SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 85 A MONOGRAPH OF THE JUMPING PLANT-LICE OR PSYLLID^ OF THE NEW WORLD DAVID L. CRAWFORD Of the Laboratory of General Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, New York WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issued June 3, 1914. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series—the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropol- ogy, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal work, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensible. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- tributions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 85 of the Bulletin series. Richard Ratnbun, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum. Washington, D. C, April SO, 1914. in TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 Morphology 3 Head 5 Thorax 8 Appendages of the thorax 14 Abdomen 15 Locomotion 16 Relations to other Homoptera 16 Collecting and preserving 17 Determinations from immature stages 17 Acknowledgments 17 Explanation of descriptions 18 Systematic treatment 18 Subfamily Liviinse 19 Tribe Liviini 19 Genus Livia 19 coloradensis 20 maculipennis 21 marginata 21 vemalis 22 caricis 23 Tribe Aphalarini 24 Genus Rhinocola 24 Aphalara 24 calthae 27 rumicis 29 artemisise 29 angustipennis 30 viridis 30 pinicola 31 suaedee 31 veaziei 31 metzaria i 32 caudata 33 pulchella 33 picta 33 fascipennis 34 alaskensis 35 nebulosa Idncaidi 36 Subgenus Anomocera 36 Aphalara (Anomocera) minutissima 37 (Anomocera) anomala 37 Genus Aphalaroida " 38 pithecolobia 39 epinifera 40 prosopis 40 inermis 41 acacise 41 V VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Subfamily Pauropsyllinse 42 Genus Paurocephala 42 magnifrons 42 ilicis 43 Genus Heteropsylla 44 texana 45 mexicana 46 forcipata 46 cubana 46 quassiae 47 fusca 48 mimosse 48 Genus Calophya 49 califomica 50 flavida 50 dubia 51 triozomima 52 claripennis 52 nigripennis 53 Subfamily Carsidarinse 53 Genus Freysuila 54 dugesii 55 ernstii 55 cedrelae 55 Genus Epicarsa 56 corniculata 56 Genus Carsidara 57 gigantea 57 dugesii 58 mexicana 58 concolor 58 '^enus Rhinopsylla 59 scliwarzii 59 athense 60 jalapensis 60 antennata 61 proxima 62 Subfamily Ceriacreminse 62 Genus Ceriacremum 63 quadrigibbiceps 63 setosum 63 Subfamily Triozinse 64 Genus Kuwayama 65 medicaginis 66 oaxacensis 66 dorsalis 67 Genus Leuronota 67 maculata 68 acutipennis 69 longipennis 69 Genus Paratrioza 70 cockerelli 71 arbolensis 72 maculipennis 73 TABLE OP CONTENTS. VII Subfamily Triozinae—Continued. Page. Genus Trioza 74 bakeri 77 breviantennata "8 diospyri 78 mexicana 80 minuta 80 proximata 81 collaris 81 longistylus 82 quadripunctata 82 albifrons 83 frontalis 84 sulcata 85 obtusa 85 lobata 86 tripunctata 87 aiizonae 88 maura 89 saJicis ^1 varians 91 longicornis 92 nicaraguensis 92 stylifera 93 aylmeriae 93 alacris 94 viridis 95 magnoliae 96 koebelei 97 97 Genus Cecidotrioza - mendocina 98 Genus Neotriozella 98 immaculata 98 sculptoconus 99 laticeps 100 Genus Ceropsylla 100 sideroxyli 101 californica 102 johnsonii 103 Genus Hemitrioza 104 Bonchi 104 Subfamily Psyllinae 105 Tribe Pachypsyllini 106 Genus Uhleria 106 mira 107 Genus Tetragonocephala 107 flava 108 Genus Pachypsylla 108 venusta 109 C.-mamma -• HO C.-vesiculum 112 C. -gemma 112 dubia 11^ pallida H^ inteneris H^ VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Subfamily Psyllinse—Continued. Pj^e. Tribe Euphyllurini 114 Genus Katacephala 114 grandiceps 114 arcuata 115 Genus Euphyllura 115 arctostaphyU 116 neveipennis 117 arbuti 117 arbuticola 118 Tribe Arytainini 118 Genus Euphalerus 118 nidifex 119 rugipennis 120 immaculatus 121 vermiculosus 121 propinquus 122 Genus Arytaina 122 robusta 123 fuscipennis 125 genistee 125 ribesise 126 assimilis 127 minuta 128 chelifera 128 amorpbEe 129 ceanothae 130 aculeata 131 pubescens 131 Genus Psyllopsis 132 fraxinicola 132 mexicana 133 Tribe Psyllini 134 Genus Mitrapsylla 134 albalineata 134 cubana 135 Genus Psylla 135 fibulata 140 sinuata 140 parallela 141 maculata 141 breviata 141 minuta 142 coryli 143 alba 143 pyricola 144 hartigii 146 americana 147 minor 147 flava 148 ribis 148 quadrilineata 148 alaskensis 149 maguicauda 149 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Subfamily Psyllinae—Continued. Page. Tribe Psyllini—Continued. Genua Psylla—Continued. striata 150 carpiuicola 151 cephalica 151 annulata 152 negundinis 152 brevistigmata 153 magna 154 acuta 154 floccosa 154 astigmata 155 trimaculata 155 cerasi 156 alni americana 156 caudata 157 galeaformis 157 torrida 158 orizabensis 159 minuticona 159 recticeps provancher 159 Diraphia quadricornis 160 eauguinea 160 Psylla duvause 160 Bibliogi-aphy 161 Explanation of plates 171 Index 183 — A MONOGRAPH OF THE JUMPING PLANT-LICE OR PSYLLIDiE OF THE NEW WORLD. By David L. Crawford/ Of the Laboratory of General Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. INTRODUCTION. The family PsyUidse, or the Jumpmg Plant-lice, have received com- paratively little attention in the New World, especially from the systematic point of view. A relatively small number of species have been described, but no serious attempt has been made to relate the several genera represented by these species. The European forms have received a great deal of attention, notably by Dr. Franz Loew and now by Dr. Karel Sulc. Others have made some contributions, but in a much more unrelated manner. With the two names just mentioned, the name of Witlaczil should not be omitted. Some very good work on the internal anatomy has been done by him. Until 1848 only a few genera were recognized, most of the species being placed in Psylla. At that date Foerster divided Psylla into several smaller genera, most of which are still vaUd. In 1878 Loew pubUshed his Zur Systematik der PsyUoden, in which he established several additional new genera and tabulated four subfamiUes Triozinse, PsyUinse, Aphalarinse, and Liviinae. With the exception of the latter, these were separated from each other on the basis of wing venation characters. In his subsequent work he followed this same system of classifica- tion and there soon appeared more subfamdies and many more genera. Other workers during and since his time have employed his system of classification, also. The basic diagnostic characters used by Loew in this system were largely venational. The presence or absence of the cubital petiole (M + Cu), and the relative length of this petiole, when present, and the radial stem (or discoidal subcosta), were the two principal characters for the separation of subfamiUes. In undertaking systematic work on a large collection of PsyHidas some four years ago, Loew's system of classification was employed because it was practically the only one to be used. The collections before me were very large and contaiued very large series of speci- mens of many species, in which there would naturally be more or 1 Contribution from the Entomological Department of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. This su- persedes the former papers by the author on this group. 1 — 2 BULLETIN 85, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. less variation. It was soon found that by Loew's system very closely related species were thrown into different genera and even different subfamilies. Sometimes, too, specimens of the same species were separated into different subfamilies. This was true especially of several species of ApJudara and of related genera. As the work progressed and other large collections were studied, many unsatisfactory features were found in this system and a great many difficulties encountered. Some of these have been mentioned in more or less detail in my former papers on this group. It became apparent that any classification based principally on wing venational characters would be artificial and unsatisfactory.. At the same time other characters were noted that seemed to be more fundamental and whose use in classification seemed to place together certain obviously related genera. The form of the head, for instance, was found to be very significant in diagnosis. In some genera the frons is a visible sclerite between the gense, while in others it is completely covered by the gense which in the latter case are nearly always produced into conical processes. Genera related or separated on this character were found to be distinctly related or separated in