VERIFICACIÓN DEL ESTATUS TAXONÓMICO DEL PEZ ALTOANDINO COLOMBIANO Grundulus Cochae ROMÁN-VALENCIA, PAEPKE Y PANTOJA, 2003, (OSTARIOPHYSI: CHARACIDAE)

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VERIFICACIÓN DEL ESTATUS TAXONÓMICO DEL PEZ ALTOANDINO COLOMBIANO Grundulus Cochae ROMÁN-VALENCIA, PAEPKE Y PANTOJA, 2003, (OSTARIOPHYSI: CHARACIDAE) VERIFICACIÓN DEL ESTATUS TAXONÓMICO DEL PEZ ALTOANDINO COLOMBIANO Grundulus cochae ROMÁN-VALENCIA, PAEPKE Y PANTOJA, 2003, (OSTARIOPHYSI: CHARACIDAE) ANDRÉS EDUARDO PEÑA RODRÍGUEZ TRABAJO DE GRADO Presentado como requisito parcial Para optar al título de BIÓLOGO PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CARRERA DE BIOLOGÍA Bogotá, D.C. Julio, 2009 NOTA DE ADVERTENCIA Artículo 23 de la Resolución N° 13 de Julio de 1946 “La Universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis. Solo velará por que no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica y por que las tesis no contengan ataques personales contra persona alguna, antes bien se vea en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia”. VERIFICACIÓN DEL ESTATUS TAXONÓMICO DEL PEZ ALTOANDINO COLOMBIANO Grundulus cochae ROMÁN-VALENCIA, PAEPKE Y PANTOJA, 2003, (OSTARIOPHYSI: CHARACIDAE) ANDRÉS EDUARDO PEÑA RODRÍGUEZ APROBADO _____________________________ SAÚL PRADA PEDREROS Ph. D. Director __________________________ __________________________ ARMANDO ORTEGA LARA M.Sc. JORGE EDUARDO FORERO Jurado Jurado VERIFICACIÓN DEL ESTATUS TAXONÓMICO DEL PEZ ALTOANDINO COLOMBIANO Grundulus cochae ROMÁN-VALENCIA, PAEPKE Y PANTOJA, 2003, (OSTARIOPHYSI: CHARACIDAE) ANDRÉS EDUARDO PEÑA RODRÍGUEZ APROBADO ________________________ ________________________ INGRID SCHULER Ph. D. ANDREA FORERO M. Sc. Decano Académico Directora de la Carrera Este trabajo está dedicado a mis padres Henry Eduardo y Martha Lucía, quienes han sido el apoyo más valioso durante mi formación como persona y cuyos esfuerzos siempre han sido dirigidos al bienestar de sus hijos. Agradecimientos: Un sincero agradecimiento se manifiesta a: Saúl Prada-Pedreros Ph. D. por sus aportes y enseñanzas durante mi proceso de formación como persona y durante el desarrollo del presente estudio. Departamento de Biología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana por facilitar los espacios para el desarrollo de este proyecto. Julio Mario Hoyos por su orientación y colaboración durante el proceso de transparentación de los peces. Ana María Galvis, Diana Medina y Angélica Borbón por su apoyo incondicional y su colaboración durante el desarrollo del trabajo. Evelyn Nates por su colaboración durante la fase de práctica del proyecto. Tatiana Romero, Mónica Hernández, Julie Shigeta por su valiosa amistad y demás compañeros del Grupo de Estudios de Ictiología y Ecología Acuática por sus aportes y apoyo durante el desarrollo del proyecto. vi 1. Introducción 3 2. Marco teórico y revisión de literatura 4 2.1. Antecedentes 7 2.1.2. Posición taxonómica de las especies estudiadas 9 3. Formulación del problema y justificación 10 3.1. Formulación del problema 10 3.2. Pregunta de investigación 11 3.3 Justificación de la investigación. 11 4. Objetivos. 12 4.1. Objetivo general. 12 4.2. Objetivos específicos. 12 5. Hipótesis 12 6. Materiales y métodos 13 6.1. Diseño de la investigación 13 6.1.1. Población de estudio y muestra 13 6.1.1.1. Área de Estudio 14 6.1.2. Variables del estudio 17 6.1.2.1 Variables de morfometría tradicional 17 6.1.2.2. Variables de morfometría geométrica 17 6.2. Métodos 17 6.2.1. Fase de Laboratorio 17 6.2.1.1 Morfometría Tradicional 18 6.2.1.2. Morfometría Geométrica 20 6.2.1.3. Merística 21 vii 6.3. Recolección de la información 23 6.4. Análisis de información 23 7. Resultados 25 7.1. Morfometría Tradicional 26 7.2. Morfometría Geométrica (AGP) 36 7.3. Merística 53 8. Discusión 63 8.1. Morfometría Tradicional 64 8.2. Morfometría Geométrica (AGP) 66 8.3. Merística 70 9. Conclusiones 73 10. Recomendaciones 73 11. Referencias 74 12. ANEXOS 79 viii LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Información de los sitios de colecta de los ejemplares de G. bogotensis y G. cochae. 14 Tabla 2. Medidas morfométricas utilizadas para la morfometría tradicional. 18 Tabla 3. Caracteres merísticos internos y externos con sus respectivas siglas. 22 Tabla 4. Número de ejemplares analizados por cuenca, lugar de colecta y sexo. 25 Tabla 5.Morfometría tradicional. Análisis de Componentes Principales para sexo de G. bogotensis y G. cochae. 27 Tabla 6. Morfometría tradicional. Variables seleccionadas por el método “paso a paso” para la discriminación entre hembras y machos de las poblaciones de G. bogotensis y G. cochae. En cada paso, la variable que minimiza el Lambda de Wilks total es seleccionada. 29 Tabla 7. Morfometría tradicional. Resultados de la clasificación para cada grupo mediante el análisis discriminante y la validación cruzada. 30 Tabla 8. Morfometría tradicional. Funciones canónicas generadas a partir del modelo discriminante con sus respectivos puntajes. 31 Tabla 9. Morfometría tradicional. Variables seleccionadas por el método “paso a paso” para la discriminación entre las poblaciones de hembras de G. bogotensis y la población de la Laguna de La Cocha y sus coeficientes canónicos estandarizados, respecto a cada función canónica. 32 ix Tabla 10. Morfometría tradicional. Resultados de la clasificación para las poblaciones de hembras mediante el Análisis Discriminante (Original) y la prueba de Validación Cruzada. 33 Tabla 11. Morfometría tradicional. Funciones canónicas generadas a partir del modelo discriminante con sus respectivos puntajes 34 Tabla 12. Morfometría tradicional. Variables seleccionadas por el método “paso a paso” para la discriminación entre las poblaciones de machos de G. bogotensis y la población de la Laguna de La Cocha y sus coeficientes canónicos estandarizados, respecto a cada función canónica. 35 Tabla 13. Morfometría tradicional. Resultados de la clasificación para las poblaciones de machos mediante el Análisis Discriminante (Original) y la prueba de Validación Cruzada. 36 Tabla 14. Morfometría geométrica. Ejemplares analizados con LT superior o igual a 50mm por cuenca, lugar de colecta y sexo. 37 Tabla 15. Morfometría geométrica. Valores y porcentajes del Análisis de Componentes Principales par las deformaciones relativas (Relative Warps) 40 Tabla 16. Morfometría geométrica. Resultados de la clasificación por sexo a partir de la función discriminante. 43 Tabla 17. Morfometría geométrica. Distancias de Mahalanobis calculada por pares de grupos para las hembras con sus respectivos valores de significancia. 47 Tabla 18. Morfometría geométrica. Resultados de la clasificación para las poblaciones de hembras mediante el Análisis Discriminante (Original) y la prueba de Validación Cruzada. 48 x Tabla 19. Morfometría geométrica. Distancias de Mahalanobis calculada por pares de grupos para los machos con sus respectivos valores de significancia. 52 Tabla 20. Morfometría geométrica. Resultados de la clasificación para las poblaciones de machos mediante el Análisis Discriminante (Original) y la prueba de Validación Cruzada. 53 Tabla 21. Merística. Variables seleccionadas por el método “paso a paso” para la discriminación entre hembras y machos de la población de Grundulus de la cuenca del río Suárez. 55 Tabla 22.Merística. Resultados de la clasificación para cada grupo mediante el análisis discriminante y la validación cruzada. 55 xi LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 2. Medidas registradas sobre los ejemplares de Grundulus analizados. Las medidas se tomaron punto a punto. 19 Figura 3. Fotografía del costado izquierdo del ejemplar. Puntos anatómicos de referencia (PAR) registrados en cada uno de los ejemplares. 21 Figura 5. Morfometría tradicional. Gráfica de los centroides y barras de errores que representan la desviación estándar para hembras y machos de las poblaciones de Grundulus con la primera función discriminante. 28 Figura 6. Morfometría tradicional. Gráfica de la proyección de los puntajes de las hembras de las poblaciones de G. bogotensis y la población de la Laguna de La Cocha sobre las dos primeras funciones canónicas. 31 Figura 7. Morfometría tradicional. Gráfica de la proyección de los puntajes de los machos de las poblaciones de G. bogotensis y la población de la Laguna de La Cocha sobre las dos primeras funciones canónicas. 34 Figura 8. Morfometría geométrica. Puntos anatómicos (landmarks) de los ejemplares de Grundulus analizados. Los vectores representan la variación de cada punto con respecto a la conformación consenso. 38 Figura 9. Morfometría geométrica. Visualización del rango de variación descrita por la configuración geométrica de los individuos, libres del efecto del tamaño. A. Configuración consenso generada a partir de los puntajes de deformación sometidos a regresión. B y C. Configuración geométrica de los puntajes extremos con respecto a la configuración consenso. Los valores indican el puntaje del autovector diagramado. 39 Figura10. Morfometría geométrica. Análisis de Componentes Principales de las variables de conformación. Las cruces rojas representan la variación de xii las hembras y los cuadros azules representan la variación de los machos con los dos primeros Componentes Principales. 41 Figura 11. Morfometría geométrica. Gráfica del Análisis Discriminante realizado para el sexo a partir de las variables de conformación sobre la función discriminante. 42 Figura 12. Morfometría geométrica. Puntos anatómicos (landmarks) de los hembras de las poblaciones de Grundulus analizadas. A. Coordenadas creadas a partir de los puntos anatómicos. B. Desplazamiento de las variables de conformación. C. Ajuste de la escala de las variables de conformación con respecto a la conformación consenso. D. Superposición de las variables de conformación. 44 Figura 13. Morfometría geométrica. Grafica de los tamaños de las hembras de las cuatro poblaciones. Se presentan las medianas
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