1 Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education

PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS XI CH - 1 CHANGING TRENDS & CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION MEANING & DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION According to H C Buck, “Physical education is the part of general education programme, which is considered with growth, development and education of children through the medium of big muscle activities. It is the education of whole child by means of Physical activities. Physical activities are the tools. They are so selected and conducted as to influence every child's life physically, mentally, emotionally and morally." According to D Oberteuffer', “Physical education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movements." According to Cassidy, “Physical education is the sum of changes in the individual caused by experiences centering motor activity.” According to JF Williams and C L Brownell, “Physical education is the sum of man's physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes." In the light of above definitions, it can be said that physical education is an integral part of general education and it is essential for human beings. It is not merely a physical activity but it is the education of the body through the body. American research studies show that the persons who were engaged in various programmes of physical education achieved higher goals in their lives in comparison to those who did not indulge in physical activities. In fact, physical education enables a child to have total physical growth and development to lead a happy and prosperous life. Finally, it can be concluded that physical education not only helps in physical development but it also helps in mental, social and emotional development of an individual. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION The aim of physical education is the wholesome development of an individual, or it can be said that the aim of physical education is complete living. In fact, the aim of physical education is an apex point which seems to be out of reach. In general, 'wholesome development of an individual' is the aim of physical education and this aim can be achieved step by step. These steps are called objectives. So, it is said that the aim is one but objectives may be many. According to the Ministry of Education and National Planning of Physical Education and Recreation, "The aim of physical education must be to make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit and also to develop in him such personal and social qualities which will help him to live happily with others and build him up a good citizen." Regarding the objectives of physical education, many leading figures of this field advocate different objectives according to their concepts. H Clarke mentions only three objectives of physical education. 1. Physical fitness 2. Social efficiency 3. Culture Bookwalter also mentions three objectives. 1. Health 2. Worthy use of leisure time 3. Ethical character Hetherington classifies the five objectives of physical education. 1. Immediate objectives 4. Social standard objectives 2. Remote objectives 5. Objectives in control of health conditions 3. Developmental objectives FOLLOWING ARE THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 1. Physical Development: The foremost objective of physical education is physical development. In fact, it leads to the development of our organ systems, such as circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, muscular system and digestive system. Physical education is related to physical activities, and when we perform these activities, there are various effects of these activities on our organ systems. These systems witness growth in size, shape, efficiency, etc. Hence, it can be stated that physical development is possible through this objective of physical education. This also promotes sound health, which enables the individual to be a valuable asset for the nation. 2. Mental Development: This objective is related to the mental development of an individual. The various physical activities of physical education programmes need alertness of mind, deep concentration and calculated movements. Moreover, it should be called the indispensable requirement of various physical activities. In fact, it is a two-way process. Physical activities sharpen the mind, which in turn is essential to perform various activities Along with these activities, physical education is also a subject as other educational subjects. It includes rules and regulations, techniques of games, anatomical and physiological studies, balanced diet, sanitation, health and diseases, personal hygiene, etc. In this way, mental development takes place 3. Social Development: This objective is related to the development of social traits, which are essential for better adjustment in life. The programmes of physical education provide a number of ways to develop these qualities Each and every individual wants to have leader-like qualities. Through physical activities, the players who belong to different places come closer to one another They adjust themselves according to situations. Human relations are developed. It is a better source for attaining the qualities like cooperation, courtesy, fair play, sportsmanship, tolerance and sympathy. These traits are developed in various programmes of physical education. A society can prosper in a healthy social environment and such type of environment is possible only through the programmes of physical education. 4. Neuro-muscular Coordination: This objective is concerned with a better relationship between nervous system and muscular system. The activities of physical education provide ample opportunities for the better neuro-muscular coordination. In various game situations, our neuro-muscular coordination is developed. Good neuro-muscular coordination helps to keep off fatigue during vigorous activities. We can use our energy in a proper way if we have good neuro-muscular coordination. Thus, through physical activities, our neuro-muscular coordination becomes efficient. 5. Emotional Development: The emotional development of an individual is also the major objective of physical education. Every individual has various types of emotions, viz., pleasure, hope, jealousy, hate, fear, distress, anger, wonder, lust, loneliness, etc. If an individual does not have appropriate control over these emotions, he/she becomes abnormal and uncontrollable. The emotions are vital for every individual but excess of these is always bad. The programmes of physical education help develop these emotions and also teach us to have proper control over our emotions. By participating in the programmes of physical education, an individual starts having control over his/her emotions. 6. Development of Health: The development of health is also an objective of physical education. It educates on the prevention of communicable diseases. There are various programmes on recreation. The programmes of physical education in modern age help reduce anxiety, stress and tension up to a large extent, so that the individuals experience healthy living. CAREER OPTIONS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION There are two types of career options in the field of physical education. The first type of career option is related to teaching and coaching physical education. These are called traditional careers in physical education. The second type of career option is related to emerging careers in physical education i.e. health- related careers, administration related careers, sports performance related careers, media-related careers, etc. Teaching Career in Physical Education Physical education has traditionally been considered a professional field appropriate only for those interested in teaching career. The teaching career offers many rewards to the teachers whether they are engaged in elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, senior secondary schools, colleges or universities . This career is usually considered to have many benefits. The teacher, in the field of physical education commands deep respect among the students because he makes a good contribution to society. This career provides internal satisfaction. In teaching career, there is better job security. Teaching opportunities in the field of physical education at different levels are described as follows. Elementary School It has been recognised that physical education is a must in elementary schools. Basic skills and attitudes can be learnt well in this period. Physical education plays a vital role in the all round development of children. Even eminent psychologists say that motor as well as sensory experiences of children are extremely important in the development of intelligence. Through the programmes of physical education, children become creative, develop selfimage and grow in a holistic manner. The emphasis can be placed on learning the various activities such as running, jumping, climbing, throwing, catching, kicking and striking. In India, there is no career opportunity for physical education teachers in elementary schools. Generally, the teachers of other subjects, who are not specialised in physical education, teach physical activities. This is the main drawback in India. Owing to this, Indians are lagging behind in the field of sports at world level, as physical education is compulsory in elementary schools in advanced countries of the world. Such countries win laurels for their countries at world level.. Middle School Career opportunities for physical education teachers in middle schools are ample but only in

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