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Experiences in The[Development ST/ESA/120 Department of Technical Co-operation for Development Natural Resources/Water Series No. 10 EXPERIENCES IN THE [DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RIVER AND LAKE BASINS Proceedings of the United Nations Interregional Meeting of International River Organizations Dakar, Senegal 5-14 May 1981 United Nations New York, 1983 PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL RIVERS: THE NILE Ministry of Irrigation, Egypt Planning the development and utilization of water resources of international rivers is an undertaking of major importance. Egypt is one of the pioneer countries, with wide experience in this field, since life in Egypt has, for centuries been based totally on agriculture irrigated by the waters of the River Nile. The hydrological regime of the Nile has been studied for more than 1,000 years. Egypt, which lies in the downstream area of the Nile basin, signed the first Nile Water Agreement with the Sudan in 1929 with a view to developing jointly the beneficial potential of the river. Prior to the Aswan High Darn project, in 1959, another agreement was concluded by Egypt and the Sudan concerning the full utilization of the Nile waters. Negotiations are now under way between the nine Nile countries in order to establish a joint commission for achieving the rational utilization and development of the Nile for the benefit of all the States. In Egypt, projects and studies have been started to develop this water resource and improve methods of irrigation. A. The River Nile as an internaticnal river The River Nile is considered the second of the world in length, 6,699 kilometres; its southern source starts at latitude 4* south, and empties into the Mediterranean Sea at latitude 31* north. The river basin extends over the north-eastern corner of Africa and has an area of about 2.9 million square kilometres, covering parts of the land of nine countries, namely, Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Zaire. Throughout this wide area, climate, vegetation, animal life, peoples, cultures, features and religions are diverse. The Nile receives waters from two main sources: (a) the equatorial lakes plateau; and (b) the Ethiopian plateau. In the equatorial lakes plateau, water is collected from the basins of Lakes Victoria, Kioga, Albert, Edward and George, constituting the Albert Nile - having an average annual discharge of 26.5 billion m . Starting from Niraule at the southern boundary of Sudan, the Albert Nile changes its name to Bahr El Gebel. Trie Bahr El Gebel gains about 4.8 billion m^ annually in its southern part from many torrents, and its annual average discharge reaches about 30 billion nH at Mongalla. The Bahr El Gebel then passes from north of Mongalla throughout a swampy and sudd region, where it loses about 50 per cent of its discharge: only 15 billion m-^ annually arrives at its confluence with the White Nile. Moreover, the White Nile gets some of its water from the basin of Bahr El Gazal whose catchment area is 526,000 km^. Nevertheless, most of the water 2 collected from this basin is lost in the swampy area of 40,000 km near its end to the west of Lake No. Trie average annual total discharge from the main tributaries of Bahr El Gazal, before the swampy area is reached is 15 billion irr; but only 0.5 billion mJ reaches from it to the White Nile. -293- From the Ethiopian plateau, the river gets its water from its main tributaries; the Sobat River, the.Blue Nile and the Atbara River. The average annual inflow from the Sobat River is 13.5 billion m , of which 2.8 billion from its southern branch, the Pibor River, and 9.2 billion from its other main branch, the Baro River at its outlet in the Sobat, while its discharge is 13.0 billion m at Gambeila in Ethiopia. This shows the high losses in this reach of the Baro River due to evaporation from the swampy areas and overspilling from channel sides, especially from its northern side, which results in a spread of a huge quantity of water lost in the area of the Machar Marshes. Another discharge of about 2.8 billion m3 flowing from the eastern khors, fed from the Ethiopian plateau, is annually lost in the Machar Marshes. The Blue Nile has its source at Lake Tana in the Ethiopian plateau, having an average discharge at its outlet of 2.8 billion m3 annually. Many tributaries then flow into trie Blue Nile, increasing its discharge at Roseires to 50 billion m3 annually and at Khartoum to 54 billion m3 annually. The Blue Nile constitutes the main source of the Nile flood waters, along with the Atbara River, and has played the major role in producing the delta from flood silt deposited throughout many centuries. The Atbara River, also fed from the Ethiopian mountains near Lake Tana, adds to the annual flow of the Nile about 12 billion m3. In sum, the average annual natural discharge of the Nile, deriving from its different sources, is about 84 billion m3. E. The Agreenent between Egypt and the Sudan for the Corrplete Utilization of the Nile Waters 1/ The main elements of the agreement concluded between Egypt and the Sudan in 1959 can be summarized as follows: (a) The Nile waters used by Egypt prior to the signing of the agreement, calculated at 48 billion m3 annually at Aswan, were regarded as her acquired right. The acquired right of the Sudan was 4 billion m3 annually, as measured at Aswan; (b) in order to regulate the river waters and control their flow into the sea, the two States agreed that Egypt should construct the Aswan High Dam as the first link in a series of projects on the Nile for long-term storage; (c) In order to enable the Sudan to utilize her share of water, the two States agreed that the Sudan should construct the Roseires Dam on the Blue Nile; (d) The net benefit from the Aswan High Dan Reservoir was calculated on the basis of the average natural river yield of water at Aswan, estimated at 84 billion m3 annually. From this the total acquired rights of the two States (52 billion m3), and the average losses due to long-term storage of the Aswan High Dam are subtracted. The net benefit (22 billion m3) is divided between the two States at the ratio of 14.5 billion m3 for the Sudan and 7.5 billion m3 for Egypt. These shares are added to their acquired rights. Any yield in excess of the average natural river yield is equally divided between the two States; -294- (e) Egypt agreed to pay to the Sudan 15 million Egyptian pounds as full compensation for damage resulting to Sudanese existing properties as a result of the storage in the Aswan High Dam Reservoir; (f) The Sudan agreed to construct projects for increase of the river yield by preventing water losses in the swamps of Bahr El Gebel, Bahr El Zeraf, Bahr El Gazal and its tributaries, the Sobat River and its tributaries, and the White Nile basin. The net yield of these projects and their total costs v/ould be equally divided between the two States; (g_) In order to ensure technical co-operation between the two States, to continue the research and study necessary for control projects on the River Nile and increase of its yield, and to continue the hydrological survey of its upper reaches, the two States agreed to form a Permanent Joint Technical Commission composed of an equal number of members from both parties. Its functions include the drawing up of basic outlines of projects for increase of Nile yield, supervising the execution of the projects approved by the two States, and devising a fair arrangement for the two States to follow in conditions of low river flows; (h) The two States agreed to discuss any claim by other riparian countries. If any amount of the Nile waters should be allocated to any of these riparian countries, this amount would be equally deducted from their water shares. C. The proposed Nile Basin Commission In order to attain the best possible co-operation between the nine riparian Nile countries for the adequate development, control and management of this important resource, and based on the recommendations adopted by the United Nations Water Conference convened at Mar del Plata, Argentina, in March 1977, talks and negotiations are now under way between the Nile countries for the purpose of establishing a Nile Basin Commission, composed of one representative from each of the member countries (Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Zaire). It is proposed that the objectives of the Commission be: (a) To assist the member States of the Nile basin in co-operating in the rational planning of conservation, allocation and development of the water resources of the whole Nile basin; (b) To conduct hydrological and hydrometeorological studies of the River Nile, its tributaries, and their respective catchment areas, and operate the existing hydrological and hydrometeorological networks; (c) To establish data banks and make arrangements for systematic collection, processing, analysis, and periodic publication in an agreed format at specified intervals of time of hydrological and hydrometeorological data; also to assess periodically surface-water resources and forecast floods and drought; (d) To sponsor studies pertinent to the conservation of the Nile waters with a view to minimizing losses and increasing the yield of the basin; -295- (e) To sponsor studies on Nile control with a view to ensuring the best use of the~Nile waters in the interest of all riparian countries; (f) To devise working arrangements for the dams, barrages, and control works constructed in the basin with
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