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A Review of Host Plants of Callipogon (Eoxenus) Relictus Semenov

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A Review of Host Plants of Callipogon (Eoxenus) Relictus Semenov Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22 (2019) 353–358 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jape Short communication A review of host plants of Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus Semenov (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae), a Korea natural monument, with a new host, T Quercus aliena Blume ⁎ Seung-Gyu Leea, Cheolhak Kimb, Ik-Je Choic, Alexander V. Kuprind, Jongok Lima, a Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Republic of Korea b Institution of Biological Resources, Osang K-insect, Yesan 32426, Republic of Korea c Division of Eco-friendly Agriculture, Division of Agriculture and Stockbreeding Distribution Bureau, Governor of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Pungsan, Andong, Gyeongbuk Province, Republic of Korea d Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok-22, 690022, Russia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: A comprehensive checklist identifying host plants of phytophagous insects are essential in protecting forest Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus ecosystems from major insect pests. We investigated host plants of Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus Semenov Gwangneung forest (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae), an insect categorized as a natural monument in South Korea. Field Host plants surveys in Gwangneung forest led us to newly recognize the oriental white oak, Quercus aliena Blume (Fagaceae), Natural monument as a host plant of C. (E.) relictus. Based on this result and a literature search, we provide an updated list of host Quercus aliena plants of C. (E.) relictus in the present study. In addition, we also discussed about microorganisms (mushrooms) and habitats in Gwangneung forest (South Korea) and Ussurisky Nature Reserve (Russia) that are relevant to C. (E.) relictus. Introduction Vlasak, 2014; Doychev et al., 2017; Monné, 2017). In South Korea, Lim et al. (2014) presented 170 host plants for 181 cerambycid species. Commonly known as longhorn or timber beetles (Machado et al., The genus Callipogon includes eight species in four subgenera with 2012), the phytophagous family Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) comprises an interesting disjunct distribution in the Neotropical and West 35,000 species worldwide (Monné et al., 2009). Although some feed on Palearctic regions (Li et al., 2012; Monné, 2017). Seven species (re- herbaceous growths, members of the family generally attack arbor- presenting three subgenera) are known to occur in South America escent plants, including each species restricted to a single tree species or (Monné, 2017). The last one is C. (Eoxenus) relictus Semenov, the largest genus (Craighead, 1923). As wood borers, the cerambycids are some of beetle in the Palearctic region (Byun et al., 2007) and the only re- the most ecologically and economically relevant insects in the world, presentative of the genus Callipogon in East Asia (Bezborodov, 2016). given their ability to damage timber already in service, as well as ser- This distribution could serve as a part of the evidence supporting the iously debilitate or kill commercially valuable trees and shrubs (Linsley, Bering land bridge theory, i.e., a terrestrial connection between Eastern 1959; Web, 1987). Palearctic and Western Nearctic regions during the early Cenozoic (An, Subfamily Prioninae have been known as a primitive group and 2010; Bezborodov, 2016). primarily consists of borers that feed on rotten wood or roots (Wang In South Korea, where the beetle is designated as a Korean natural et al., 2014). monument (No. 218), C. (E.) relictus was first recorded as Macrotoma Measures to protect forest ecosystems against phytophagous insect (Bandar) fisheri Waterhouse (Saito, 1932) without a detailed collection pests must involve generating an up-to-date checklist affected host locality, and Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold and Zucc.) Blume (Betulaceae) plants of the pests. The life cycle and host information of Cerambycidae was newly reported as its host plant of C. (E.) relictus (Murayama, 1936) are particularly important, given their high destructive potential. in Gwangneung forest. However, the population of C. (E.) relictus has Recently, many checklists of cerambycids and new records of host not been fully investigated, because considerable effort is required for plants have been published from the world (Machado et al., 2012; its isolation and identification of this species living heartwood. ⁎ Corresponding author at: Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi province 11186, Republic of Korea E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Lim). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2019.01.016 Received 2 April 2018; Received in revised form 19 October 2018; Accepted 30 January 2019 Available online 01 February 2019 1226-8615/ © 2019 Korean Society of Applied Entomology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. S.-G. Lee et al. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22 (2019) 353–358 Table 1 Host plants of Callipogon relictus Semenov (*, new record; †, species distributed in Gwangneung forest) (A, Murayama, 1936;B,Cho, 1959;C,Cho, 1959;D,Ko, 1969; E, Kim et al., 1976;F,Kim, 1977;G,Lee, 1987;H,Cherepanov, 1988;I,Chung et al., 1995;J,Wang, 2003;K,Ministry of Environment, 2007;L,Shin et al., 2007;M, Kuprin and Bezborodov, 2012;N,Li et al., 2012;O,Lim et al., 2013;P,Kuprin et al., 2014;Q,Yi et al., 2018; PS, present study). No. Host plant Literatures for each country Family Scientific name S. Korea China Russia 1 Aceraceae Acer mandshuricum Maxim. H, K, M, P 2 Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae mono Maxim. N 3 Betulaceae Betula costata Trautv. K, M, P 4 Betula spp. J 5 Carpinus cordata Blume† K, PS 6 C. laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume† A, C, D, E, I, K, L, O, PS K 7 Carpinus spp. G, PS 8 Fagaceae Quercus aliena Blume*,† PS (new host) 9 Q. mongolica Fisch.† C, D, E, F, I, K, L B, K H, K, M, P 10 Q. wutaishanica Mayr N 11 Quercus spp. G, PS J 12 Salicaceae Chosenia arbutifolia (Pall.) A. Skvorts. M, P 13 Populus maximowiczii A. Henry H, K, M, P, Q 14 Salix caprea L.† M 15 S. schwerinii E. Wolf. M 16 Tiliaceae Tilia amurensis Rupr.† H, K, M, P 17 Ulmaceae Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. E, K K H, K, M, P 18 F. rhynchophylla Hance† E, F, I, K, L N 19 Fraxinus spp. G J 20 Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai† KK,P,Q 21 U. laciniata (Trautv.) N 22 U. propinqua Koidz H 23 Ulmus spp. G 7 families 11 genera 17 species 7 (species level) 6 (species level) 10 (species level) Furthermore, its life cycle spans 2–6 years (Kim et al., 1976; Wang, 2003; Li et al., 2012), requiring long-term study. The aim of the present study is to review recorded host plants of C. (E.) relictus and investigate the possibility of novel hosts in South Korea. Through field surveys, we identified one new host of the species and provided fundamental biological data on C. (E.) relictus, including its association with the surrounding habitat. This information should prove its benefit for efforts to restore or re-introduce certain trees into natural habitats. Materials and methods Literature survey We reviewed 17 references (Murayama, 1936; Chen et al., 1959; Cho, 1959; Ko, 1969; Kim et al., 1976; Kim, 1977; Lee, 1987; Cherepanov, 1988; Chung et al., 1995; Wang, 2003; Ministry of Environment, 2007; Shin et al., 2007; Kuprin and Bezborodov, 2012; Li et al., 2012; Lim et al., 2013; Kuprin et al., 2014; Yi et al., 2018) di- rectly related to host plants of Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus. The studies spanned Korea (10 references), China (three references), and far eastern Russia (four references). Scientific names of host plants follow the “Korean Plant Names Index” (Nature). Field study in Gwangneung forest, Korea From early April to late August since 2006, we performed annual surveys of Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus habitats and ecological char- acters (including occurrence and host plants) in Gwangneung forest (2526.5 ha). In 2010, this site was designated as the fourth UNESCO biosphere reserve of South Korea, owing to the fact that it is a re- presentative old-growth forest protected since the 15th century (Cho Figs. 1–3. A new host plant, Quercus aliena in Gwangneung forest, South Korea. et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2016). 1, dead tree; 2, exit hole on the tree; 3, broken trunk of the tree. Located in the central Korean peninsula (37°42′36″–47′41″ N, 127°8′20″–11′58″ E; 40–620 m above sea level), the region is classified as a cool temperature forest. Mean annual precipitation and 354 S.-G. Lee et al. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22 (2019) 353–358 Figs. 4–7. Biological photographs related with Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus. 4, splitting the tree; 5, pupal chamber in the tree; 6–7, larva and the gallery. Figs. 8–9. Biological photographs related with Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus. 8, Cross-sectional plane of the host tree; 9, female exuvium. Figs. 10–11. Carpinus laxiflora and Fomes fomentarius in Gwangneung forest. 9, Carpinus laxiflora infected with Fomes fomentarius; 10, Fomes fomentarius infecting Carpinus laxiflora. 355 S.-G. Lee et al. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22 (2019) 353–358 Figs. 12–15. Various fungi infecting host plants in Ussurisky nature reserve, Russia. 12, Pleurotus sp.; 13–14, Fomes sp.; 15, Dacrymyces sp. temperature are 1417.9 mm and 11.7 °C, respectively (Lee et al., 2016). China. Approximately 942 vascular plant taxa and 3966 insect species have In this study, we treated Populus suaveolens Fisch. (Salicaceae) from been recorded in the forest (Cho et al., 2012), or 20% of all known plant Russia (Kuprin and Bezborodov, 2012; Kuprin et al., 2014)asP. max- species in South Korea (4400 taxa; Cho et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2016) imowiczii A. Henry because the former is a junior synonym of the latter.
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