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The Literature of Arthropods Associated with Alfalfa

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The Literature of Arthropods Associated with Alfalfa LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN no. GG - <2)9 SURVEY The Literature of Arthropods Associated with Alfalfa II. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SITONA SPECIES (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) W. p. MORRISON and B. C. PASS, University of Kentucky M. P. NICHOLS • E. J. ARMBRUST Biological Notes No. 88 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Urbana, Illinois — February, 1974 STATE OF ILLINOIS Department of Registration and Education Natural History Survey Division This paper is a contribution of principal investigators of the Alfalfa Subproject supported by an International Biological Program (IBP) sponsored grant, NSF Grant No. GB-34718, "The Strategies, Principles, and Tactics of Pest Population and Regulation in Major Crop Ecosystems." Principal Investigators: E. J. Armbrust — Project Leader, Illinois Natural Histor)- Sur\ey and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station D. W. Davis — Utah State University E. A. DiCKASON — University of Nebraska D. G. Hanway — University of Nebraska R. G. Helgesen — Cornell University B. C. Pass — University of Kentucky R. L. PiENKOwsKi — Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University W. G. RuEsiNK — Illinois Natural History' Survey and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station C. G. Summers — University of California Enlarged view of adult of Sitona species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Literature of Arthropods Associated with Alfalfa II. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SITONA SPECIES (Coleoptera: Curculionidoe) W. p. Morrison, B. C. Pass, M. P. Nichols, and E. J. Armbrust The alfalfa ecosystem is unique among field-crop root feeders, whereas adults attack the foliage. Arnett systems in that it represents a relatively long-lasting, well- (1962)^ reports 17 species of Sitona as occurring in the established perennial system that exists nationally over a United States. Several species have been introduced into variety of climatic, geographical, and edaphic conditions. North America from Europe and are now pests on both Because of the many subs)stems, the interactions with continents. The crops most commonly attacked are clover, other specific agroecosystems or natural systems are alfalfa, peas, beans, and vetch. The pest species include: equally as varied. Alfalfa supports a wide variety of in- S. lineata (pea leaf weevil), S. cylindricollis (sweetclover sects. These include destructive insects, pollinating insects, weevil), S. hispidida (clover root curculio), S. scissifrons species that inhabit the fields because of the lush habitat (lesser alfalfa weevil), and S. flavescens (yellow clover but have little eflfect on the crop, and many associated curculio) predators and parasites. Because of the perennial growth The clover root curculios eat small crescent-shaped habits of alfalfa, many pest and beneficial insect species notches on the edges of alfalfa and clover leaves. The of other crops ovenvinter or build up in alfalfa before larvae feed on the roots, pitting and scarring the surface. migrating to neighboring crops systems. They may also burrow into the root, but they do not Considerable laboratory and field data dealing with hollow out the center as the clover root borer does. If chemical, biological, and cultural methods of control of feeding is severe, the root may be almost girdled and the alfalfa insects are available. These data need to be closely plant may die during warm, dry weather. The curculios interpreted with respect to their implications for inte- feed primarily at night and are seldom found on the grated control and then applied in integrated pest man- plants during the day. and depth agement programs in the field. The breadth Clover root curculios winter mainly as larvae, but a of research on alfalfa insect control alfalfa produc- and fe^v may spend the winter as adults or eggs. Wintering tion in general sufficiently productive to imple- have been larvae feed on the roots in early spring and emerge in ment some programs no\v. the spring. The adults feed for a time in the late spring, facilitate To use of existing literature in developing become inactive during the summer, and feed again in pest systems, bibliographies of the pest management key the fall. They lay eggs throughout the fall, often as late species on alfalfa are being prepared for use by research- as mid-November. Eggs laid late in the season overwinter, ers. This bibliography on Sitona species (Coleoptera: but those laid earlier hatch and the larvae o\en\inter. Curculionidae) is the second in series concerning a If all eggs are not deposited in the fall, the adult over- alfalfa insects of importance. economic This and subse- winters and completes egg-laying in the spring. The quent bibliographies of arthropods associated alfalfa with sweetclover weevil hibernates in ground debris in and are part of an information storage and retrie\al system aroimd sweet clover fields. With the fiist warm weather, being compiled as one objective of the project US/IBP it begins to feed on the plants, notching the leaves no- entitled Principles, Strategies, Tactics of Pest "The and ticeably. The females lay eggs in the spring. The young Management Regulation and Control in the Alfalfa Eco- grub-like larvae feed in clover soils in late May, June, system." This infoimation system utilizes existing facilities and July. They pupate in late June and July, emerging and methodology Illinois employed by the University of as adults in July and August. The adults feed moderately Soybean Insect Research Center. and Information SIRIC in the fall prior to winter hibernation. has developed a set of computer programs for the IBM/ The weevils feed on the lan'ae of sweet clover plants, 360 at the University of Illinois which makes possible retarding the spring growth of established stands. Only the retrieval of literature citations associated with a sub- in rare instances are established stands killed, but wee\ils ject or combination of subjects. The bibliographies of will often consume an entire new seeding or seriously the key alfalfa pests, starting with Therioaphis maculata have been stored on magnetic tape and are retrievable nbcr 50 in the following bibliography. using the SIRIC system. The genus Sitona includes a large of species, number This paper, in the Biological Notes scries, is published with special funds. Dr. W. P. Morrison is a Post many of which are known to be injurious to leguminous Doctoral Fellow and Dr. B. C. Pass a Profp-ssor of Entomology at the University of Kentucky. M. P. N crops (Wildermuth 1910).^ In general, the lar\'ae are a Research Associate, Inlernalional Programs and Studies, University nois. Dr. E. J. Armbrust is an Associate Entomologist at the Illinois History Survey and Associate Professor of Agricultural Entomology, ' See reference number 570 in the following bibliography. Agricultural Experiment Station. :: reduce the stand. The damage is most noticeable in thin S)Tnbol #. The references are listed alphabetically by stands, but may also occur in heav7 stands. author(s) and numbered consecutively. A subject grid The following reference sources were used to compile table containing the reference numbers appears following the bibliography: Review of Applied Entomology, Bio- the numbered references. References are arranged accord- logical Abstracts, USDA Bibliography of Agriculture, ing to subject and period of publication. The table is Agricultural Index, and footnotes and literature cited in intended as a quick subject index to the references in the the references themselves. The bibliography includes all bibliography. More in-depth indexing was done for the references occurring in these sources and is as complete SIRIC system. as possible. There has been no screening of references Abbreviations and complete titles of the sources which and therefore, considering the European origin of most appear in the bibliographic entries are presented in a pest species, the bibliography includes numerous Euro- listing at the end of the paper. References to most re- pean publications. ports in the USD.\ Cooperative Economic Insect Report, All articles which were in the University of Kentucky USD.V Insect Pest Surrey Bulletin, and Canadian Insect and University of Illinois libraries were read and indexed Pest Review have not been included. from the publications themselves. Articles which were Mr. Ray Kotek worked in the organization of the files not available in the libraries or on inter-library loan were and provided general technical assistance, and O. F. indexed from the published abstract or title. These ar- Glissendorf edited the manuscript. Their collaboration ticles which have not been seen are designated by the is gratefully acknowledged. BIBLIOGRAPHY #1. Anonymous. 1918. Report on the occurrence of insect sites.] (English summar\- Gesunde Pflanz. 16f7):136- and fungus pests on plants in England and \Vales in the 140. illus. refs. year 1917. Misc. Publ. Bd. Agr. Fish. London 21. 32 p. Akf.sox, AV. R., G. L. Beland. F. .\. H.-\skins, and #2. 1920. Report the occurrence of insect on and H. J. CoRZ. 1969. Influence of developmental stage of fungus pests on plants in England and Wales, in the year Melilotus infesta leaves on resistance to feeding by the 1918. Fish. Intell. Plant Dis. Misc. Publ. Bd. Agr. Dep. sweetclover weevil. Crop Sci. 9(5) : 667-669. illus. refs. Br. London 23:5-15, 29-42. , , and G, R. MAXOLrrz. 1969. Nitrate 3. 1921/1922. Department of Entomology. Pur- as a deterrent to feeding bv the swcetclo\er \\ce\il. J. Sta. 35:28-31. illus. due Univ. Agr. Exp. Annu. Rep. i Econ. Entomol. 62(5 : 1169-1 172. illus. refs. #4. 1924. Report of the Institute of Plant Prolec- , H. J. GoRZ, and F. A. Haskins. 1969. Sweet- 1923-24. tion for (9th year.) Latvian Cent. Agr. Soc. clover weevil feeding stimulants: Isolation and identifi- 62 p. cation of glucose, fnictosc. and sucrose. Crop Sci. 9(6^ #5. 1925. Report of the Institute of Plant Protec- 810-812. iilus. refs. tion for 1924-1925. (In Latvian) Latvian Cent. .^s^r. Soc. and 1970. Swectciover illus.
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