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Redalyc.Escarabajos Longicornios (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)De Colombia

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Redalyc.Escarabajos Longicornios (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)De Colombia Biota Colombiana ISSN: 0124-5376 [email protected] Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Colombia Martínez, Claudia Escarabajos Longicornios (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)de Colombia Biota Colombiana, vol. 1, núm. 1, 2000, pp. 76-105 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49110104 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Biota Colombiana 1 (1) 76 - 105, 2000 Escarabajos Longicornios (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) de Colombia Claudia Martínez A.A.: 77038 Santafé de Bogotá 2 D.C.- Colombia. [email protected] Palabras clave: Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, Colombia. Los escarabajos longicornios de la familia ralmente a ciertos grupos de géneros), y por lo tanto, pue- Cerambycidae (Polyphaga: Chrysomeloidea) constituyen den ser excelentes indicadores del estado de conservación uno de los grupos más grandes de Coleoptera, con aproxi- de un ecosistema (Hovore 1998). madamente 35.000 especies en el mundo (Minelli 1993). En general, los cerambícidos se reconocen por sus tarsos Importancia económica pseudopentámeros, presencia de tubérculos antenales y antenas con una longitud que va desde un cuarto hasta 2 y Ecológicamente los cerambícidos son muy importantes en 3 veces el largo del cuerpo. La familia más cercana es la de el proceso de la circulación de los minerales hacia el suelo, los escarabajos de las hojas, Chrysomelidae, que carecen dado que, al igual que la mayoría de escarabajos de tubérculos antenales y antenas largas. barrenadores de madera, propician las condiciones para la invasión de hongos que la descomponen; sin embargo, Biología representan una plaga potencial para cultivos tanto de pro- ductos agrícolas como de árboles maderables, en estos úl- Los longicornios comprenden especies fitófagas, con am- timos, ocasionan daño considerable a los trozos recién cor- plio espectro de fuentes de alimentación, principalmente tados y productos de la madera (Coulson & Witter 1990); la madera viva o muerta, semillas y raíces. El tamaño de los mayoría de los adultos cerambícidos ejercen su acción ba- adultos es variable, entre 2 mm (Cyrtinus) y 180 mm (Titanus) rrenando el floema y la madera, es decir, se alimentan u (Monné & Giesbert 1993). La mayoría de los individuos ovipositan en la corteza de ramas pequeñas o troncos da- son de forma alargada con coloraciones y ornamentaciones ñándolos; las larvas se alimentan de la corteza interna vistosas; viven en todos los lugares donde exista vegeta- (floema y la superficie adyacente a la madera), perforándola ción leñosa. Muchas especies exhiben mimetismo con otros para formar galerías dentro de ella (Coulson & Witter 1990). insectos o hacen parte de complejos miméticos (Linsley En el país hay registros de especies que afectan cultivos de 1961). aguacate, anonáceas, cacao, cítricos y vid entre otros (Po- sada 1970, 1989). La mayoría de las larvas de los Cerambycidae perforan la madera de los árboles, pero algunas están confinadas a las Sistemática y Filogenia raíces o a la médula de las plantas herbáceas. La mayoría de las especies afectan los árboles muertos o en putrefacción; Existe literatura asociada a descripciones de taxones, revi- algunas seleccionan la madera húmeda y otras la madera siones genéricas y trabajos de integración al nivel tribal seca. Ciertas especies perforan la corteza o se adentran en (e.g. Galileo 1987a, 1987b). Sin embargo, hay muchos pro- la savia o la médula de los árboles vivos (Richards 1983). A blemas taxonómicos debido al tamaño de la familia y las diferencia de las termitas, que digieren la celulosa con ayu- continuas descripciones de géneros y especies. Martins da de simbiontes digestores, los cerambícidos digieren la (1997a, 1998) ha iniciado la edición de una serie de madera directamente y han desarrollado mecanismos para monografías que abarcan todas las tribus, géneros y espe- hacer frente a la química variada de la mayoría de los árbo- cies de Sudamérica. Recientemente se publicó el primer tra- les del bosque. Estos insectos se encuentran estrechamente bajo que intenta esclarecer las relaciones filogenéticas den- asociados a ciertos elementos florales específicos (gene- tro de la familia Cerambycidae (Napp 1994). En éste, con base en la evaluación de caracteres larvarios y de adulto, desfasada en número de especies y validez de varias cate- Napp separa a Disteniidae de Cerambycidae y propone para gorías supraespecíficas; en ella el autor cita para Colombia ésta última ocho subfamilias: Anoplodermatinae, 341 especies en 3 subfamilias y 56 tribus así: Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylinae, Lepturinae, Aseminae, Cerambycinae y Lamiinae. Prioninae: 6 tribus y 35 especies Cerambycinae: 30 tribus y 159 especies Cerambycidae en la región Neotropical Lamiinae: 20 tribus y 147 especies Los longicornios constituyen un grupo de distribución Monné (1993b-1995e), en su catálogo de especies de amplia en la región Neotropical. Las especies se distribu- cerambícidos para el Hemisferio Occidental, cita 539 espe- yen desde el nivel del mar hasta los 4000 m y desde zonas cies para Colombia. Al resumen de la información actual secas hasta bastante húmedas. Winkler (1965) estima más para el país (Cuadro 1 y 2), igual que para el listado de de 16.000 especies en el mundo; para América Central y especies, se suman a los datos de Monné, las especies de Sudamérica Blackwelder (1946) cita cerca de 5000 especies. probable presencia en el país (55 spp, distribuidas desde Recientemente se publicó el catálogo para el Hemisferio Centroamérica hasta Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú y/o Brasil); Occidental (Monné 1993b-1995e), así como la lista de che- también, información publicada posteriormente por auto- queo para la fauna americana (Monné & Gisbert 1993) en res como Martins, Galileo y Napp entre otros y finalmente, donde se incluyen alrededor de 8700 especies y subespecies información geográfica basada en el examen de material de descritas en cerca de 1500 géneros. los museos más representativos del país (ICN-MHN, IAvH y UNCM). En total existen 5 subfamilias, 59 tribus, 321 gé- Cerambycidae en Colombia neros y 694 especies hasta ahora conocidas en Colombia. Cerca de 50 taxa (primeros registros y especies nuevas), De Colombia se conocen 5 subfamilias: Parandrinae, serán publicados por Ubirajara Martins y Maria Helena Prioninae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae y Lamiinae. Tradicio- Galileo, así el número de especies se elevaría a 750 spp nalmente, la única fuente de información que se tenía sobre aproximadamente. los taxones en el país era Blackwelder (1946), fuente ya The Long-Horned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of Colombia Claudia Martínez Key words: Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, Colombia The Cerambycidae (Polyphaga: Chrysomeloidea), or brightly colored, and conspicuously ornamented. They Long-Horned Beetles, is one of the largest Coleopteran live wherever there is woody vegetation. Many species families, with aproximately 35,000 species worldwide mimic other insects or are part of mimetic complexes (Minelli 1993). They are generally characterized by their (Linsley 1961). pseudopentamerous tarsi, the presence of antennal tubercles, and long antennae that range from one quarter Most of the longicorn larvae bore timber, but some are to two or three times the length of the body. The most confined to the roots or to the pith of herbaceous plants. closely-related family, the Chrysomelidae, or Leaf Beetles, Most species fed on dead or rotting trees; some species lacks antennal tubercles and long antennae. choose wet wood, other dry wood. Some species perforate the bark and gain access to the sap or heartwood of li- Biology ving trees (Richards 1983). Unlike termites, which are able to metabolize cellulose only with the aid of intesti- The Long-Horned Beetles are phytophagous, with a wide nal symbionts, the cerambycids digest wood directly and, specturm of food sources that consist for the most part of as a family, have developed enzymatic mechanisms capable living or dead wood, seeds and roots. Adult size is varia- of addressing the varied chemistry of nearly all woody ble, from 2 mm (Cyrtinus) to 180 mm (Titanus) (Monné & plants. On a generic and specific level, the tight Giesbert 1993). The majority are elongated in shape, associations typical of cerambycids with the plant species 7 8 - Escarabajos Longicornios de Colombia MartínezMartínez they use can make them excellent indicators of overall Neotropics, occurring from sea level up to 4000 m and ecosystem conservation (Hovore 1998). from dry to wet areas. Winkler (1965) estimated more than 16,000 species for the world; Blackwelder (1946) Economic Importance calculated about 5000 species for Central and South America. A catalogue for the Western Hemisphere has Ecologically the cerambycids are important in mineral recently been published (Monné 1993b-1995e), as well recycling processes, because these insects, as the majority as a checklist for the American fauna (Monné & Gisbert of the timber beetles, bore the wood and promote the 1993), which includes about 8700 described species and invasion of fungi and other decomposers. Also, some are subspecies in 1500 genera. potential economic pests of agricultural goods and timber, in the latter can cause
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