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Epic of Saltpetre to Gunpowder
Indian Journal of History of Science, 40.4 (2005) 539-57 1 EPIC OF SALTPETRE TO GUNPOWDER (Received 17 March 2005) The article provides a very tentative contour of an epic which is yet to be written in completeness, even several details of which may not have been yet discovered. Whereas the development of the nuclear weapons has taken only a few decades of the 20th century, the epic of the development of saltpetre to gunpowder, and the associated knowledge proliferation across many countries, spanned over many centuries, in fact more than a millen- nium. The Chinese origin of this epic (with a faint Indian link) is more or less established. The story of guns and other firearms is outside the scope of this article. This dissertation highlights the contributions of eminent scholars like Needham, Sarton, Gode and lqtidar Alam Khan, and also emphasizes the cross-currents of the progress and clash of civilizations, as the grand saga went on unfolding itself over the ages. History of armament research and development inevitably ushers in the philosophical issue of ends and means in the human civilization. Key Words: Chinese gunpowder tradition, Firearms, Gunpowder, Indian gunpowder tradition, Pyrotechnics, Saltpetre, Transmission, Technical terms - Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Turkish, Urdu. The spirit of human civilization has never endorsed 'violence', and yet has encountered violence from the Nature, the animal world and diverse and hostile human traditions as facts of life, to be resisted by scientific knowledge and technological innovations. The knowledge regarding fire and its applica- tions, some of them catastrophic, cannot be unlearnt, even for the sake of the high ideals of peace and non-violence. -
"Prisoners of the Caucasus: Literary Myths and Media Representations of the Chechen Conflict" by H
University of California, Berkeley Prisoners of the Caucasus: Literary Myths and Media Representations of the Chechen Conflict Harsha Ram Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series This PDF document preserves the page numbering of the printed version for accuracy of citation. When viewed with Acrobat Reader, the printed page numbers will not correspond with the electronic numbering. The Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies (BPS) is a leading center for graduate training on the Soviet Union and its successor states in the United States. Founded in 1983 as part of a nationwide effort to reinvigorate the field, BPSs mission has been to train a new cohort of scholars and professionals in both cross-disciplinary social science methodology and theory as well as the history, languages, and cultures of the former Soviet Union; to carry out an innovative program of scholarly research and publication on the Soviet Union and its successor states; and to undertake an active public outreach program for the local community, other national and international academic centers, and the U.S. and other governments. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 260 Stephens Hall #2304 Berkeley, California 94720-2304 Tel: (510) 643-6737 [email protected] http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/ Prisoners of the Caucasus: Literary Myths and Media Representations of the Chechen Conflict Harsha Ram Summer 1999 Harsha Ram is an assistant professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at UC Berkeley Edited by Anna Wertz BPS gratefully acknowledges support from the National Security Education Program for providing funding for the publication of this Working Paper . -
'Populism': Armenia's “Velvet Revolution”
The Armenian Studies Program and the Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies present the 42nd Educator Outreach Conference Authoritarianism, Democratization, and ‘Populism’: Armenia’s “Velvet Revolution” in Perspective Saturday, May 1, 2021 Livestream on YouTube University of California, Berkeley From end March to early May 2018, a series of peaceful protests and demonstration led to the resignation of Prime Minister (PM) Serzh Sargsyan, whom the then ruling Republican Party he chaired had newly nominated for that office. Having completed his two terms as President, from 2008 to 2018, Serzh Sargsyan’s attempt to remain in power became obvious. This attempt also made it evident that the amended 2015 Constitution, which he had promoted to invigorate democratization by shifting power from the office of the President to the Parliament and the office of the Prime Minister, was merely a ploy to extend his rule. It was also the proverbial “last straw that broke the camel’s back.” A kleptocratic, semi-authoritarian regime that appeared to control all the levers of power and of the economy suddenly, and unexpectedly, collapsed. This regime change—which the leader of the protests and incoming new prime minister, Nikol Pashinyan, referred to as a “Velvet Revolution”—was peaceful, something unusual for a post-Soviet republic. Subsequent parliamentary elections brought to power a new generation, younger deputies mostly between the ages of twenty-five to forty. A similar generation change also characterized the formation of the government. Youth, however, also means inexperience as almost none of the new deputies and ministers had held any political position in the past. -
“Why It Is Difficult to Be a Chechen”
“Why It Is Difficult To Be A Chechen” Dr. Georgi M. Derluguian Assistant Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University Russia and Eurasia Program Center for Strategic and International Studies Caucasus Initiative Monday, December 9, 2002 Seminar Summary In his remarks, Georgi Derluguian set out to explain what macro- and micro-sociological mechanisms have led to the tragic situation in which the Chechen people find themselves today. One of the main factors suggested was the negative impact of romanticized and often ignorant stereotypes placed upon the region largely by outsiders. Since these stereotypes continue to inform the analyses of the Chechen war, they become a major obstacle to formulating political alternatives. As an example, Derluguian cited a definition of “Chechens” from a recently published American encyclopedia describing them as a small, fiercely Muslim, mountainous people from the Caucasus, most remarkable for their hatred of Russians. This definition, Derluguian argued, is a pile of false clichés. Derluguian argued that stereotypes such as this adversely impact a population because they inform the way people behave, including the Chechens themselves—how they view themselves, what they see as acceptable, and what they see as desirable. A peaceful resolution to the conflict of Chechnya would involve teaching history—a responsibility that is largely neglected and left to nationalists. Derluguian traced the origins of the Russian–Chechen conflict to the Russian conquest of the north Caucasus in the late eighteenth century. Unlike other peoples of the region, the Chechens historically had no aristocratic class willing to cooperate with the Russian empire in return for privilege. The Chechens, rather, were a largely self-sufficient population (independent small- holding farmers), well armed with locally manufactured and thus cheap but deadly effective rifles. -
In Alexandre Dumas' Novel the Man in the Iron Mask
English Language Teaching; Vol. 6, No. 10; 2013 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Index in Alexandre Dumas’ Novel the Man in the Iron Mask: A Semiotic Analysis Salmia Syarifuddin1, Andi Rukayah Alim Yahya1, Kamaruzaman Jusoff2 & Abdul Makhsud3 1 Department of English, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia 2 Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 3 Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia Correspondence: Kamaruzaman Jusoff, Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: 603-89-467-176. E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 22, 2013 Accepted: July 31, 2013 Online Published: September 4, 2013 doi:10.5539/elt.v6n10p228 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n10p228 Abstract Novel as a literary work can be analyzed by using semiotic analysis. This article aims to analyze the meaning of index found in characterizations in the novel the Man in the Iron Mask by Alexandre Dumas. This article involved the descriptive qualitative method. The results revealed that there are many causal relations between the index and the characterization of the characters found in that novel. It contained 24 characterizations from eight major and five minor characters that had been representative of this article. From this article, it is obtained more information about the identified characterizations found in the novel and its index analysis that showed its causalities relation between the sign and the object (index and characterization) in a more comprehensive meaning. Since semiotics is the study of signs and novel is a literary work, it is recommended to English literature lecturers and students to enrich knowledge of analyzing literary works through semiotic analysis. -
Akbar and His Religious Policy Akbar Is Often Considered As National King
Akbar and his religious policy Akbar is often considered as national king who united all sections of the people and he is also said to have been secular ruler who kept his personal religious ideas from framing state policies and adopted policy of religious tolerance. There are two questions which primarily arises before the historiens in regard to Akbar’s religious policy: 1. To what extent Akbar’s personal believes had influenced in his state policies? And 2. What was the response of his subjects to his state policies? There are few reasons why Akbar became secular king. 1. He was influenced by teachings of his broad-minded mother, teacher and his relatives. 2. He was influenced by the prominent cultural ethos of timurid polity-YasaE-Chingesi(treating all the religions alike) 3. The increasing presence of Irani nobles at Humayun’s had created an atmosphere for Akbar to learn religious tolerance. 4. His childhood psychology fearing about god shaped his religious outlook. For instance, abul- fazl states, as akbar says” if he had displeased God in any manner, 'may that elephant finish us for we cannot support the burden of life under God's displeasure.'” 5. His personal engagement in Islamized version of greek philosophy through Shaikh Mubaraq and his sons faizi and abul-fazl shaped his religious world outlook through Ibadatkana debates from 1575- 1578. Akbar was, in his early part of reign, following intolerant policies towards non-muslims as the following statements testify: One knows from unimpeachable evidence, including some of Akbar's own sayings recorded after 1581 that in his early years he was not only a practising Muslim but also had a very intolerant attitude htowards Hindus. -
Qt7hc733q3.Pdf
UC Berkeley GAIA Research Series Title The Myth of "Ethnic Conflict": Politics, Economics, and "Cultural" Violence Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hc733q3 Journal Research Series, uciaspubs/research/98 Authors Crawford, Beverly Lipschutz, Ronnie D. Publication Date 1998 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Myth of “Ethnic Conflict”: Politics, Economics, and “Cultural” Violence Edited by Beverly Crawford and Ronnie D. Lipschutz Description: In the last decade, discourses of economic and political liberalization and globalization have swept the world. Yet during this same period and all across the globe, many states are fragmenting and more than 30 ethnic and sectarian conflicts have displaced or killed millions of people — and far more civilians than soldiers. The authors in this volume argue that much of this violence is closely linked to those globalizing forces and demands for economic liberalization which have weakened states' capacities, both political and financial, for redistributing resources. As a result, many states have been forced to break established social contracts, often dramatically changing power relations in heterogeneous societies that previously had been relatively stable. Drawing on case studies from Asia, Eastern Europe, North Africa, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, the authors demonstrate how these distributional issues and power shifts have been experienced as ethnic and religious discrimination and are often at the root of identity politics and violent, so-called “cultural,” conflicts. RESEARCH SERIES / NUMBER 98 The Myth of “Ethnic Conflict”: Politics, Economics, and “Cultural” Violence Beverly Crawford and Ronnie D. Lipschutz, Editors UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The myth of “ethnic conflict” : politics, economics, and “cultural” violence / Beverly Crawford and Ronnie D. -
Greed for Power of Louise Xiv in Randall Wallace's Man in the Iron Mask Movie
GREED FOR POWER OF LOUISE XIV IN RANDALL WALLACE’S MAN IN THE IRON MASK MOVIE: AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for getting Bachelor Degree in English Department TITIS HAERLIANA A 320 050 083 FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2009 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Novel is one of literary work which has contributed in making good film. Many directors try to realize novels into movie version. They want to make a film based on reader imagination and to illustrate it in visual image. There are many novels which are adapted to movie versions, such as, Cinderella, Great Expectation, Harry Potter, Pride and Prejudice, the three musketeers, Pinocchio, Gone with the Wind, Memoirs of Geisha, include Man in the Iron Mask. By using a novel as the main material source, the film maker hopes the viewer has a big curious feeling to the film which is adopted from their favorite novel. Man in the Iron Mask for example, it is presented to the movie version by Randall Wallace as the director and uses Alexandre Dumas Père’s novel with the same title. Before Man in the Iron Mask, Alexandre Dumas Père has been written “The Three Musketeers” in 19 century, and still in the same century then he wrote it. Man in the Iron Mask had been nearly twenty years since the last of Alexandre Dumas’ novels about the fames Musketeers was translated to the big screen. Randall Wallace chooses Leonardo DiCaprio, Gabriel Byrne, Anne Parillaud, Jeremy Iron, John Malkovich, and Gerard Dipardieu to play their role. -
Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605
Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605 A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrew de la Garza Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor; Stephen Dale; Jennifer Siegel Copyright by Andrew de la Garza 2010 Abstract This doctoral dissertation, Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, examines the transformation of warfare in South Asia during the foundation and consolidation of the Mughal Empire. It emphasizes the practical specifics of how the Imperial army waged war and prepared for war—technology, tactics, operations, training and logistics. These are topics poorly covered in the existing Mughal historiography, which primarily addresses military affairs through their background and context— cultural, political and economic. I argue that events in India during this period in many ways paralleled the early stages of the ongoing “Military Revolution” in early modern Europe. The Mughals effectively combined the martial implements and practices of Europe, Central Asia and India into a model that was well suited for the unique demands and challenges of their setting. ii Dedication This document is dedicated to John Nira. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Professor John F. Guilmartin and the other members of my committee, Professors Stephen Dale and Jennifer Siegel, for their invaluable advice and assistance. I am also grateful to the many other colleagues, both faculty and graduate students, who helped me in so many ways during this long, challenging process. -
Man in the Iron Mask Study Guide
Synopsis A swashbuckling action adventure ‘The Man in the Iron Mask’ reunites the legendary Three Musketeers to once again defend the throne of France. When the Musketeers join forces to rescue a mysterious masked prisoner in the infamous Bastille Prison, they reveal a long held secret that could end the King’s reign and destroy their enduring alliance. In a dual role, Leonardo DiCaprio stars as King Louis XIV and ‘The Man in the Iron Mask’. The Three Musketeers are played by John Malkovich (Athos), Gerard Depardieu (Porthos) and Jeremy Irons (Aramis). Gahriel Byrne plays d’Artagnan, the famous Captain of the Musketeers. Director Randall Wallace UK release date March 20, 199R Certificate 12 Running time 132 mins History Now and Then When Alexandre Dumas wrote the stories involving the Musketeers - Athos, Porthos, Aramis and d’Artagnan - there must have been something attractive about the period in which he set his stories. Dumas was looking for a time in history which might have reflected some of the concerns of his own time. He was also looking for stories which would make ‘ripping yarns’. · Is this the same for historians and historical novelists today? Are the periods and subjects that they study simply chosen because they themselves are interested in them or do they have a relevance? Perhaps an ‘echo’ of what is happening in the world today! · What about your history studies? Why do you think you are studying the periods in history that you are? TASKS Look at some of the historical novels that are popular at the moment, for example the Sharpe series. -
Drabant 40Mm and 28Mm Listings Informationimpoted
Drabant Miniatures 40mm and 28mm listing . DM1040"Gardes Francais" Officer with drawn High quality Miniatures from Russia. sword. £4.00 War of Spanish Succession. 40mm. 17th Century and 30 years War. 40mm DM1001 Musketeer Dutch Guard, 1701 £4.00 DM1002 Musketeer Dutch Guard, 1701 £4.00 DM1101 Moscow Artilleryman £4.00 DM1003 Drummer Dutch Guard, 1701 £4.00 DM1102 Moscow Artilleryman - £4.00 DM1004 Sergeant Dutch Guard, 1701 £4.00 DM1103 Moscow Artilleryman - £4.00 DM1005 Ensign Dutch Guard, 1701 £4.00 DM1104 Moscow Strelts of the 2nd prikaz, DM1006 Colonel Dutch Guard, 1701 £4.00 1674£4.00 DM1007 Musketeer, Dutch Guard 1701£4.00 DM1105 Gaffer of the Moscow Streltsy of the 6th DM1008 Musketeer, Dutch Guard 1701£4.00 Prikaz£4.00 DM1009 Grenadier, Dutch Guard 1701£4.00 DM1106 Infantry Officer, Poland, 1683£4.00 DM1010 Grenadier, Dutch Guard 1701£4.00 DM1107 Polish Pikeman, 1683£4.00 DM1011Grenadier, Foot Guards England DM1108 Polish Musketeer, 1683£4.00 1704£4.00 DM1109 Polish Bagpiper, 1683£4.00 DM1012Grenadier, Foot Guards England DM1110 Moscow Artilleryman, 17th century£4.00 1704£4.00 DM1111 12-pound gun, begining of the 17th DM1013Grenadier, Foot Guards, England century£9.00 1704£4.00 DM1112 Polish Musketeer, middle of 17th DM1014 6pdr Artillery Piece £9.00 century£4.00 DM1015Grenadier, Foot Guards, England DM1113 Polish Drummer, middle of 17th century 1704£4.00 £4.00 DM1016Musketeer Foot Guards England DM1114Moscow Artilleryman, middle of 17th 1704£4.00 century, with rammer .£4.00 DM1017Musketeer Foot Guards England DM1115 Polish Pikeman, 1683£4.00 1704£4.00 DM1116 Infantry Sergeant, Poland, 1683 £4.00 DM1018 The Duke of Marlborough England- DM1117 13 inch Mortar£9.00 Mounted £10.00 DM1118 Officer of Streltsy with Partizan£4.00 DM1019 Colonel Foot Guards England 1704£4.00 DM1119Moscow Streltsy, musketeer loading£4.00 DM1020 Ensign Foot Guards England 1704 DM1120M oscow Streltsy, musketeer firing£4.00 £4.00 M1121 Moscow Streltsy, standard bearer£4.00 DM1021 Sgt. -
My Year of Training to Become a Hessian Musketeer
MY YEAR OF TRAINING TO BECOME A HESSIAN MUSKETEER Ross H. Schwalm A key component of JSHA is to educate the public. We have done this over the years in a variety of ways. We have provided speakers to talk on a variety of subjects at major history conferences, American Revolution Round Tables, genealogy organizations, and German culture organizations. Since joining the JSHA Board of Direc- tors, I have personally spoken at a museum in Massillon, Ohio, delivered the keynote address to 2000 attendees at a Wreaths Across America event at New Bern National Cemetery, delivered history presentations with the good citizens of my home town in Tower City, Pennsylvania, and at several events in Virginia. Our annual meetings have included author talks, informal round table discus- sions, talks and displays on historical research, and some participation by military reenactment groups. In total, these methods help to inform and educate the public as well as our membership at large. Our number one method of education is the publication of history, culture and genealogy through our annual journal. It requires a significant amount of time to accurately craft a single article for the journal. I find it very educational to take on a subject and create a story. I hope I deliver new and interesting information about history from the American Figure 2: Soldiers of the Regiment von Huyn with a young spectator. Revolution to the modern era. But something was missing. I needed to figure out how else I could personally influence people to enjoy the history I love. I met Mr.