ISSN 1313 - 8820 (print) ISSN 1314 - 412X (online) Volume 8, Number 4 December 2016

2016 Editor-in-Chief Scope and policy of the journal for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. Agricultural Science and Technology /AST/ The editorial board reserves rights to reject Georgi Petkov – an International Scientific Journal of manuscripts based on priorities and space Faculty of Agriculture Agricultural and Technology Sciences is availability in the journal. Trakia University, Stara Zagora published in English in one volume of 4 The journal is committed to respect high Bulgaria issues per year, as a printed journal and in standards of ethics in the editing and electronic form. The policy of the journal is reviewing process and malpractice to publish original papers, reviews and statement. Commitments of authors Co-Editor-in-Chief short communications covering the related to authorship are also very aspects of agriculture related with life important for a high standard of ethics and Dimitar Panayotov sciences and modern technologies. It will publishing. We follow closely the Faculty of Agriculture offer opportunities to address the global Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Trakia University, Stara Zagora needs relating to food and environment, http://publicationethics.org/resources/guid Bulgaria health, exploit the technology to provide elines innovative products and sustainable The articles appearing in this journal are development. Papers will be considered in indexed and abstracted in: DOI, EBSCO Editors and Sections aspects of both fundamental and applied Publishing Inc. and AGRIS (FAO). science in the areas of Genetics and The journal is accepted to be indexed with Genetics and Breeding Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, the support of a project № BG051PO001- Production Systems, Agriculture and 3.3.05-0001 “Science and business” Tsanko Yablanski (Bulgaria) Environment and Product Quality and financed by Operational Programme Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria) Safety. Other categories closely related to “Human Resources Development” of EU. Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria) the above topics could be considered by The title has been suggested to be Max Rothschild (USA) the editors. The detailed information of the included in SCOPUS (Elsevier) and Ihsan Soysal (Turkey) journal is available at the website. Electronic Journals Submission Form Horia Grosu (Romania) Proceedings of scientific meetings and (Thomson Reuters). Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria) conference reports will be considered for Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria) special issues. Address of Editorial office: Svetlana Georgieva (Bulgaria) Agricultural Science and Technology Submission of Manuscripts Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Nutrition and Physiology Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora All manuscripts written in English should Bulgaria Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria) be submitted as MS-Word file attachments Telephone.: +359 42 699330 Peter Surai (UK) via e-mail to [email protected]. +359 42 699446 Zervas Georgios (Greece) Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in www.agriscitech.eu Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria) accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website Technical Assistance: Production Systems www.agriscitech.eu and the instructions Nely Tsvetanova Radoslav Slavov (Bulgaria) on the last page of the journal. For each Telephone.: +359 42 699446 Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria) manuscript the signatures of all authors E-mail: [email protected] Bogdan Szostak (Poland) are needed confirming their consent to Banko Banev (Bulgaria) publish it and to nominate on author for Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria) correspondence. They have to be presented by a Agriculture and Environment submission letter signed by all authors. The form of the submission letter is Ramesh Kanwar (USA) available upon from request from the Martin Banov (Bulgaria) Technical Assistance or could be Peter Cornish (Australia) downloaded from the website of the journal. Manuscripts submitted to this Product Quality and Safety journal are considered if they have submitted only to it, they have not been Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria) published already, nor are they under Stefan Denev (Bulgaria) consideration for publication in press Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria) elsewhere. All manuscripts are subject to Roumiana Tsenkova (Japan) editorial review and the editors reserve the right to improve style and return the paper English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria) ISSN 1313 - 8820 (print) Volume 8, Number 4 ISSN 1314 - 412X (online) December 2016

2016 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 8, No 4, pp 306 - 309 , 2016 DOI: 10.15547/ast.2016.04.059

Production Systems

Efficacy and timing of some new products against pear ( pyri L.) (: ): II. Spirodiclofen

V. Arnaudov*

Institute of Fruit Growing, 12 Ostromila, 4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 30 June 2016; accepted for publication 7 September 2016)

Abstract. The effectiveness of spirodiclofen (Envidor® 240 SC) in the control of pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.) on pear trees was evaluated in field experiments, carried out in commercial pear orchard in the village Dink near Plovdiv (Bulgaria) during 2014 – 2015. The efficacy of spirodiclofen (Envidor 240 SC ® at a dose of 600 and 800 ml/hl) in controlling this pest was compared to that of abamectin (Vertimec 018 EC at a dose 150 ml/hl). Each one of the insecticides was applied only once in the presence of predominantly "yellow" eggs and the first hatched larvae from the second generation of C. pyri. Аpplied only once at a dose of 800 ml/hl, spirodiclofen (Envidor® 240 SC) effectively reduces populations of the pest, achieving from 92.6 to 96.4% efficacy 21 days after treatment (DAT). Envidor 240 SC applied at a lower dose of 600 ml/hl had a slightly worse effect, achieving from 90.0 to 93.1% efficacy 21 DAT. The effectiveness of spirotetramat at both doses after only one application was very high and insignificantly different. In comparison with the reference insecticide (abamectin) the efficacy of spirodiclofen was slightly weaker in the first two weeks after treatment and insignificantly different at the end of the third week after the treatment (the total reduction of larvae ranged between 82.4 – 87.4% 3 DAT and 90.0 – 96.4% 21 DAT in the spirodiclofen treated plots, while in the abamectin treated plot it ranged between 92.9 – 96.5% 3 DAT and 94.0 – 98.7% 21 DAT. Spirodiclofen (Envidor® 240 SC), both tested doses gave similar results, which are significantly weaker in the first days after treatment, but significant enough and improved in time. This active substance, in contrast to abamectin, demonstrated a slow initial activity and a longer persistence. Spirodiclofen can be considered as a reliable tool to control of C. pyri and possible alternative to abamectin to prevent the risk of resistance in pest populations.

Keywords: Cacopsylla pyri, pear, spirodiclofen, Envidor, Bulgaria

Introduction et al., 1990; Berrada et al., 1995; Buès et al., 1999; Schaub et al., 2001; Kocourek and Stara, 2006; Civolani et al., 2007; Civolani et al., Pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is 2010; Miarnau et al., 2010). In Bulgaria is also reported the considered one of the key pest in European pear production occurrence of resistance in some populations of C. pyri, as well as (Berrada et al., 1996). C. pyri is the most important pest in pear- reduced efficacy of some commonly used in the practice insecticides growing regions of Bulgaria, it appears regularly in gardens intensive (Harizanov, 1966; Arnaoudov and Kutinkova, 2001). The possibility spray with insecticides. Overwintering females begin to lay eggs as of developing a resistance in pest populations, well as the early as in mid-February, and the period of oviposition is long and withdrawal from the market of many used conventional insecticides usually extends into late April. First generation larvae appear before necessitates the introduction of new biorational pesticides with a flowering in early April and second generation larvae - in late April new mechanism of action, but relatively safe for beneficial and early May about two weeks after blossoming pear trees.The organisms and the environment (Horowitz and Ishaaya, 2004). sucking psyllid causes damage on new branches and deformation of Spirodiclofen is the first member of a new class of products - leaves, resulting in the occurrence of necrosis. The larvae produce ketoenoli derived from tetronic acid present on the market by the leading to increased susceptibility for sooty mold company Bayer CropScience. This product has a novel mode of (Cladosporium spp.), causing a blackening of the pear skin. Apart action expressed in blocking lipid synthesis in the body of a large from the immediate damage, the pest is also a vector of 'Candidatus number of mites and insect species, including and Cacopsylla pyri. Phytoplasma pyri', causal agent of the important disease 'Pear (De Maeyer et al., 2002a; Marčić et al., 2007). This product is Decline' (Seemüller and Schneider, 2004), which can reduce tree characterised by a new and unique mode of action and does not vigor and sometimes cause their death. show any cross resistance with any other acaricides and After the withdrawal from the market of amitraz several insecticides on the market. Due to its way of action and to the respect conventional synthetic insecticides (abamectin, organophosphates, of beneficials it is suitable for integrated pest management and anti- neonicotinoids and pyrethroids) have long been used for chemical resistance strategy plans (Risi et al., 2006). control of this pest. However, chemical control of pear psylla has The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of become difficult lately because of the development of resistant spirodiclofen (Envidor 240 SC ®) used to controling of pear psylla populations as a result of repeated use of the same insecticide (Pree (Cacopsylla pyri L.) on pear trees in Bulgaria. * e-mail: [email protected]

306 Material and methods Table 1. Products used in tests Active Commercia Dose С. f. Product Field trials to evaluate the efficacy of spirodiclofen (Envidor® substance formulation ml / hl 240 SC) control C. pyri L. were conducted in a commercial pear Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 g/L SC 600 orchard in the village Dink located near the city of Plovdiv during 2014-2015. The efficacy of spirodiclofen (Envidor® 240 SC, applied Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 g/L SC 800 at a dose of 600 and 800 ml/hl) in controlling this pest was compared Abamectin Vertimec 18 g/L EC 150 to that of abamectin (Vertimec 018 EC, аpplied at a dose 150 ml/hl) in two experiments. The products used in the tests and their main presence of predominantly "yellow" eggs and the first hatched larvae characteristics are presented in Table 1. from the second generation of C. pyri. The experiments are set up on Each one of these insecticides was applied only once in the a block random scheme in 3 replicates (by four trees for each

Table 2. Experimental conditions

Active Date Treatment Product Dose ml/hl Time of application substance 2014 2015 1. Vertimec 18 EC Abamectin 150 "yellow" eggs and the first hatched larvae 26.04 30.04 2. Envidor 240 SC Spirodiclofen 600 "yellow" eggs and the first hatched larvae 26.04 30.04 3. Envidor 240 SC Spirodiclofen 800 "yellow" eggs and the first hatched larvae 26.04 30.04 4. Untreated kontrola replicate) for each variant, on 15-year trees with spindle-shaped numbers of living larvae were observed between pesticide-treated form, from the 'Williams' cultivar. Eggs and larvae (EL) before trees and untreated trees as a result of the chemical treatments treatment and larvae (L) after treatment were counted per shoot on 5 (Tables 3 and 4). previously marked shoots per plot. The means were transformed by √(x+0.5) and separated by t-test, and the efficacy was calculated according to Henderson-Tilton (1955). 100

Results and discussion 75

Еfficacy of spirodiclofen applied at a rates of 600 and 800 ml/hl in the presence of predominantly "yellow" eggs and first hatched 50 larvae were compared with that of abamectin applied at rate of 150 ml/hl (Table 2). The results as a mean number of eggs (E) and larvae (L) before treatment (ELBT) and larvae/nymphs (L/N) after 25 treatment (LNAT) per shoot presented in Tables 3-4 for each year after application, % Efficacy separately. The reduction of the total number of larvae/nymphs expressed as % are shown on Figures 1 and 2. 0 T+3 T+7 T+14 T+21 Population density (number of eggs and larvae per shoot) of C. Days after application pyri was not significantly different in each of the experimental plots before the treatment in both years of the study. In contrast to the Abamectin Spirodiclofen (A) Spirodiclofen (B) population density, the degree of hatching of the eggs was not identical in both years. In 2014 it ranged from 0.02 to 0.04%, while in Figure 1. Efficacy of spirodiclofen against C. pyri at 2015 it was from 0.12 to 0.17%. Significant differences in the different doses of application (% еfficacy according to Henderson-Tilton, 1955) (Plovdiv, 2015)

Table 3. Efficacy of spirodiclofen against C. pyri at different doses of application, presented as mean number of eggs (E) and larvae/nymphs (L/N) to shoot (Plovdiv, 2014) Before application Тhe mean larvae (L) on shoots after application (days) Dose Active ingredient Insecticide T-1 T+3 T+7 T+14 T+21 ml/hl E+L (Н) MF MF MF MF Untreated Kontrola 118.5a (0.03) 35.0 a 69.2a 102.5a 115.0a Spirodiclofen (А) Envidor 240 СК 600 132.4a (0.02) 5.7b 8.8b 10.0b 8.9b Spirodiclofen (В) Envidor 240 СК 800 146.0a (0.03) 5.2b 7.0b 6.9bc 5.1bc Abamectin Vertimec 18 EC 150 155.5a (0.04) 1.6с 0.8с 1.4c 1.9c

* Values in the same column marked with different letters differ significantly from each other for p ≤ 0.05 (Duntsan's Test)

307 Table 4. Efficacy of spirodiclofen against C. pyri at different doses of application, presented as mean number of eggs (E) and larvae/nymphs (L/N) to shoot (Plovdiv, 2015) Before application Efficacy after (days) Dose Active ingredient Insecticide T-1 T+3 T+7 T+14 T+21 ml/hl E+L (Н) MF MF MF MF Untreated Kontrola 176.0a (0.14) 23.0a 45.0a 129.2a 98.5a Spirodiclofen (А) Envidor 240 СК 600 148.2a (0.17) 3.4b 5.6b 12.3b 8.3b Spirodiclofen (В) Envidor 240 СК 800 162.0a (0.15) 3.0b 4.5b 9.8b 6.7b Abamectin Vertimec 18 EC 150 182.6a (0.12) 1.7b 1.8с 5.9b 6.1b

* Values in the same column marked with different letters differ significantly from each other for p ≤ 0.05 (Duntsan's Test)

Spirodiclofen as Envidor ® 240 SC (tested doses of 600 and 800 than that in 2015. Еxplanation of this fact should be looking at ml/hl) showed high efficacy in the control pear psylla (C. pyri) after different rates of hatching eggs at the time of treatment (percent only once application (Figures 1 and 2). Applied at a dose of 800 hatching in 2014 is three times lower compared to 2015). The lower ml/hl, Envidor 240® SC effectively reduce populations of the pest, efficacy of spirodiclofen in the experimental plots in 2015 seems achieving from 92.6 to 96.4% efficacy 21 days after treatment (DAT). quite logical in terms of delayed initial effect of this product and a Envidor 240 SC applied at a lower dose of 600 ml/hl had a slightly larger number of larvae present during treatment, compared with worse effect, achieving from 90.0 to 93.1% efficacy (21 DAT). The 2014. efficacy of spirodiclofen (Envidor ® 240 SC) at both doses of As a result of the research can be concluded that the optimum application was similar and insignificantly different. Spirodiclofen, time for application of spirodiclofen against pear psylla should focus when applied in higher dose showed comparable or insignificant on the second generation in the presence of predominantly "yellow" different efficacy than that of the reference insecticide abamectin, eggs and the first hatched larvae. The effectiveness of this active and similar or significantly lower efficiency than that of abamectin, ingredient greatly decreased with increasing percentage of hatched when spirodiclofen is used in the lower dose (Figres 1 and 2). eggs and the number of available nymphs, regardless of the improving over time effect. 100 Conclusion

75 Spirodiclofen as Envidor 240 SC applied at a dose of 800 ml/hl showed a high efficiency in controlling pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri) larvae of the second generation. Spirodiclofen (Envidor 240 SC) 50 applied at a lower dose of 600 ml/hl had a slightly worse effect, than used at a dose of 800 ml/hl. Spirodiclofen (Envidor 240 SC), both tested doses gave similar results, which are significantly weaker in 25 the first days after treatment, but significant enough and improved in

Efficacy after application, % Efficacy time. The efficacy of spirodiclofen (Envidor SC 240 ®) to C. pyri in both doses tested (600 and 800 ml/hl) is high and close to that of the 0 reference insecticide abamectin. Spirodiclofen is characterized by T+3 T+7 T+14 T+21 low initial toxicity and long persistence that allow effective control of Days after application C. pyri populations up to three weeks after treatment. The best time Abamectin Spirodiclofen (A) Spirodiclofen (B) for its application is after the flowering of the pear trees in the prevalent presence of "yellow" eggs and the first hatched larvae. Figure 2. Efficacy of spirodiclofen against C. pyri at Spirodiclofen can be considered as a reliable tool to control of C. pyri different doses of application (% еfficacy according and possible alternative to abamectin to prevent the risk of to Henderson-Tilton, 1955) (Plovdiv, 2015) resistance in pest populations. Spirodiclofen in both rates of application demonstrated slightly weaker results in the first days after treatment, which gradually improve in time and at the end of the third week reached significant References levels. This active substance is characterized by slowed initial action and long persistence, unlike abamectin, which is a more rapid Arnaudov V and Kutinkova H, 2001. Efficacy of some pesticides initiation effect and relatively short persistence. This explains why for control of pear psylla, Psylla pyri L. in Bulgaria. Proceedings 9th. the reduction of C. pyri larvae in the spirodiclofen treated plots in the International Conference of Horticulture, Lednice 2001, Czeh first days after the treatment was lower than at the end of the third Republic, 3, 15-19. week, while in the abamectin treated plots it was the highest at the Buès R, Boudinhon L, Toubon JF and D'arcier FF, 1999. end of the first week and then gradually decreased. Geographic and seasonal variability of resistance to insecticides in The results of the two years are similar, although in 2014, the Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, level of efficacy in the experimental plots was significantly higher 123, 289-297.

308 Civolani S, Cassanelli S, Rivi M, Manicardi GC, Peretto R, International Organisation for Biological Control/West Chicca M, Pasqualini E and Leis M, 2010. Survey of susceptibility Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/wprs), West Paralelic Bulletin to abamectin of pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) 54, 593. in Northern Italy. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103, 816-822. Kocourek F and Stara J, 2006. Management and control of Civolani S, Peretto R, Caroli L, Pasqualini E, Chicca M and Leis insecticide-resistant pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri). Journal of Fruit M, 2007. Preliminary resistance screening on abamectin in pear and Ornamental Plant Research 14, 167-174. psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in northern Italy. Journal of Economic Marčić D, Perić P, Ogurlić I, Prijović M and Andrić G, 2007. Entomology, 100, 1637-1641. Effectiveness of Spirodiclofen in the Control of European Red Mite De Maeyer L, Peeters D, Wijsmuller JM, Cantoni A, Bruck E and (Panonychus ulmi) on Apple and Pear Psylla (Cacopsylla pyri). Heibges S, 2002a. Spirodiclofen: a broad-spectrum acaricide with Pesticides and Phytomedicine (Belgrade), 22, 301-309. insecticidal properties - efficacy on Psylla pyri and scales Miarnau X, Artigues M and Sarasua MJ, 2010. Susceptibility to Lepidosaphes ulmi and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus. Proceedings abamectin of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases, in pear orchards of North-East Spain. UK, pp. 65-72. Pree DJ, Archibald DE, Ker KW and Cole KJ, 1990. Occurrence of De Maeyer L, Scgmidt HW and Peeters D, 2002b. Envidor – a new Pyrethroid Resistance in Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) acaricide for IPM in pomefruit orchards. Pflanzenschutz- Populations from Southern Ontario. Journal of Economic Nachrichten Bayer, 55, 211-236 (Ge). Entomology, 83, 2159-2163. Harizanov A, 1966. Chemical experiments for control of the leaf Risi C, Gollo M, Gualco A, Roffeni S, Venturini V and Cantoni A, suckers in the fruit crops. Horticultural and Viticultural Science, 3, 2006. Application of spirodiclofen (Envidor®) to control sucking 143-149 (Bg). pests, 2006. ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche, I, 47-50 (It). Henderson CF and Tilton EW, 1955. Tests with Acaricides ageinst Seemüller E and Schneider B, 2004. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma the Bron Wheat Mite. Jornal of Economic Entomology, 48, 157-161. mali', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma Horowitz AR and Ishaaya I, 2007. Biorational insecticides – prunorum', the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline, mechanisms, selectivity and importance in pest management. In: and European stone fruit yellows, respectively. International Journal Insect Pest Management (A.R. Horowitz and I. Ishaaya, eds.). of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 1217-1226. Springer-Verlag, Berlin – Heidelberg, 2004, pp. 1-28.

309 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 8, No 4, 2016

CONTENTS 1 / 2

Review

Triticale – past and future 271 St. Dobreva

Genetics and Breeding

Productivity performance of bread winter wheat genotypes with local and foreign origin 276 G. Raykov, P. Chamurliyski, S. Doneva, E. Penchev, N. Tsenov

Production properties of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivated in Strumica region, Republic of 280 Macedonia P. Vuckov, M. Ilievski, D. Spasova, L. Mihajlov, N. Markova-Ruzdić

Quality of grain and flour of foreign bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under the conditions 283 of south Dobrudzha region P. Chamurliyski, N. Tsenov, I. Stoeva, S. Doneva, E. Penchev

Breeding programme for developing new sweet cherry cultivars in the Fruit Growing Institute, 289 Plovdiv, Bulgaria S. Malchev, A. Zhivondov

Heterosis manifestations by survival and larval duration of F1 Bombyx mori L. hybrids 292 R. Guncheva, M. Panayotov, P. Tsenov, Y. Dimitrova

Nutrition and Physiology

Reproductive performance of breeding rabbits fed by graded levels of cassava (Manihot esculenta) 297 leaf meal T. Ahemen, I.I. Bitto, O.I.A. Oluremi

Clinical toxicological investigations on acute carbofuran intoxication in quails (Coturnix coturnix) 302 R. Binev, I. Valchev, R. Mihaylov, Y. NIkolov

Production Systems

Efficacy and timing of some new products against pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.) (Hemiptera: 306 Psyllidae): II. Spirodiclofen V. Arnaudov

Biochemical and chemical investigations of pikeperch fingerlings (Sander Lucioperca L.) after 310 wintering A. Ivanova, R. Atanasova AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 8, No 4, 2016

CONTENTS 2 / 2

Effect of fluorescence on the technological characteristics of cocoons at different cooking 313 temperatures M. Panayotov

Comparative analysis of plane geometric parameters of various types of cow milking parlors 318 D. Georgiev

Agriculture and Environment

Panthaleus major /Duges/ of cereals in Bulgaria 323 V. Maneva, D. Atanasova

Selectivity and stability of herbicides and their tank mixtures for the seed yield of sunflower 326 (Helianthus Annuus L.) G. Delchev, T. Barakova

Effect of green manure cover crops on tomato greenhouse production 332 I. Tringovska, V. Yankova, D. Markova

Reclamation of lands disturbed by mining activities in Bulgaria 339 I. Kirilov, M. Banov

Product Quality and Safety

Fish production and meat quality traits in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in different 346 production systems St. Stoyanova, Y. Staykov, G. Zelqzkov, I. Sirakov, G. Nikolov Instruction for authors tables and figures, accompanied by the Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., statistical parameters needed for the Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, Preparation of papers evaluation. Data from tables and figures etc.) Papers shall be submitted at the editorial should not be repeated in the text. The following order in the reference list is office typed on standard typing pages (A4, Tables should be as simple and as few as recommended: 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). possible. Each table should have its own Journal articles: Author(s) surname and The editors recommend up to 15 pages for explanatory title and to be typed on a initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, full research paper ( including abstract separate page. 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