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Planning Versus Fortification: Sangallo's Project for the Defence of Rome Simon Pepper
Fort Vol. 2 1976 Planning versus fortification: Sangallo's project for the defence of Rome Simon Pepper Since 1527, when Rome had been captured and sacked by the mutinous soldiers of Charles V, it had been clear that the defences of the Papal capital were hopelessly outdated. The walls of the Borgo (the Vatican precinct) were constructed during the pontificate of Leo IV (847-855): those of Trastevere and the left bank, enclosing by far the largest part of the city, dated from the reign of the Emperor Aurelian (AD270-75) [1]. Impressive both for their length and antiquity, these walls were poorly maintained and fundamentally unsuitable for defence against gunpowder artillery. In 1534 the Romans were once again forcefully reminded of their vulnerability when a large Turkish fleet moored off the Tiber estuary. Fortunately the hostile intentions of the Turks were directed elsewhere: after taking on fresh water they sailed north to raid the Tuscan coastline. But in the immediate aftermath of the Turkish scare the newly elected Paul III committed himself to an ambitious scheme of re-fortification. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, advised by many of the leading architects and soldiers employed by the Pope, was commissioned to submit design proposals [2]. Father Alberto Guglielmotti, the nineteenth-century historian of the Papal armed forces, tells us that Sangallo and his consultants decided to replace the Aurelian wall with a new line of works defending the developed areas on both banks of the river. The 18000 metre Aurelian circumfer- ence was to be reduced by half, a decision which is not difficult to understand when one glances at a contemporary map of the city. -
9781107013995 Index.Pdf
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01399-5 — Rome Rabun Taylor , Katherine Rinne , Spiro Kostof Index More Information INDEX abitato , 209 , 253 , 255 , 264 , 273 , 281 , 286 , 288 , cura(tor) aquarum (et Miniciae) , water 290 , 319 commission later merged with administration, ancient. See also Agrippa ; grain distribution authority, 40 , archives ; banishment and 47 , 97 , 113 , 115 , 116 – 17 , 124 . sequestration ; libraries ; maps ; See also Frontinus, Sextus Julius ; regions ( regiones ) ; taxes, tarif s, water supply ; aqueducts; etc. customs, and fees ; warehouses ; cura(tor) operum maximorum (commission of wharves monumental works), 162 Augustan reorganization of, 40 – 41 , cura(tor) riparum et alvei Tiberis (commission 47 – 48 of the Tiber), 51 censuses and public surveys, 19 , 24 , 82 , cura(tor) viarum (roads commission), 48 114 – 17 , 122 , 125 magistrates of the vici ( vicomagistri ), 48 , 91 codes, laws, and restrictions, 27 , 29 , 47 , Praetorian Prefect and Guard, 60 , 96 , 99 , 63 – 65 , 114 , 162 101 , 115 , 116 , 135 , 139 , 154 . See also against permanent theaters, 57 – 58 Castra Praetoria of burial, 37 , 117 – 20 , 128 , 154 , 187 urban prefect and prefecture, 76 , 116 , 124 , districts and boundaries, 41 , 45 , 49 , 135 , 139 , 163 , 166 , 171 67 – 69 , 116 , 128 . See also vigiles (i re brigade), 66 , 85 , 96 , 116 , pomerium ; regions ( regiones ) ; vici ; 122 , 124 Aurelian Wall ; Leonine Wall ; police and policing, 5 , 100 , 114 – 16 , 122 , wharves 144 , 171 grain, l our, or bread procurement and Severan reorganization of, 96 – 98 distribution, 27 , 89 , 96 – 100 , staf and minor oi cials, 48 , 91 , 116 , 126 , 175 , 215 102 , 115 , 117 , 124 , 166 , 171 , 177 , zones and zoning, 6 , 38 , 84 , 85 , 126 , 127 182 , 184 – 85 administration, medieval frumentationes , 46 , 97 charitable institutions, 158 , 169 , 179 – 87 , 191 , headquarters of administrative oi ces, 81 , 85 , 201 , 299 114 – 17 , 214 Church. -
Interpretation of the Function of the Obelisk of Augustus in Rome from Antique Texts to Present Time Virtual Reconstruction
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W11, 2019 GEORES 2019 – 2nd International Conference of Geomatics and Restoration, 8–10 May 2019, Milan, Italy INTERPRETATION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE OBELISK OF AUGUSTUS IN ROME FROM ANTIQUE TEXTS TO PRESENT TIME VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION M. Hiermanseder Hietzing Consult, Vienna, Austria - [email protected] KEY WORDS: Astronomy, Line of Meridian, Historical Texts, Archeology, Simulation, Virtual World Heritage ABSTRACT: About the astronomical use of the obelisk of Augustus on Campo Marzio in Rome, which has already been described by Pliny, well known astronomers and mathematicians like Euler, Marinoni or Poleni have given their expert opinion immediately after it's unearthing in 1748. With the prevailing opinion, based on a brief chapter in "Historia naturalis", it would constitute a line of meridian rather than a sundial, the question had been decided for more than 200 years. In 1976, however, the prominent German archeologist Edmund Buchner established once more the assumption, that the obelisk has been part of a gigantic sundial for the apotheosis of the emperor Augustus. Excavations of the German Archeological Institute in 1980/81, which brought to light parts of the inscriptions of the scale, were taken as a proof of his theory by Buchner. Since 1990 works by physicists and experts for chronometry like Schütz, Maes, Auber, et.al., established the interpretation as a line of meridian. Recent measurements and virtual reconstructions of the antique situation in 2013 provide valid evidence for this argument as well. The different approach to the problem mirrors the antagonism between interpretation of antique texts and the assessment of archeological findings in the light of far fledged historical hypotheses. -
Building in Early Medieval Rome, 500-1000 AD
BUILDING IN EARLY MEDIEVAL ROME, 500 - 1000 AD Robert Coates-Stephens PhD, Archaeology Institute of Archaeology, University College London ProQuest Number: 10017236 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017236 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The thesis concerns the organisation and typology of building construction in Rome during the period 500 - 1000 AD. Part 1 - the organisation - contains three chapters on: ( 1) the finance and administration of building; ( 2 ) the materials of construction; and (3) the workforce (including here architects and architectural tracts). Part 2 - the typology - again contains three chapters on: ( 1) ecclesiastical architecture; ( 2 ) fortifications and aqueducts; and (3) domestic architecture. Using textual sources from the period (papal registers, property deeds, technical tracts and historical works), archaeological data from the Renaissance to the present day, and much new archaeological survey-work carried out in Rome and the surrounding country, I have outlined a new model for the development of architecture in the period. This emphasises the periods directly preceding and succeeding the age of the so-called "Carolingian Renaissance", pointing out new evidence for the architectural activity in these supposed dark ages. -
Guidonia Citta Aero-Fu
GUIDONIA CITTA AERO-FU A RATIONALIST AND FASCIST COMPANY TOWN (1934-1938) JEAN-FRANCOIS LEJEUNE University of Miami notorious "Ascension Day's Speech" Mussolini defined new and radical objectives for the economic, social, and urbanistic reorganization of the Sational State. One of the main decisions was to limit the natural urban -growth and the uncontrolled geographic expansion of urban territories by re-equilibrating city and countryside. A major program the first I1eaisof the aeronautzcal retzz~alHe zi~ell of public works was initiated to restructure and modernize ctesel-1 ed to harle his tmrne be remembered for towns and countryside through the construction of post cerzturzes offices, train stations, roads and railways, and This tor1 12 appean 111 front oj us zi zth the tjpical representative buildings such as Case del Fascio. The aspect of Faaclst archztecture solid pleasant, a7zd reclamation of the Pontine Marshes and the foundation of industrial towns in Istria (Astria) and Sardinia (Fertilia and Carbonia) followed directly this line of ideological and o~lrcornrnde Calm Bin1 zi ho designed and l~z~ilt technical action.Aquote from Diane Ghirardo summarizes the clfl to his mzrizedzate collclhorators, and to all adequately the program of which Guidonia was also a the 11 orker,s part: .\of lo7zg ago I irzaug~~ratedAprilla, the fourth ~onz1ni17zeof the reclal~nedPorztirze reglo71 the %eestahlzshiizel~toj~Vez~~Tou ns i~~rcler~theairsp~tcs Tort IZ of the Earth (Cltt2 della terra1 Today I of rezlol~~tionaryFascistiz LL aspart of theprotnlae -
Qt7hq5t8mm.Pdf
UC Berkeley Room One Thousand Title Water's Pilgrimage in Rome Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hq5t8mm Journal Room One Thousand, 3(3) ISSN 2328-4161 Author Rinne, Katherine Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Katherine Rinne Illustration by Rebecca Sunter Water’s Pilgrimage in Rome “If I were called in To construct a religion I should make use of water.” From Philip Larkin, “Water,” 1964 Rome is one of the world’s most hallowed pilgrimage destinations. Each year, the Eternal City’s numinous qualities draw millions of devout Christians to undertake a pilgrimage there just as they have for nearly two millennia. Visiting the most venerable sites, culminating with St. Peter’s, the Mother Church of Catholicism, the processional journey often reinvigorates faith among believers. It is a cleansing experience for them, a reflective pause in their daily lives and yearly routines. Millions more arrive in Rome with more secular agendas. With equal zeal they set out on touristic, educational, gastronomic, and retail pilgrimages. Indeed, when in Rome, I dedicate at least a full and fervent day to “La Sacra Giornata di Acquistare le Scarpe,” the holy day of shoe shopping, when I visit each of my favorite stores like so many shrines along a sacred way. Although shoes are crucial to our narrative and to the completion of any pilgrimage conducted on Opposite: The Trevi Fountain, 2007. Photo by David Iliff; License: CC-BY-SA 3.0. 27 Katherine Rinne foot, our interest in this essay lies elsewhere, in rededicating Rome’s vital role as a city of reflective pilgrimage by divining water’s hidden course beneath our feet (in shoes, old or new) as it flows out to public fountains in an otherwise parched city. -
The Streets of Rome Walking Through the Streets of the Capital
Comune di Roma Tourism The streets of Rome Walking through the streets of the capital via dei coronari via giulia via condotti via sistina via del babuino via del portico d’ottavia via dei giubbonari via di campo marzio via dei cestari via dei falegnami/via dei delfini via di monserrato via del governo vecchio via margutta VIA DEI CORONARI as the first thoroughfare to be opened The road, whose fifteenth century charac- W in the medieval city by Pope Sixtus IV teristics have more or less been preserved, as part of preparations for the Great Jubi- passed through two areas adjoining the neigh- lee of 1475, built in order to ensure there bourhood: the “Scortecchiara”, where the was a direct link between the “Ponte” dis- tanners’ premises were to be found, and the trict and the Vatican. The building of the Imago pontis, so called as it included a well- road fell in with Sixtus’ broader plans to known sacred building. The area’s layout, transform the city so as to improve the completed between the fifteenth and six- streets linking the centre concentrated on teenth centuries, and its by now well-es- the Tiber’s left bank, meaning the old Camp tablished link to the city centre as home for Marzio (Campus Martius), with the northern some of its more prominent residents, many regions which had risen up on the other bank, of whose buildings with their painted and es- starting with St. Peter’s Basilica, the idea pecially designed facades look onto the road. being to channel the massive flow of pilgrims The path snaking between the charming and towards Ponte Sant’Angelo, the only ap- shady buildings of via dei Coronari, where proach to the Vatican at that time. -
The Creative Industry
THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY Regenerating industrial heritage in Rome Maria Nyström Degree project for Master of Science (Two Year) in Conservation 60 HEC Department of Conservation University of Gothenburg 2015:24 THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY Regenerating industrial heritage in Rome Maria Nyström Supervisors: Ola Wetterberg & Krister Olsson Degree project for Master of Science (Two Year) in Conservation 60 HEC Department of Conservation University of Gothenburg 2015 ISSN 1101-33 ISRN GU/KUV--15/24--SE Foreword The work with this master thesis was made possible due to a one-year scholarship at the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome. This experience allowed me to gain valuable insights into Italian society and access to relevant material. Staying for one year at the institute, I also benefited from the stimulating environment and discussions that were provided – and which came to shape this thesis. I would also like to thank my supervisors Ola Wetterberg and Krister Olsson for their help and support throughout the process of writing this thesis. UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG http://www.conservation.gu.se Department of Conservation Fax +46 31 7864703 P.O. Box 130 Tel +46 31 7864700 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Master’s Program in Conservation, 120 ects By: Maria Nyström Supervisors: Ola Wetterberg & Krister Olsson The Creative Industry: Regenerating industrial heritage in Rome ABSTRACT Former industries are increasingly being reinterpreted for cultural uses despite sometimes having an ambiguous past. The slaughterhouse in Testaccio, Rome, has since its’ closing in 1975 been the object of various kinds of plans and uses by a number of actors with different interests. -
Via Del Corso La Chiesa Di Santa Maria Di Montesanto RICERCA
Roma- Rione IV Campo Marzio Piazza del Popolo - via del Babuino – via del Corso La Chiesa di Santa Maria di Montesanto RICERCA STORICO ARTISTICA Roma - Rione IV Campo Marzio Piazza del Popolo - via del Babuino – via del Corso La Chiesa di Santa Maria di Montesanto PIANTA DELLA CHIESA DI SANTA MARIA IN MONTESANTO Sulla origine del toponimo “ del popolo “ diverse le spiegazioni. Tra queste quella che il termine derivi dal latino populus in riferimento ad un boschetto di pioppi ed altra che assegna in popolo il significato di parrocchia ed altra ancora che rimanda alla leggenda che narrava dell'esistenza alle falde del Pincio di un noce sotto il quale era sepolto Nerone il cui spettro infastidiva assieme a demoni e streghe i romani. Questi e ed il papa Pasquale II decisero di abbattere l'albero e di gettare le ceneri dell'imperatore nel fiume Tevere. Sul luogo dell'albero fu edificata la cappellina nucleo originario della chiesa di S. Maria che fu quindi costruita a spese del popolo romano da cui la denominazione della chiesa di Santa Maria del Popolo e poi della piazza. Prima della costruzione della chiesa la piazza era detta del trullo da una fontana di questa forma che vi era posta in mezzo. La nascita della piazza coincide con la costruzione delle mura aureliane e della relativa porta Flaminia: fu allora che l'estrema propaggine del Campo Marzio posta tra il Tevere e le pendici del Pincio e attraversata dal primo tratto della via Flaminia venne a far parte della città. Il tridente era già esistente in periodo classico anche se non ancora regolarizzato. -
A Hundred Churches in Rome. an Archival Photogrammetric Project
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019 27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain “CENTOCHIESE”: A HUNDRED CHURCHES IN ROME. AN ARCHIVAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROJECT G. Fangi *1, C.Nardinocchi 2, G.Rubeca 2 1Ancona, Italia - [email protected] 2 DICEA, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Roma, [email protected], [email protected] Commission II, WG II/8 KEY WORDS: Documentation, Churches, Data Base, Panorama, Spherical Photogrammetry ABSTRACT: Rome is the city where two different cultures have found their greatest architectural achievement, the Latin civilization and the Christian civilization. It is for this reason that in Rome there is the greatest concentration in the world of Roman buildings, monuments and Christian buildings and churches. Rome is the seat of the papacy; say the head of the Christian Church. Every religious order, every Christian nation has created its own headquarters in Rome, the most representative possible, as beautiful, magnificent as possible. The best artists, painters, sculptors, architects, have been called to Rome to create their masterpieces.This study describes the photogrammetric documentation of selected noteworthy churches in Rome. Spherical Photogrammetry is the technique used. The survey is limited to the facades only, being a very significant part of the monument and since no permission is necessary. In certain cases, also the church interior was documented. A total of 170 Churches were surveyed. The statistics that one can derive from such a large number is particularly meaningful. Rome is the ideal place to collect the largest possible number of such cases. -
The Original Documents Are Located in Box 16, Folder “6/3/75 - Rome” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 16, folder “6/3/75 - Rome” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 16 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library 792 F TO C TATE WA HOC 1233 1 °"'I:::: N ,, I 0 II N ' I . ... ROME 7 480 PA S Ml TE HOUSE l'O, MS • · !? ENFELD E. • lt6~2: AO • E ~4SSIFY 11111~ TA, : ~ IP CFO D, GERALD R~) SJ 1 C I P E 10 NTIA~ VISIT REF& BRU SE 4532 UI INAl.E PAL.ACE U I A PA' ACE, TME FFtCIA~ RESIDENCE OF THE PR!S%D~NT !TA y, T ND 0 1 TH HIGHEST OF THE SEVEN HtL.~S OF ~OME, A CTENT OMA TtM , TH TEMPLES OF QUIRl US AND TME s E E ~oc T 0 ON THIS SITE. I THE CE TER OF THE PR!SENT QU?RINA~ IAZZA OR QUARE A~E ROMAN STATUES OF C~STOR .... -
P-AIR Magyarország Kft
P-AIR Magyarország Kft Barcelona Belgrad Bruksela Budapeszt Bukareszt Cluj-Napoca Eindhoven Gdańsk Katowice Kraków Liverpool Londyn Madryt Mediolan Paryż Praga Rzym Sofia Targu Mures Warszawie Wenecja Wilno Informacje z transferu Usługa zamówiona przez Ciebie jest typu "shared shuttle"; tym samym autobusem przewozimy innych pasażerów, z innych adresów. Przewóz zostanie potwierdzony dopiero po podaniu przez pasażera adresu wsiadania/wysiadania. Usługa ta umożliwia wyłącznie przewóz pomiędzy lotniskiem Rzym Ciampino (CIA) a dowolnym miejscem w obrębie miasta Rzym. Na lotnisku Ciampino nasz kierowca oczekuje w głównego budynku Terminala. Zaraz po załatwieniu odprawy przylotowej przejdź niezwłocznie na punkt spotkania. W Rzymie kierowca będzie oczekiwać przed recepcją hotelu, w przypadku adresu prywatnego przed domem. Bądź gotowy do drogi na 15 minut przed wyznaczonym czasem odjazdu, w mieście kierowca może przyjechać po Ciebie 15 minut wcześniej lub później w stosunku do podanej poniżej godziny. Jeżeli zmieniasz termin podróży z Wizzair, prześlij nam nowe dane dotyczące podróży najpóźniej na dwa dni robocze przez dotychczasowym i nowym terminem, ponieważ zmiany nie dokonujemy automatycznie. Jeżeli zrezygnujesz z transferu, możesz to uczynić zgodnie z warunkami umowy przewozu, to znaczy musisz nawiązać z nami kontakt, na, co najmniej dwa dni robocze przed podróżą. Nie mamy możliwości zwrotu pieniędzy za transfer, jednakże w ciągu jednego roku możesz wykorzystać bilet na transfer lub przekazać go komuś innemu. Jeżeli lot został odwołany, zgłoś