The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Index More Information

Index

Aaron, Hank. See Sports Ailey, Alvin. See Dance Abbott, Robert S., 1 Albert, Laurence R. See Music Abele, Julian F., 2 Aldridge, Ira F. See Theatre Abernathy, Ralph D. See Southern Alexander Crummell. See Scholarship Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Alexander, Clifford L. See Equal Afi rmative action, 3 Employment Opportunity Africa, 4 Commission (EEOC) African American Women in Defense of Alexander, Raymond P. See Law Ourselves. See Feminism enforcement African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), 7 Ali, Muhammad, 12 . See Sports African Heritage Studies Association. Allen, Richard, 12 See Afro-American Studies Allen, Richard. See Music African Liberation Support Committee Amendment XIII (1865). See Constitution, (ALSC). See Student activism US (1789) African Liberation Support Committee. Amendment XIV (1868). See Constitution, See Black Nationalism US (1789) African National Congress (ANC). Amendment XV (1870). See Constitution, See Apartheid US (1789) African National Congress (ANC). American Anti-Slavery Society. See See Mandela, Nelson R. Antislavery movement Africanisms. See Afro-American Studies American Civil Liberties Union. See Afro-American Council. See Interracial Relations Wells-Barnett, Ida B. American Colonization Society. See Afro-American Studies, 8 Antislavery Movement Afro-Christianity. See Afro-American American Council on Race Relations. Studies See Interracial Relations Afrocentrism. See Afro-American Studies American Federation of Labor. See Labor Agricultural Adjustment Administration. American Friends Service Committee. See Great Depression See Interracial Relations Agriculture, 9 American Indian Movement. See Civil Aid to Families with Dependent Children Rights Movement (CRM) (AFDC). See Welfare American Negro Theater. See Theatre AIDS, 11 American Red Cross. See Drew, Charles R.

313

314 Index

American Revolution, 13 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 30 American Teachers’ Association (ATA). Bill of Rights. See Constitution, US (1789) See Education Birth of a Nation, The (1915), 31 American Temperance Society. Black Arts Movement, 32 . See Photography See Temperance movement Black Belt, 32 Amnesty International. See Foreign affairs Black Bourgeoisie (1957), 33 Anderson, Marian, 14 Black Cabinet. See Great Depression Angelou, Maya, 15 Black Enterprise (BE). See Graves, Earl G. Anti-Apartheid Act (1986). See TransAfrica Black Entertainment Television. See Film Anti-Defamation League. See Interracial Black Manifesto (1969), 33 Relations Black Nationalism, 34 Antiapartheid movement. See Apartheid Black Panther Party (BPP), 35 Anticommunism, 16 Black Power movement, 36 Antilynching campaign, 16 Black Radical Congress. See Politics Antislavery movement, 17 Black Star Steamship Line. See Universal Antiterror wars, 18 Negro Improvement Association Apartheid, 19 (UNIA) Aptheker, Herbert. See Scholarship Black towns, 37 Architecture, 20 Bland, James A. See Music Armstrong, Louis (Satchmo). See Music Blassingame, John W. See Scholarship Armstrong, Samuel C. See Education ; Bloody Sunday, 38 Hampton–Tuskegee idea Blyden, Edward W. See Pan-African Art, 21 movement Ashe, Arthur R., 23 Bond, Horace M., 38 Asian American Legal Defense and Bond, Julian, 39 Education Fund. See Civil Rights Bouchet, Edward A., 40 Movement (CRM) Bradley, Ronald. See Milliken v. Bradley Associated Negro Press (ANP), 24 (1974) Associated Publishers. See Woodson, Brewer, James H. See Scholarship Carter G. Brimmer, Andrew. See Capitalism Association of Community Organizations Brooke, Edward W., 41 for Reform Now. See Poverty Brooks, Gwendolyn E., 42 Atlanta Compromise (1895), 24 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Atlanta race riot (1906). See White, Walter F. (BSCP, 1925). See Labor Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Back to the Farm. See Agriculture (BSCP), 43 Back-to-Africa movement, 25 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 45 Baker, Ella J., 25 Brown, Charlotte Hawkins, 43 Baker v. Carr (1962), 26 Brown, James N. (Jim), 44 Bakke v. Board of Regents of California Brown, James. See Music (1978), 27 Brown, William Wells. See Scholarship Baldwin, James, 28 Browne, William W. See Religion Banneker, Benjamin. See Architecture Bruce, Blanche K. See Reconstruction Baraka, Amiri. See Theatre (1865–77) Barnett, Claude A., 29 Buchanan v. Warley (1917), 46 Bates, Daisy L., 29 Buffalo soldiers, 47 Battey, C. M. See Photography Bunche, Ralph J., 47 Belafonte, Harry. See Music Bunche, Ralph. See Foreign affairs Berlin Conference (1884). See Colonialism Bundles, A’Lelia. See Walker, Madam C. J. Berry, Chuck. See Music Burris, Roland. See Politics Berry, Mary Frances. See Scholarship Business, 48

Index 315

Caesar, Shirley, 52 Colored Men’s Locomotive Firemen’s Capitalism, 52 Association (1902). See Labor Caravans. See Caesar, Shirley Colored National Labor Union (1869). Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Turé), 53 See Labor Carnegie-Myrdal Study of the Negro in Colored Ofi cers’ Training Camp. America. See Bunche, Ralph J. See Military Carter, Robert. See National Association Coltrane, John. See Music for the Advancement of Colored People Commission on Interracial Cooperation. (NAACP) See Interracial Relations Carver, George Washington, 54 Committee on Fair Employment Césaire, Aimé. See Négritude Practice. See March on Washington Chambers, Julius L. See Swann v. Movement (MOWM) Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Committee on Negro Affairs. See Fisher, Education (1971) Miles Mark Charles, Ray. See Music Committee on the Status of Black Chávez, César E. See Labor Americans (1989). See Law enforcement Chavis, Benjamin. See Wilmington Ten Communist Party. See Politics Chesnutt, Charles W., 55 Community Relations Service (CRS). See Child, Lydia Maria. See Antislavery Justice, US Department of movement Comprehensive Employment and Training Children’s Defense Fund (CDF), 56 Act. See Family Chisholm, Shirley A., 57 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, Cities, 57 1935). See Labor Citizenship Schools. See Clark, Septima P. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 68 Civil Rights Act of 1875. See Congressional Black Caucus. See Politics Reconstruction (1865–77) Conservatives. See Politics Civil Rights Act of 1957, 59 Constitution, US (1789), 68 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 60 Conventions, National Negro, 70 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 60 Convict-lease system, 70 Civil Rights Congress. See Civil Rights Cook, Sam. See Music Movement (CRM) Cooper, Anna Julia, 71 Civil Rights Division (CRD). See Justice, Copeland, John A. See John Brown’s raid US Department of Cornely, Paul B. See Medicine Civil Rights Division. See Civil Rights Act Cosby, William H. (Bill), 72 of 1957 Cotton Kingdom. See Slavery Civil Rights Movement (CRM), 61 Council on American-Islamic Relations. Civil War, 63 See Civil Rights Movement (CRM) Clark, Kenneth B., 64 Crop-lien system. See Agriculture Clark, Mamie. See Clark, Kenneth B. Clark, Septima P., 65 Dance, 74 Clayton, Eva M. See Shaw v. Reno (1993) Davis, Angela Y., 76 Cleveland, James. See Music Davis, Miles. See Music Clubs, 66 Davis, W. Allison, 77 Coachman, Alice. See Sports Death penalty, 78 Cobb, Charles. See Science Delany, Martin R., 78 Cobb, W. Montague. See Medicine DePriest, Oscar S., 79 Cold War, 66 Derricotte, Juliette. See Medicine Cole, Nat (King). See Music Desegregation, 80 Colonialism, 67 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques. See Haitian Colored Farmers’ Alliance. See Agriculture ; Revolution Labor Divine, Father (George Baker), 82

316 Index

Doby, Larry. See Sports Federal Theatre Project. See Theatre Domestic Marshall Plan. See Young, Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR). See Whitney M. Lawson, James M. ; Thurman, Howard Domestic Slave Trade. See Slavery Feminism, 98 Dorsey, Thomas. See Music Film, 100 Double V campaign. See Civil Rights Fisher, Miles Mark, 101 Movement (CRM) ; Four Freedoms Fisk Jubilee Singers. See Music Douglas, Aaron. See Art Ford, Johnny L. See Politics Douglass, Frederick, 83 Foreign affairs, 102 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 83 Forten, James, Sr. See Temperance Drew, Charles R., 84 movement Du Bois, W. E. B., 85 “Forty acres and a mule,” 103 Dunham, Katherine. See Dance Four Freedoms, 104 Durham Manifesto (1942), 86 Franklin, Aretha L., 105 Franklin, John Hope, 105 Eaton v. Board of Managers of the James Fraternal Council of Negro Churches. See Walker Memorial Hospital (1950). Religion See Medicine Fraternal orders and lodges, 106 Eaton, Hubert. See Gibson, Althea ; Fraternities, 107 Medicine Free African Society (FAS), 108 Ebonics. See Afro-American Studies Free blacks, 108 Edelman, Marian Wright. See Children’s Free South Africa Movement. See Student Defense Fund (CDF) activism Edmonds, Helen G. See Scholarship Free Southern Theater. See Theatre Education, 87 Free Speech Movement (FSM). See Student Elder, Lee. See Woods, Eldrick T. activism Ellington, Edward (Duke). See Music Freedmen’s bank, 109 Ellison, Ralph, 90 Freedmen’s Bureau, 109 Emancipation, 90 Freedom Forum. See Journalism Emancipation Day. See Emancipation Freedom Highways project. See Congress Emancipation Proclamation (1863). of Racial Equality (CORE) ; Farmer, See Emancipation James L. Equal Employment Opportunity Freedom Rides, 110 Commission (EEOC), 91 . See Civil Freedom Schools. See Civil Rights Rights Act of 1964 Movement (CRM) ; Freedom Summer Equal Rights Amendment (1972). Freedom Summer, 111 See Feminism Freedom Train, 111 Evers, Medgar W., 92 Freedom’s Journal (1827). See Journalism Executive Order 9981 (1948), 93 Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 112 Exodusters, 93 Fuller, Metta Vaux Warrick. See Art Extended family. See Family Furman v. Georgia (1972). See Death penalty Fair Housing Act. See Civil Rights Act of 1968 G. I. Bill (1944), 114 Family, 95 Garnet, Henry Highland. See Walker, Fard, Wallace. See Muhammad, Elijah David Farm Security Administration. See Great Garrison, William Lloyd. See Antislavery Depression movement Farmer, James L., 96 Garvey, Marcus M., 113 Farrakhan, Louis A., 97 Ghetto, 113 Federal Radio Education Project. See Gibson, Althea, 114 Television Giovanni, Nikki. See Theatre

Index 317

Goode, Malvin R. See Journalism Hope, John, 129 Gospel of Freedom, 115 Horne, Lena M., 129 Grand United Order of True Reformers. Horton, George Moses. See Literature See Business Hospital Workers’ Union, 1199 (1937). Graves, Earl G., 116 See Labor Great Depression, 117 House Committee on Un-American Great Migration, 118 Activities (HUAC). See Cold War ; Green, Ernest. See Little Rock crisis Robeson, Paul Greene, Lorenzo J. See Scholarship House, Callie. See Religion Gutman, Herbert G. See Scholarship Houston, Charles H., 130 Howard School of Religion. See Haitian Revolution, 119 Thurman, Howard Hall, Prince, 119 Hughes, Langston, 131 Hall, Prince. See Fraternal orders and lodges Humphrey–Hawkins Bill (1976), 132 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 120 . See Mississippi Hunter-Gault, Charlayne. See Journalism Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Hurricane Katrina (2005). See Student Hammon, Jupiter. See Literature activism Hampton Singers. See Music Hurston, Zora Neale. See Literature Hampton–Tuskegee idea, 121 Hancock, Gordon B., 122 Immigration, 134 Handy, William C. (W.C.), 122 In Friendship. See Rustin, Bayard T. Hansberry, Lorraine. See Theatre Indentured servitude, 134 Harding, Vincent. See Institute of the Black Independent Order of St. Luke. See Walker, World (IBW) Maggie Lena Harlem Renaissance, 123 Indian wars, 135 Harper, Frances E. W. See Literature Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, Harris, Abram L., 124 1905). See Labor Harris, Patricia R. See Sororities Institute of the Black World (IBW), 136 Hastie, William H., 125 International Longshoremen’s Association Hayes, Roland. See Music (1917). See Labor Haynes, George E. See National Urban Interracial relations, 136 League (NUL) Height, Dorothy I., 126 Jackson, James E. See Student activism Henderson, Stephen. See Institute of the Jackson, Jesse L., 138 Black World (IBW) Jackson, Joseph H. See Religion Higginbotham, A. Leon, 127 Jackson, Luther P., 138 Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. See Jackson, Mahalia, 139 Scholarship Jackson, Maynard H. See Politics Highlander Folk School. See Clark, Jackson, Michael J., 140 Septima C. Jacobs, Harriet A., 141 Hill–Burton Act. See Medicine James, Sherman. See John Henryism Hill, Anita F. See Thomas, Clarence Jemison, Mae C., 142 Hill, Herbert. See Labor Jeter, Mildred. See Loving v. Hine, Darlene Clark. See Scholarship Virginia (1967) Historically Black Colleges and Universities Jim Crow . See Segregation (HBCUs), 128 Jobs campaigns, 143 Holiday, Billie. See Music John Brown’s raid, 143 Holmes, Hamilton E. See Journalism John Gillespie. See Music Holy Women, Holy Men (2012). See John Henryism, 144 Murray, Pauli Johnson, Charles S. See Harlem Renaissance Home for Indigent and Aged Negroes. Johnson, Edward A. See Negro history See Tubman, Harriet R. movement

318 Index

Johnson, James Weldon. See “Lift Every League of United Latin American Citizens. Voice and Sing” ; Music ; National See Civil Rights Movement (CRM) Association for the Advancement of Leave No Child Behind. See Children’s Colored People (NAACP) Defense Fund (CDF) Johnson, John A. (Jack), 144 Lee, Shelton J. (Spike), 164 Johnson, John H., 145 Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963), 165 Johnson, John Rosamond. See “Lift Every Lewis, David L. See Scholarship Voice and Sing” ; Music Lewis, Edmonia, 166 Johnson, Sargent C., 146 Lewis, John R., 166 Johnston, Joshua. See Art Lewis, Reginald F., 167 Joint Center for Political and Economic Liberalism. See Politics Studies. See Politics Liberty Party. See Antislavery movement Jones, Absalom. See Free African “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 168 Society (FAS Lincoln, C. Eric. See Religion Joplin, Scott. See Music Literature, 169 Jordan, Barbara C., 147 Little (X), Malcolm, 172 Jordan, Michael J., 148 Little Rock crisis, 172 Jordan, Vernon E. Jr. See National Urban Litwack, Leon F. See Scholarship League (NUL) Locke, Alain. See Harlem Renaissance Journal and Guide . See Young, Plummer B. Logan, Rayford W. See Scholarship Journalism, 149 Louis, Joe, 173 Journey of Reconciliation (1947), 150 Loving v. Virginia (1967), 174 Julian, Percy L. See Science Loving, Richard. See Loving v. Juneteenth. See Emancipation Virginia (1967) Just, Ernest E., 151 Justice, US Department of, 152 Mandela, Nelson R., 176 Mann Act (1910). See Johnson, John Kansas City Monarchs. See Sports A. (Jack) Karenga, Maulana. See Kwanzaa Manumission, 176 Katzenbach v. McClung (1964), 154 Marable, Manning. See Scholarship Kerner Report, 154 March on Washington (1963), 177 King, B. B. See Music March on Washington Movement King, Horace. See Architecture (MOWM), 178 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 155 Marsalis, Wynton. See Music Koontz, Elizabeth D. See Education Marshall, Thurgood, 178 Korean War, 156 Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Museum Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 157 and National Archives for Black Kwanzaa, 158 Women’s History. See Height, Dorothy I. Massive resistance, 179 L’ Ouverture, Toussaint. See Haitian Mays, Benjamin E., 180 Revolution McClung, Ollie. See Katzenbach v. Labor, 159 McClung (1964) Latimer, Lewis H. See Technology McCoy Graphite Lubricator. See McCoy, Law enforcement, 161 Elijah J. Lawrence, Jacob A. See Art McCoy, Elijah J., 181 Lawson, James M., 163 McDaniel, Hattie. See Film Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights McKissick v. Carmichael (1951), 183 Under Law. See Afi rmative Action McKissick, Floyd B., 182 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. Medicine, 184 See Interracial Relations Micheaux, Oscar, 185 . See Film League of Revolutionary Black Workers Middle Passage. See Africa , Slavery (1969). See Law enforcement Military, 186

Index 319

Milliken v. Bradley (1974), 189 National Association of Black Social Million Man March. See Farrakhan, Workers (NABSW), 207 Louis A. National Association of Colored Women Million Woman March (1997). See (NACW), 208 Feminism National Association for Equal Minorities, racial and ethnic, 190 Opportunity in Higher Education. Miscegenation, 191 See Education Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party National Black Farmers Association. (MFDP), 191 See Agriculture Mitchell, Clarence M., 192 National Black Feminist Organization Monk, Thelonious. See Music (1973). See Feminism Montgomery Bus Boycott, 193 National Black Police Association. See Law Montgomery Improvement Association Enforcement (MIA). See Montgomery Bus Boycott National Committee Against Moore, Harriette. See Moore, Harry T. Discrimination in Housing. See Weaver, Moore, Harry T., 193 Robert C. Morgan v. Virginia (1946), 194 National Conference of Black Lawyers. Morgan, Garrett A. Morgan. See See Law Enforcement Technology National Council for Black Studies. Morgan, Irene. See Morgan v. Virginia See Afro-American Studies (1946) National Council of Negro Women Morrison, Toni, 195 (NCNW), 209 Moseley-Braun, Carol, 195 National Education Association (NEA). Moses, Bob. See Vietnam War See Education Moses, Robert. See Science National History Standards (1996). See Motley, Constance Baker, 196 Multiculturalism Motown Records. See Jackson, Michael J. National Medical Association (NMA). Moynihan Report, 197 See Medicine Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. See National Minority Golf Association. Moynihan Report See Woods, Eldrick T. Muhammad, Elijah, 198 National Negro Business League (NNBL). Multiculturalism, 199 See Business Murray v. Maryland (1936). See Houston, National Negro Congress. See Robeson, Charles H. Paul ; Randolph, A. Philip Murray, Pauli, 200 National Negro Insurance Association. Museum of the Underground Railroad. See See Business Underground Railroad National Newspaper Publishers Music, 200 Association. See Journalism Muslims. See Religion National Rainbow Coalition (1986). See Jackson, Jesse L. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational National Urban League (NUL), 209 Fund. See National Association for National Welfare Rights Organization. the Advancement of Colored People See Poverty (NAACP) National Women’s Law Center. Nation of Islam (NOI), 206 See Afi rmative Action National Association for the Advancement National Women’s Political Caucus (1971). of Colored People (NAACP), 206 See Hamer, Fannie Lou National Association of Afro-American Native Son . See Wright, Richard Gas Engineers and Skilled Laborers Négritude, 210 (1900). See Labor Negro Ensemble Company. See Theatre National Association of Black Journalists. Negro history movement, 210 . See See Journalism Afro-American Studies

320 Index

Negro Leagues. See Robinson, Jack R. Philanthropy, 219 (Jackie) Photography, 220 Negro National League. See Sports Pinchback, Pinckney B. S. See Reconstruction Negro World Series. See Sports (1865–77) New Left, 211 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 221 New Negro movement, 212 Plessy, Homer. See Plessy v. New Thrust program. See Young, Ferguson (1896) Whitney M. Poitier, Sidney. See Film Newkirk, Pamela. See Journalism Police Brutality. See Law enforcement Newton, Huey. See Black Panther Politics, 222 Party (BPP) Poor People’s Campaign (PPC). See Young, Niagara movement, 212 Andrew J. Norman, Jessye. See Music Populist Party. See Agriculture Norris v. Alabama (1935), 213 Port Chicago Mutiny (1944), 225 Northampton Association. See Truth, Port Huron Statement (1962). See New Left Sojourner Poverty, 226 Northern Student Movement (NSM). Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 227 See Student activism Powell, Colin L., 228 . See Persian Gulf War President’s Initiative on Race. See Obama, Barack H., 214 Interracial Relations Ofi ce of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Primus, Pearl. See Dance See Business Proctor, Samuel D. See Religion One America in the 21st Century: Forging Prosser, Gabriel. See Slavery a New Future (1998). See Franklin, Pullman Palace Car Company. See John Hope Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Open Cities project. See Farmer, James L Porters (BSCP) Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity), 214 Quarles, Benjamin. See Scholarship Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). See Little (X), Malcolm Race labels, 230 Owen, Chandler. See Randolph, A. Philip Race man/woman, 230 Owens, James C. (Jesse), 215 Racial proi ling. See Law Enforcement Radio Free Dixie . See Williams, Robert F. Pan-African movement, 217 Randolph, A. Philip, 231 Parks, Gordon, 217 Reason, Patrick. See Art Parks, Rosa L., 218 Reconstruction (1865–77), 232 Paterson, David A. See Politics Redistricting, 234 Patrick, Deval L. See Politics Religion, 234 Patterson, Frederick D. See United Negro Resegregation, 238 College Fund (UNCF Revels, Hiram R. See Reconstruction Pattillo, Melba, 173 (1865–77) Payne, Daniel A. See Gospel of Freedom Revolutionary Action Movement. Peace Information Center. See Cold War See Black Nationalism Peace Mission Movement. See Divine, Rhodes, Teddy. See Woods, Eldrick T. Father (George Baker) Rice, Condoleezza, 238 Peace Movement. See Congress of Racial Richard M. Nixon (1974). See Jordan, Equality (CORE) Barbara C. Persian Gulf War, 219 Richardson, Willis. See Theatre Personal Responsibility and Work Rickey, Branch. See Robinson, Jack R. Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996). (Jackie) See Welfare Robeson, Paul, 239

Index 321

Robinson, Bill (Bojangles). See Dance Southern Christian Leadership Conference Robinson, Frank. See Sports (SCLC), 259 Robinson, Jack R. (Jackie), 240 Southern Conference Educational Fund. Roots , 241 See Interracial Relations Rosenwald Schools, 242 Southern Conference for Human Welfare. Rosenwald, Julius. See Rosenwald Schools See Interracial Relations Ross, B. Joyce. See Scholarship Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), 260 Rustin, Bayard T., 242 Southern Poverty Law Center. See Interracial Relations Sabbath Schools. See Clark, Septima P. ; Southern Regional Council. See Interracial Education Relations ; Voter Education Project (VEP) Savage, Augusta. See Art Southern Student Organizing Committee Savio, Mario. See Student activism (SSOC). See Student activism Schmeling, Max. See Louis, Joe Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union (1935). Scholarship, 244 See Labor Science, 247 Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union. Scott, Timothy E. See Politics See Agriculture Scottsboro Boys. See Norris v. Alabama Spanish-American War, 260 (1935) Spaulding, Charles C., 261 Scurlock, Addison N. See Photography Special Field Order 15. See “Forty Acres Seale, Bobby. See Black Panther Party (BPP) and a Mule” Segregation, 249 Spero, Sterling. See Harris, Abram L. Selective Service Act (1940). See World Sports, 262 War II St. Luke Penny Savings Bank. See Walker, Senator Joseph McCarthy. See Maggie Lena Anticommunism Stampp, Kenneth M. See Scholarship Service Employees International Union Stark, Inez Cunningham. See Brooks, (1968). See Labor Gwendolyn E. Share Croppers’ Union (SCU), 250 State Convention of Colored Men of Texas Sharecropping, 251 (1883), 265 Shaw University. See Student Nonviolent Still, William. See Underground Railroad Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Stokes, Carl B. See Politics Shaw v. Reno (1993), 251 Student activism, 266 Shaw, Nate. See Share Croppers’ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Union (SCU) Committee (SNCC), 269 Shuttlesworth, Fred L. Jr. See Southern Student Organization for Black Unity Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (SOBU). See Student activism Sifford, Charlie. See Woods, Eldrick T. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Singleton, Benjamin (Pap). See Exodusters See Student activism Sit-ins, 252 Sullivan, Louis W. See Science Sklarek, Norma M. See Architecture Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Slavery, 253 Education (1971), 270 Smith v. Allwright (1944), 257 Swann, Darius. See Swann v. Smith, Anna Deavere. See Theatre Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Smith, Bessie. See Handy, William C. Education (1971) (W.C.) ; Jackson, Mahalia Swann, Vera. See Swann v. Smith, Lonnie. See Smith v. Allwright Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of (1944) Education (1971) Societies, mutual aid, 258 Sweatt v. Painter (1950), 270 Soledad Brothers. See Davis, Angela Y. Sweatt, Heman. See Sweatt v. Painter Sororities, 258 (1950)

322 Index

Talented Tenth, 272 Vesey, Denmark. See Slavery Tandy, Jewel V. W. See Architecture Vietnam War, 285 Tanner, Henry Ossawa. See Art Violence, racial, 285 Tate, Merze. See Scholarship Voter Education Project (VEP), 287 Taylor, A. A. See Scholarship Voting Rights Act of 1965, 287 Taylor, Gardner C. See Religion Taylor, Robert R. See Architecture Wagner Act (1935), 289 Technology, 272 Wagner, Robert F. See Wagner Act (1935) Television, 273 Walker, Alice, 289 Temperance movement, 275 Walker, David, 290 . See Slavery Terrell, Mary Church, 275 Walker, Leroy T. See Sports The Color Purple . See Walker, Alice Walker, Madam C. J., 291 The Negro in Business (1899). See Business Walker, Maggie Lena, 292 The Oprah Winfrey Show . See Winfrey, Walker’s Appeal . See Walker, David Oprah G. Waller, Calvin A. H. See Persian Gulf War Theater Owners Booking Association. War on Poverty (WOP). See Family ; See Theatre Poverty Theatre, 276 War Relocation Authority. See World Thomas, Clarence, 277 War II Thorpe, Earle E. See Scholarship Warren, Earl. See Brown v. Board of Thurman, Howard, 278 Education (1954) Till, Emmett. See Evers, Medgar W. ; Washington, Booker T., 293 Johnson, John H. Watson, Ella. See Parks, Gordon TLC-Beatrice International. See Lewis, Watt, Melvin. See Shaw v. Reno (1993) Reginald F. Weather Underground Organization Tourgée, Albion. See Plessy v. (WUO). See Student activism Ferguson (1896) Weaver, Robert C., 294 TransAfrica, 279 Welfare Rights Movement. See Welfare Truth, Sojourner, 280 Welfare, 294 Tubman, Harriet R., 281 Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 296 Turner, Nat. See Slavery Wesley, Charles H. See Scholarship Tuskegee Experiment, 281 Wheatley, Phillis, 297 . See Literature Tuskegee Machine, 282 White, Walter F., 298 Wilder, L. Douglas, 299 . See Politics Underground Railroad, 283 . See Slavery Wilkins, Roy O., 300 United Automobile Workers. See Labor Williams, Frances Barrier. See DePriest, United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Oscar S. Afi liated Workers of America (1937). Williams, George Washington. See Negro See Labor history movement United Farm Workers (UFW). See Labor Williams, Robert F., 301 United Mine Workers of America (UMW, Wilmington Ten, 302 1886). See Labor Wilson, August. See Literature ; Theatre United Negro College Fund (UNCF), 283 Winfrey, Oprah G., 302 United States Colored Golfers Association. Without Sanctuary : Lynching See Sports Photography in America (2000). Universal Negro Improvement Association See Violence, racial (UNIA), 284. See Business Women. See Feminism ; Family US Commission on Civil Rights. See Civil Women’s Political Council. See Parks, Rights Act of 1957 Rosa L. US Public Health Service (PHS). Woods, Eldrick T. (Tiger), 303 See Tuskegee experiment Woodson, Carter G., 304. See Negro USS Maine . See Spanish-American War history movement

Index 323

Woodward, C. Vann. See Scholarship Young, Andrew J., 309 World War I, 305 Young, Plummer B., 309 World War II, 306 Young, Whitney M. Jr. See National Urban Wright, Nathan. See Capitalism League (NUL) Wright, Richard, 307 Young, Whitney M., 310