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Petrography of the Chilhowee Group, Near Walland, Tennessee

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Petrography of the Chilhowee Group, Near Walland, Tennessee University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 6-1949 Petrography of the Chilhowee Group, Near Walland, Tennessee George David Swingle University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Swingle, George David, "Petrography of the Chilhowee Group, Near Walland, Tennessee. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1949. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1470 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by George David Swingle entitled "Petrography of the Chilhowee Group, Near Walland, Tennessee." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Geology. Frank G. Snyder, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Paris B. Stockdale, R. Lee Collins Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) May 23, 1949 To the Oommittee on Graduate Study: I am submitting to you a thesis written by George D�v1d Swingle entitled "Petrograpb1' of' the Chilhowee Group, Neer Walland. Tennessee." I recommend th?,t 1 t 'be accepted tor ten qua.rter hours of oredi t in p�.rt ial fulfillment of the requirements tor the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Geology. We he.ve rea.d this thesis and reco�end its accept�ce: Accepted tor the Committee Dean of the Graduate School A THESIS Subm: tted to The Committee on GradW>te Study of The University of Tennessee in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement& for the degree of Master of Science by George David Swingle June 1949 i1 Acknowledgment is due Dr. F. G. Snyder of the University of Tennessee under whose direct ion this thesis was written. The writer ia indeed grateful for numerous suggestions and criticisms during the course of the bborP.tory study and the writing. �ne writer ��shes to express his appreciation to Dr. Phillip :a. King of the United States Geological Survey for many hel2:<£ul conferences on the work in general, and espeei�lly for his sugg�stions on field problems. Dr. lUng generously !"CComp.f'l.nied the writer in the field on severA.l oecl.'isions. Finally to Hr. Herman W. Ferguson of the Tennessee Division of Geology, under whose direction the field studies were roode, the writer is deeply indebted. T!1e keen interest and enthuaiam of Mr. Ferguson for this project cP-.nuot be ove :stE.,ted. TABL� OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. UTTRODUOTI�U • l The Oeoee-Cnilhowee Problem l Choice of Area • 2 Location of Area • 2 Previous Work 3 Present Work • . • 3 II. GECI.OGIC S'E'l''l'ING • 6 Physiography • . • 6 • Regional Geology • 10 III. STRATIGRAPHY • 13 General Ste.tement • 13 Chilhowee Croup 14 The Sandsuek Shale • 14 �ne Cochran Conglomerate • • 15 The Nichola Shale 15 Yne Nebo Sandstone • 15 The Murray Shale • • 18 The Heese Sandstone 18 Shady Dolomite • . • . • 19 IV. STRUCTUFtE OF THE CHILHO\IJ'E:E GRO\r? :20 V. PETROGRAPHY • • 22 Petrographic Techniques • 22 iv v. (continued) Collecting Samples • • • • . Crushing and SepR.ration • . • 22 Identification of Minerals • • • 23 Estimating Rela.tive Abund�nce of Mine��• • 24 !he Mineral Assemblage • • • • • • • • 25 Heavy Minerals • • • • 25 :Sarite . • • 25 Hematite . • • • • 25 Ilmenite • • • • . • 25 Leuco.xene. • . • • • 25 Pyrite • • 26 Tourmali.ne • • • • . • 26 Zircon • . • .. 26 I.ight Minerals • . .. 29 Petrographic ChR.racterietice of the Chilhowee Group. • 29 Sandeuck Shale • . 29 Cochran Conglomerate • . 29 Nichols Shale. • • 30 • Nebo Sandstone • • 30 Murrq Shale • • • 31 Hesse Sandstone. • • 31 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS :SIBLI OGRt-l'HY • • 34 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Index Map of' Fn.st Tennessee, Showing /\.rea Covered by Plnte I... 4 2. Generalized Sections of Geologic fo��tions Iear Walland, Tenne seee ............ ........... ....... ., . ...... ... .. � . .. .. .. .. .. 7 3. View Looking Southea.st Toward Chilhowee Mount�lin . • 8 4. View of Chilhowee Mountain With Miller Cove in Foreground ..... 8 5. View of Little River G!!.p Looking Southee.st • . • . • . • • • • 9 6. View of Chilhowee Mountain from Miller Cove ................... 9 7. V'iev of Miller Cove From ]!.r.st Side of Little River Ga.p. 'Blue Ridge Foothills in :B!:1.akground • . • • . • . • 11 8. Cochrln".. Conglomerr.:te Exposed in ROP.d Cut Along lli�:way 7:'. on F.P.st Side of Little River Gap • • . • • • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • 11 9. Talus slope of Nebo Sr-tndstone From Ledge in lll'tOkground East Side of Little River G�.:p • • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • 16 10. Nicnols Shale li�xposed in Road Cut Along Highwe,y 73 on E<>st Side of Little lUver Gap • • • . • • • • . • • • . • • • . • . • • . • • 17 CHAPTER I lNTRODUOTION The Oeoee-Onilhovee Problem Time and stratigraphie relationships of the Ocoee and Chilhowee groups hn.ve long been a problem in soutnern Appahci:lian geology. These rooks, now metamorphosed to v�.rying degrees, o utcrop over wide aretJ.s in the mountain region . Unfortunately, no one person h&.s been able to study their problema in enough detail to unrr:>.vel them 8lld, as a. result, many conflicting sta tements are in the lite r:'"'ture. Form;'ltions of the Ocoee and ChiL'lowee groups are largely composed ot fine to COP..rse chstio sediments. In general, rooks of the ·Jeoee group lie to the southeast: tho se of the Chilnowee group to the northwest. T'ne str�tigraphie relationships of the two groups are d.iffienl t to deter- I mine. Standard metnoC!a of correletion are not applicr-;ble to this problem � due to lack of fo s sil evidence, .,�_eying degree of meta:wlrpniam, �.nd com- ple:x:t e ructure . ln aret1s thus far mapped the groups f!.re in fault reh.tion- ship only, never in normd strPtigr�;::Oio se·:-;.uence. Lithologic units in the Ocoee group usually c•:mnot be traced fp,r ll'\t€>r�lly bec�use of struc- tural and metamorpnic complexities. Units of the Chilhowee group. on the other hand. are only slightly altered by meta!-rmrphic processes and are more amenAble to normal stratigraphic methods. Early workers assigned these groups to v�rious geologic periods ranging trom pre-Cambrian to Silurian. More recently geologists are gener::clly agreed thJ>t the group& are of ;pre-Cambrian and Lower Cambrian age. 2 This study is an D.tte�pt to a.rply hea\7 miner!'tl techniques to some phases of the Ocoee-Cnilhowee problem . Results may prove useful in supplementing field mapping in complex areaa, in correl�ting units from one f.e.ult block to another, and in e.uieting in interpreting geol.:lgie history of the area. Choice of Area Formations of the Chilhowee group F·re in genera.l \'tell d.efined 11 tho logic uni h; they are few in number: they usl.l.<�lly occu:py f!Xeas of only moder""te structural complexity; e.nd they exnibi t only low rank metamorphism. Their comp<o.rative simplicity mAkes study of that group by detailed field end petrographic metnods a logical approach to this clfdasio problem. In order to obtain reliable de.ta the area. chosen for detailed study should be structur.c�lly simple, should include all formt'ltions of the Chilhowee group in normal sequence; should present runr�le outcrops for srur.pling; �.nd ahou.ld include 1:f' possible trre lool"lit ie s of Chilhowee for­ um.tions. Loeatbn of Area !he area selected for study conforms to the nbove provisions. All formations of t:ne Onilnowee group are present in normP.l sequence; outcrops are abundant; and beds h:·ve not been greatly altered by metamorphism. One type lolity, Mount Nebo, is included in the �rea. !Yl'e localities of other Ohilnowee forml"tions a.re ne�-.rby. �ne chosen area is approxi�tely six miles long and two miles wide. It represents a portion of Chilhowee Mountain in Blount County, eastern Tennessee. �ne village of Walland, Tennessee, is near the center of the area a.a lhown in figure 1. Previoua Work James Safford, second state geologist of !ennessee. described and named the Ocoee and Chilhowee groups in his nov classic •Geology of Tennessee.• Arthur Keith, of the United States Geological Survey, in 1895 and later Jenrs sub-divided the groups 1nto formations and nmr.:ped them over extensive areas. leith•t work was excellent; his mapa are still the on1y ones available for many southern Appalachian are�s. However, the com­ plexity of formational names wnich he coined tor different quadrangles accounts tor a good deal of the present confusion in atr�t1graph1c term­ nology of these units. CriCkme$ (1936) stu died the Ocoee group in northern Georgin. His conclusions differ ma.rkedly from those of Ie1 th and others. Xing and others (1944) were the first to m.:p these groups in detail. �neir work was 1n northeastern Tennessee. Rodgers ( 1948) has ms.pped in detail a small ares. of Ocoee and Chilhowee rocks in Washington County, Tennessee. Present Work 'tne writer's inte rest in this problem was atimul�ted while employed by the Tennessee Division of Geology during portions of 1946 and 1947 on 4 .K N B L 0 ' - .... 5 a joint are�,l mapping project of the Division and the United States Geological Survey in the Great Smoky Mountains area.
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