Point A flake that has two edges that form a point with retouch along one or both lateral margins (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 16).
Porcelain A non-porous ceramic with a glass-like appearance. Can be translucent, can be used for tableware or more decorative features such as ornaments.
Post-contact The period after contact between Aboriginal people and Europeans.
Pre-contact The period before contact between Aboriginal people and Europeans.
Quarry Outcrop of stone or ochre that has been quarried by Aboriginal people in the past. Generally associated with a large amount of broken stone and flakes. The outcrop (cores) bear negative scars from flaking.
Quartz A mineral that commonly occurs in sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Quartz can come in a number of forms including crystal, rose, and smoky.
Quartzite A metamorphic rock formed by the re-crystallization of quartz. Quartz is rich in sandstone and limestone (Roberts 1998: 109).
Retouch A worked edge or modification of a flake formed by removing a number of small flakes along an edge. This can be done as a form of maintenance or to produce a tool.
Rock Art Paintings created on the rock surfaces of caves and rock shelters and engravings in limestone caves. Artwork includes stencils, prints and drawings. The paint consists of ochres, clays and charcoal mixed with fats.
Scarred Tree A tree which has had a slab of bark removed, exposing the sapwood on the trunk or branch of a tree. Aboriginal people used the bark to make shelters, containers (coolamons) and canoes.
Scraper A flake with at least one edge that has continuous retouch. Scraper types include steep-edged, end, side and nose scraper (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 16).
Shell Midden A surface and/or sub-surface deposit composed of shell and sometimes stone artefacts, charcoal and bone. Middens are normally found in association with coastlines, rivers, creeks and swamps – wherever coastal, riverine or estuarine shellfish resources were available and exploited.
Silcrete A fine-grained rock derived from shale or siltstone mixed with silica.
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Spit A horizontal unit of soil removed during excavation. Spits can be arbitrary (dug to a depth of 50, 100, 200, 300mm, etc.) or can be confined to a particular soil type or context. The excavation of spits allows for greater understanding, analysis and interpretation of the soil profile.
Stone Feature Includes cairns, rock wells, stone arrangements, fish traps, stone structures and grinding grooves. May be a natural feature, which was used or modified to be used by Aboriginal people in the past (rock well, stone arrangement), or a stone feature which has been deliberately constructed for a specific purpose (fish trap, stone structure, cairn), or is the result of a specific activity carried out by Aboriginal people in the past (grinding grooves).
Stoneware A vitreous (non-porous) ceramic, usually light brown in colour, used for drinking containers or used industrially. Often glazed or unglazed (salt glaze or slip applied) (Davies & Buckley 1987: 186).
Stratification The position of sediments and rocks in sequence throughout time.
Sub-surface Testing A method of excavation that involves ground disturbing works to identify the potential for cultural material. Sub-surface testing may comprise hand excavation and/or machine excavation.
Survey An inspection of land either by foot or by car (windscreen survey) noting conditions on surface visibility, landforms and the presence of cultural material.
Termination The shape of the distal end of a flake (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 129).
Terracotta A low-fired clay (ceramic), usually orange to red in colour and very porous. Often used for plumbing (drainage components) or garden ware.
Tool Modified flakes usually with retouch present along an edge (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 33).
Transect An excavated stretch of ground that can be of varying lengths in a straight line.
Transfer Printed A design is traced and engraved onto a copper plate on which ink and oil is then applied. The design is pressed onto tissue paper and then placed on an object and the paper removed. The object is then fired and glazed. Transfer printed ceramics come in a variety of colours and patterns and were mass produced.
Trench An area confined by excavation usually in the form of a square (e.g., 2x2m) or rectangular (e.g., 1.5x1m).
References
AAV Mini Posters (1-7)
Davies, M. & K. Buckley, 1987 Port Arthur Conservation & Development Project: Archaeological Procedures Manual. Occasional Paper No.13. Department of Lands, Parks and Wildlife, Tasmania.
Holdaway S. & N. Stern, 2004 A Record in Stone: The Study of Australia’s Flaked Stone Artefacts, Museum Victoria, Melbourne.
Roberts, J. L., 1998 A Photographic Guide to Minerals, Rocks and Fossils, New Holland, London.
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Golden Plains Wind Farm Cultural Heritage Management Plan
This document contains information about works already undertaken for the Golden Plains Wind Farm (GPWF) Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP), as well the next planned stages of investigation.
1. Consultation
At the commencement of the Golden Plains Wind Farm (GPWF) project inception meetings were held with all Aboriginal heritage stakeholders. These groups are:
Aboriginal Victoria (AV) Wadawurrung, Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation (WAC) (Registered Aboriginal Party (RAP) for the section of GPWF west of Ferrers Creek) Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) Guligad Aboriginal Corporation (GAC) (RAP applicant)
A summary of all consultation outcomes are contained in the table on pages 3 and 4 of this document.
Both EMAC and GAC have agreed that formal post-standard assessment consultation should be undertaken via email as this will ensure that both the managers of these organisations and their field staff have access to the same information. The methodology for the stage 1 complex assessment has already been discussed and approved by both organisations verbally, and a document containing this information was issued for sign off on March 20, 2017.
2. Investigations to Date
November 2016 Preliminary heritage report produced by Heritage Insight. This report provides an overview of the heritage assessment works undertaken in the area prior to the current project, as well some background information in relation to the geology and pre-1750 ecology that are likely to have some bearing on the location, type and significance of Aboriginal Places in the activity area. A copy of this report is attached at the end of this document.
December 2016 - Preparation of the desktop assessment component of the CHMP. This will expand on ongoing the findings of the preliminary heritage report and include all additional information required by AV and the RAP.
February 15-22, Standard assessment undertaken on the WAC side of the activity area. A total of 19 2017 surface Aboriginal Places were located during the standard assessment in this area, primarily low density or isolated artefact occurrences, however two culturally modified trees were also recorded.
February 27- Standard assessment undertaken on the EMAC/GAC side of the activity area. This area March 10, 2017 east of Ferrers Creek is demonstrably more archaeologically significant due to the increased presence in the landscape of rocky rises and ridgelines, as well as a greater number of soaks, ephemeral watercourses and incidences of sandy soils. A total of 68 surface Aboriginal Places were located during the standard assessment in this area. These comprise low, moderate and high density artefact scatters, and also include two locations
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that appear to have a number of relatively intact stone arrangements. Stone arrangement sites are rare and these Aboriginal Place will likely require some further investigation and protection. Anecdotal evidence from landholders in this area has also alerted the field team to possible burial sites in the general area.
March 27-April Stage 1 complex assessment EMAC/GAC side of activity area. This phase of 13, 2017 investigation involved the excavation of 25 2m² machine trenches at a sample location of proposed turbine locations and 31 linear machine trenches excavated on a sample of track/cable route linkages between them. The excavations were undertaken on a sample of the different landforms observed within the activity area in order to test the site prediction model developed during the desktop and standard assessments and to guide the methodology for stage 2 investigations.
A total of 12 Aboriginal Places were located as a result of the first stage of complex assessment. The extents of these Places have not yet been established. This will occur either by radial extent testing or on the basis of landform, to be decided following consultation with Matthew Phelan of AV and Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Registry staff.
Data compilation for the first stage of complex assessment is currently being undertaken. This will be completed prior to May 12, 2017 (see below).
3. Next (Known) Phases of Investigation
18 April-12 May, Finalisation of desktop and standard assessment sections of report; data compilation and 2017 analysis of stage 1 complex assessment results; preparation of site cards for sites located to date; meeting with WAC to discuss EMAC/GAC complex assessment results and finalisation methodology for stage 1 complex assessment on WAC side of activity area.
May 15, 2017- Stage 1 complex assessment WAC side of activity area. This phase of investigation will May 26, 2017 involve the excavation of a number of 2m² machine trenches at proposed turbine locations. These trenches will be excavated on a sample of the different landforms observed within the activity area in order to test the site prediction model developed during the desktop and standard assessments and to guide the methodology for stage 2 investigations.
June 5, 2017- Stage 2 complex assessment on both sides of activity area, to be undertaken with four September 8 concurrent field teams.
On completion of all fieldwork the remaining complex assessment works will be incorporated into the full Plan and all analysis will be undertaken. Recommendations will be developed for the future management, protection, salvage and/or avoidance of all heritage Places and these will be discussed with West Wind Energy prior to undertaking recommendations meetings with all Aboriginal heritage stakeholders.
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4. Current Status
The Heritage Insight team has developed a highly positive working relationship with all the Traditional Owner groups involved in the GPWF. The lines of communication are always open and the methodology and results are discussed with the field representatives, as well as preliminary management recommendations for each Place (including options for potential salvage, harm mitigation, avoidance etc.) in order to ensure that all heritage stakeholders are involved and have their voices heard throughout the process. This approach provides a framework for the development of the required future management conditions for the CHMP, and Heritage Insight has received extremely positive feedback from this approach from all Traditional Owner organisations involved in the project.
Although the CHMP fieldwork is in its early stages the early results are encouraging. Although a large number of surface Aboriginal Places were located during the standard assessment only 12 sub-surface excavations from a total of 56 yielded cultural material, and the majority of these had only very shallow soil profiles and a limited number of artefacts. When viewed in conjunction with the more extensive surface Aboriginal Places located during the standard assessment it indicates that there may be a pattern developing showing greater surface amounts of cultural material and much less significant sub-surface deposits. If this proves to be the case the management of these Places will present fewer issues going forward. In the event that larger and more complex sub-surface Places are revealed during the next stages of sub-surface investigation Heritage Insight is confident that the negotiations in relation to the management of these Places will be streamlined and simplified as a result of the open consultative approach undertaken throughout the life of the project.
All formal Traditional Owner and Aboriginal Victoria consultation for the project has been positive and all methodological approaches proposed by Heritage Insight have all been met favourably thus far. It is considered highly unlikely that any issues will arise during the preparation of the CHMP that cannot be resolved within the CHMP process itself.
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Aboriginal Heritage Stakeholder Consultation
Organisation Date Participants Purpose Outcomes
EMAC 12/1/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To introduce the project to EMAC who are a The proposed methodology for both standard and complex Jamie Lowe (EMAC) former RAP applicant for the area; to discuss the assessment was discussed and approved by EMAC. proposed project methodology; to discuss the logistics of participation in fieldwork; and to open lines of communication for the project going forward.
GAC 13/1/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To introduce the project to the GAC who are a The proposed methodology for both standard and complex Ron Arnold (GAC) RAP applicant for the area; to discuss the assessment was discussed and approved by GAC. proposed project methodology; to discuss the logistics of participation in fieldwork; and to open lines of communication for the project going forward.
AV 24/1/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To introduce the project to one of the two The proposed methodology for both standard and complex Matthew Phelan (AV) statutory authorities who will be responsible for assessment was discussed and approved by AV and a consultation Tya Lovett (AV) evaluating the CHMP; to discuss the proposed plan was developed that will involve the same level of consultation Marla Brauer (West Wind Energy) project methodology; and to open lines of with AV as is commonly undertaken with a RAP. This approach is Paige Ricci (West Wind Energy) communication for the project going forward. designed to minimise issues arising at the evaluation stage of the CHMP process.
WAC 24/1/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To introduce the project to one of the two The WAC has blanket rules in relation to survey and sub-surface Katrina Thomas (WAC) statutory authorities who will be responsible for testing during the CHMP process. Part of the proposed Bryon Powell (WAC) evaluating the CHMP; to discuss the proposed methodology included a sample standard assessment whereby only Marla Brauer (West Wind Energy) project methodology; and to open lines of a sample of turbine locations and linear linkages would be Paige Ricci (West Wind Energy) communication for the project going forward. investigated. Although this approach is not usually undertaken on projects in the WAC RAP area in this case the methodology was accepted. The proposed methodology also includes a two stage complex assessment whereby a sample of turbines and linkages will be tested in the first instance and the results of this preliminary investigation will be used to refine and streamline the subsequent testing. The WAC stated that it is their current position that all turbine locations must be tested however Ms Thomas did agree that she would look at the results of the testing
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on the EMAC/GAC side before making a final decision in relation to this.
WAC 1/3/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To discuss the preliminary findings of the It was agreed that poor visibility on the WAC side of GPWF had Katrina Thomas (WAC) standard assessment on the WAC side of the hampered effective survey coverage and Ms Thompson reiterated GPWF activity area. that for this reason the WAC policy of testing at every turbine location was likely to be required. It was agreed once again that the preliminary complex assessment results from the EMAC/GAC side of the activity area would be looked at by the WAC before this was confirmed.
AV 21/3/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To discuss the results of the standard assessment The range of Aboriginal Place types was discussed and along with Simon Coxe (Heritage Insight) and methodology for the complex assessment. the proposed complex assessment methodology. AV agreed with Matthew Phelan (AV) Heritage Insight that a staged complex assessment would be the best approach, with the results from stage 1 informing the testing of the remainder of the activity area. It was also agreed that a further meeting would be held prior to stage 2 complex assessment testing on the EMAC/GAC side of the activity area.
EMAC/GAC 20/3/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) Email summary of standard assessment results The proposed complex assessment methodology was approved by Jamie Lowe (EMAC) and proposed stage 1 complex assessment both organisations, who also said they were pleased that the Ron Arnold (GAC) methodology sent to both organisations as per project was being undertaken in a way that encourages their input. prior agreement. It was also agreed that a further summary email in relation to the stage 1 complex assessment will be sent out prior to commencing the next stage of EMAC/GAC sub-surface testing in order to ensure that all parties are aware of the final number of Aboriginal Places located.
AV 9/5/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To discuss the results of the stage 1 complex The results of the stage 1 complex assessment were discussed and Simon Coxe (Heritage Insight) assessment and to finalise methodology for the it was agreed based on these findings that the remainder of the Matthew Phelan (AV) remainder of the complex assessment. complex assessment on the EMAC/GAC section would focus on Paige Ricci (West Wind Energy) the rocky rises and basalt ridgelines, with less investigation on the Adam Gray (West Wind Energy) undulating plains landform which the stage 1 testing had shown to have a low potential for the retention of Aboriginal Places.
WAC 9/5/17 Bianca Di Fazio (Heritage Insight) To discuss the preliminary findings of the stage 1 It was agreed that the stage 1 WAC complex assessment would be Simon Coxe (Heritage Insight) complex assessment on the EMAC/GAC section undertaken with testing at turbine locations primarily in areas that
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Katrina Thomas (WAC) of the activity area and the implications of these had not been subject to standard assessment in order to get a Stephen Compton (WAC) for the stage 1 complex assessment on the WAC wider view of the archaeological conditions across this section of Paige Ricci (West Wind Energy) section. the activity area, with an understanding that some of the proposed Adam Gray (West Wind Energy) areas may need to be changed in the field due to issues with weather access. A meeting has been scheduled with the WAC to discuss the findings of the stage 1 complex assessment on May 31, 2017. At this time the final methodology for sub-surface testing on the WAC section will be finalised.
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