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The Antarctic Treaty System And
The Antarctic Treaty System and Law During the first half of the 20th century a series of territorial claims were made to parts of Antarctica, including New Zealand's claim to the Ross Dependency in 1923. These claims created significant international political tension over Antarctica which was compounded by military activities in the region by several nations during the Second World War. These tensions were eased by the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58, the first substantial multi-national programme of scientific research in Antarctica. The IGY was pivotal not only in recognising the scientific value of Antarctica, but also in promoting co- operation among nations active in the region. The outstanding success of the IGY led to a series of negotiations to find a solution to the political disputes surrounding the continent. The outcome to these negotiations was the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic Treaty The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve nations that had been active during the IGY (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR). It entered into force on 23 June 1961. The Treaty, which applies to all land and ice-shelves south of 60° South latitude, is remarkably short for an international agreement – just 14 articles long. The twelve nations that adopted the Treaty in 1959 recognised that "it is in the interests of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord". -
SUB-COMMITTEE on SHIP DESIGN and EQUIPMENT 54Th Session
E SUB-COMMITTEE ON SHIP DESIGN AND DE 54/INF.2 EQUIPMENT 14 June 2010 54th session ENGLISH ONLY Agenda item 13 DEVELOPMENT OF A MANDATORY CODE FOR SHIPS OPERATING IN POLAR WATERS A tiered risk assessment approach to polar operations safety and the mandatory Polar Code Submitted by CLIA SUMMARY Executive summary: As a consultant to CLIA on the matter of Polar safety and operations, the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) commissioned Safety at Sea Ltd. (SaS) to undertake an initial risk assessment study of SOLAS passenger vessels operating in Antarctic waters. This preliminary study is aimed at supporting passenger ship operators in the development of a Tiered Risk Assessment approach that can be used in the development and application of a mandatory Polar Code and/or as a framework for voyage planning and risk assessment. Strategic direction: 5.2 High-level action: 5.2.1 Planned output: 5.2.1.2 Action to be taken: Paragraph 8 Related document: DE 53/26, section 18 Background 1 The Sub-Committee will recall that CLIA and the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO) presented an overview of a tiered risk assessment approach to a polar operations safety and the mandatory Polar Code at DE 53. CLIA was asked to kindly make the full report of the study available upon its completion. 2 The Risk Assessment Study, prepared by Safety At Sea Ltd. has been finalized and is attached for consideration. I:\DE\54\INF-2.doc DE 54/INF.2 Page 2 Overview 3 The study consisted of a review of: current activities of passenger ship-based tourism within the Antarctic (IAATO context); the work of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Intersessional Contact Group (ATCM ICG) on issues concerning passenger ships operating in Antarctic waters; as well as documents and discussion pertaining to the development and adoption of Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). -
Aurora Australis (Icebreaker) Featured Content from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Current Events Aurora Australis Is an Australian Icebreaker
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Amending our Terms of Use: Please comment on a proposed amendment regarding undisclosed paid editing. Main page Contents Aurora Australis (icebreaker) Featured content From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Current events Aurora Australis is an Australian icebreaker. Built by Carrington Slipways and Random article launched in 1989, the vessel is owned by P&O Maritime Services, but is regularly Donate to Wikipedia chartered by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) for research cruises in Wikimedia Shop Antarctic waters and to support Australian bases in Antarctica. Interaction Help Contents [hide] About Wikipedia 1 Design and construction Community portal 2 Operations Recent changes 3 References Contact page 4 External links Tools Design and construction [edit] Print/export Aurora Australis docked at Hobart in 2010 Designed as a multi-purpose research and resupply ship, Aurora Australis was Languages Career built by Carrington Slipways in Newcastle, New South Wales.[1] The vessel was Deutsch (Australia) launched in September 1989.[1] Name: Aurora Australis ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ Lietuvių Aurora Namesake: The Aurora Australis 日本語 Owner: P&O Maritime Services Edit links Operator: P&O Polar Builder: Carrington Slipways, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Launched: 18 September 1989[citation needed] [citation needed] Aurora Australis berthed in Hobart under a rainbow, with the French research In service: 30 March 1990 vessel L'Astrolabe to the right. Homeport: Hobart Identification: IMO number: 8717283 Australis is 94.91 metres (311.4 ft) long, and has a beam of 20.3 metres (67 ft), Status: In service draught of 7.862 metres (25.79 ft) and moulded depth of 10.43 metres (34.2 ft). -
Antarctic Treaty Handbook: Tourism
TOURISM AND OTHER NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES Introductory note Commercial tourism Until 1966 virtually all expeditions to the Antarctic had been organized by governments or had some measure of governmental backing. In that year there appeared in Antarctica for the first time a commercially organized, ship-borne tourist expedition. In subsequent years commercial tourism increased, using ships and aircraft. The area most frequently visited by sea was the Antarctic Peninsula. Regular airborne tourism began in 1977 and developed using long range passenger aircraft flying from Australia and New Zealand. Almost all of these flights overflew parts of Antarctica and returned home without landing. Airborne tourism diminished considerably following the tragic crash on Mount Erebus, Ross Island, on 28 November 1979 with the loss of 257 lives. Non-governmental non-tourist expeditions Such expeditions also began to appear in the Antarctic in 1966. The preparedness of such expeditions has varied; the consequent requests for assistance from governmental expeditions have sometimes caused disruption to scientific programs. A major aim of the consideration engendered by these expeditions within the Treaty fora has been to encourage such private expeditions to be adequately prepared and fully self-sufficient. Antarctic Treaty Recommendations XXI: Resolution 3 (1997) Standard Form for Advance Notification and Post-Visit Reporting on Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities in Antarctica The Representatives, Recalling Resolution 3 (1995) which agreed that there would be an advantage in standardized reporting of information on tourism and non-governmental activity in Antarctica; Noting that Attachment A to Recommendation 1 (1994) outlines the requirements for Advance Notice of tourism and non-governmental activities, and that Resolution 3 (1995) outlines requirements for post-activity reports; Recalling that Parties agreed at ATCM XX to trial a standard form for Advance Notification and Post-Visit Reporting during the 1996/97 Antarctic season. -
Report of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators 2008-2009
IP 33 rev. 2 Agenda Item: ATCM 4, ATCM 11 Presented by: IAATO Original: English Report of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators 2008-2009 1 IP 33 rev. 2 Report of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators 2008-2009 Under Article III (2) of the Antarctic Treaty Introduction The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) is pleased to present a report of its activities to ATCM XXXII in Baltimore, Maryland, USA from April 6-17, 2009, in relation to Article III (2) of the Antarctic Treaty. IAATO is a member organization founded by seven companies in 1991 to advocate, promote and practice safe and environmentally responsible private-sector travel to the Antarctic. During the 2008-2009 fiscal year, IAATO maintained its total membership level at 108 companies and organizations. A Membership Directory, regularly updated, can be found on line at www.iaato.org. As an organization, IAATO provides an online and central office resource for its members. Comprehensive operational guidelines and procedures are stored in the Members Only section of the website for reference, research purposes and downloading by its members (www.iaato.org). Regular updates and information are shared with members throughout the year, both in the field and home offices. The aim is to encourage the highest possible operating standards for IAATO companies by providing them with the information needed for a safe and environmentally responsible operation. Coinciding with the start of the new 2008-2009 fiscal year, a new Executive Director was appointed to manage the IAATO Secretariat. IAATO Secretariat offices were relocated in July 2008 to 179 Wayland Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, and a full-time office manager was hired. -
Joint Conference of the History EG and Humanities and Social Sciences
Joint conference of the History EG and Humanities and Social Sciences EG "Antarctic Wilderness: Perspectives from History, the Humanities and the Social Sciences" Colorado State University, Fort Collins (USA), 20 - 23 May 2015 A joint conference of the History Expert Group and the Humanities and Social Sciences Expert Group on "Antarctic Wilderness: Perspectives from History, the Humanities and the Social Sciences" was held at Colorado State University in Fort Collins (USA) on 20-23 May 2015. On Wednesday (20 May) we started with an excursion to the Rocky Mountain National Park close to Estes. A hike of two hours took us along a former golf course that had been remodelled as a natural plain, and served as a fitting site for a discussion with park staff on “comparative wilderness” given the different connotations of that term in isolated Antarctica and comparatively accessible Colorado. After our return to Fort Collins we met a group of members of APECS (Association of Polar Early Career Scientists), with whom we had a tour through the New Belgium Brewery. The evening concluded with a screening of the film “Nightfall on Gaia” by the anthropologist Juan Francisco Salazar (Australia), which provides an insight into current social interactions on King George Island and connections to the natural and political complexities of the sixth continent. The conference itself was opened by on Thursday (21 May) by Diana Wall, head of the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at the Colorado State University (CSU). Andres Zarankin (Brazil) opened the first session on narratives and counter narratives from Antarctica with his talk on sealers, marginality, and official narratives in Antarctic history. -
2019 Weddell Sea Expedition
Initial Environmental Evaluation SA Agulhas II in sea ice. Image: Johan Viljoen 1 Submitted to the Polar Regions Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, as part of an application for a permit / approval under the UK Antarctic Act 1994. Submitted by: Mr. Oliver Plunket Director Maritime Archaeology Consultants Switzerland AG c/o: Maritime Archaeology Consultants Switzerland AG Baarerstrasse 8, Zug, 6300, Switzerland Final version submitted: September 2018 IEE Prepared by: Dr. Neil Gilbert Director Constantia Consulting Ltd. Christchurch New Zealand 2 Table of contents Table of contents ________________________________________________________________ 3 List of Figures ___________________________________________________________________ 6 List of Tables ___________________________________________________________________ 8 Non-Technical Summary __________________________________________________________ 9 1. Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 18 2. Environmental Impact Assessment Process ________________________________________ 20 2.1 International Requirements ________________________________________________________ 20 2.2 National Requirements ____________________________________________________________ 21 2.3 Applicable ATCM Measures and Resolutions __________________________________________ 22 2.3.1 Non-governmental activities and general operations in Antarctica _______________________________ 22 2.3.2 Scientific research in Antarctica __________________________________________________________ -
The Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty Measures adopted at the Thirty-ninth Consultative Meeting held at Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty November 2017 Cm 9542 © Crown copyright 2017 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at Treaty Section, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London, SW1A 2AH ISBN 978-1-5286-0126-9 CCS1117441642 11/17 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majestyʼs Stationery Office MEASURES ADOPTED AT THE THIRTY-NINTH ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 The Measures1 adopted at the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting are reproduced below from the Final Report of the Meeting. In accordance with Article IX, paragraph 4, of the Antarctic Treaty, the Measures adopted at Consultative Meetings become effective upon approval by all Contracting Parties whose representatives were entitled to participate in the meeting at which they were adopted (i.e. all the Consultative Parties). The full text of the Final Report of the Meeting, including the Decisions and Resolutions adopted at that Meeting and colour copies of the maps found in this command paper, is available on the website of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat at www.ats.aq/documents. -
BLÜCHER Marine References
BLÜCHER Marine References Country Project Shipyard Owner Vessel Type Hull no. Year Argentina Frigate Naval Shipyard Frigate Frigate Refitting 2005 Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 361 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 362 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 363 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 364 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 365 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 366 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 367 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 368 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Defence Civmec/ASC Australian Defence OPV OPV1 2019 Australia Australian Defence - ASC Shipyard Australian Defence Air Warfare Destroyer 2012 AWD Australia Australian Defence - LHD BAE Systems Australian Defence Landing Helicpoter 2012 Dock Australia Dick Smith Tenix Dick Smith Ocean Research Ulysses Blue 2005 Vessel Australia Esso West Tuna Esso Platform 1996 Australia HMAS Arunta BAE Systems Australian Defence ANZAC Frigate ANZAC 2019 Australia Jean de la Valette - Virtu Austal Ships Virtu Ferries High Speed Ferry 248 2010 Ferries Australia RNZN Tenix RNZN Ocean Research 42826 2006 Vessel Australia Taylor Bros. -
Review: Contemporary Debates on Tourism in the Antarctic
Greg O’Brien Review: Contemporary debates on tourism in the Antarctic Few human activities in the Antarctic have been as consistently controversial as the question of tourism. Conservationists that see the increasing tourist numbers released each season by the International Association of Antarctic Tourist Operators (IAATO) become increasingly concerned about the impact of the industry on the Antarctic environment. Governments are concerned about the potential interference tourism could pose for their scientific programmes, or are eager to develop the economic benefits that tourism represents for their ports. Recent events have ensured that Antarctic tourism stays on the top of the agenda for the Antarctic community: the first voyage of the 4,1601 capacity MS Golden Princess into Antarctic waters (Bertram, Gunn and Stonehouse, 2007), the largest tourist vessel to date, the sinking of the emblematic M/V Explorer in 2007 (Austen, 2007) and the grounding of the M/V Ushuaia in 2008 (Revkin and Robbins, 2008). Previous reviews of the literature on Antarctic tourism have found that the majority of research falls into three broad themes: tourism patterns; tourism impacts; and tourism policy and management2 (Stewart, Draper and Johnston 2005). Stewart, Draper and Johnston suggest two further research clusters which require development to further our understanding of Antarctic tourism: Tourist experience; and Global changes and Large‐scale influences, with the former starting to receive attention (Powell, Kellert and Ham, 2008). This review will not attempt to replicate the existing reviews of Antarctic tourism. Instead it will try and supplement existing reviews by looking at the most recent debates that have developed in the last few years. -
Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Department of the Senate PO Box 6100 Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Commit
Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Department of the Senate PO Box 6100 Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Committee Thank you for the opportunity to submit a response to the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee on the inquiry into Australia’s future activities and responsibilities in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic waters. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is a statutory authority established under the Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990 with the primary role to minimise the risk of shipping incidents and pollution in Australian waters, through ship safety and environment protection regulation and services, and maximise people saved from maritime and aviation incidents through search and rescue coordination. AMSA’s submission is structured around the following terms of reference for the inquiry: b. cooperation with international partners on management and research under international treaties and agreements; c. appropriate resourcing in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic territory for research and governance; and d. any other related matters. - 2 The submission is focussed on three principal areas of interest to AMSA – the International Maritime Organization Polar Code, pollution response initiatives and Search and Rescue. Yours sincerely MICK KINLEY 27 June 2014 Encls. (1) Submission to the Senate Inquiry into Australia’s future activities and responsibilities in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic waters Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade The Australian Maritime Safety Authority is a statutory authority established under the Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990 with the primary role to minimise the risk of shipping incidents and pollution in Australian waters, through ship safety and environment protection regulation and services, and maximise people saved from maritime and aviation incidents through search and rescue coordination. -
Magazine Issue 32 2017
AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC MAGAZINE ISSUE 32 2017 ANTARCTICA valued, protected and understood www.antarctica.gov.au The Australian Antarctic Division, a Division of the Department of the Environment and Energy, leads Australia’s Antarctic program and seeks to advance Australia’s Antarctic interests in pursuit of its vision of having ‘Antarctica valued, protected and understood’. It does this by managing Australian government activity in Antarctica, providing transport and logistic support to Australia’s Antarctic research program, maintaining four permanent Australian research stations, and conducting scientific research programs both on land and in the Southern Ocean. Australia’s Antarctic national interests are to: • Preserve our sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory, including our sovereign rights over the adjacent From the OPERATIONS offshore areas. 5 A taste for shipping • Take advantage of the special opportunities Antarctica offers for scientific research. Director SCIENCE • Protect the Antarctic environment, having regard to its special qualities and effects on our region. 19 ‘Whale cams’ reveal secret • Maintain Antarctica’s freedom from strategic and/or life of ocean giants political confrontation. As this magazine went to press, entries for the “Name our Icebreaker” • Be informed about and able to influence developments in a competition were flooding in from schools around Australia. The region geographically proximate to Australia. competition is a unique and exciting opportunity for Australian • Derive any reasonable economic benefits from living and students in grades 5 to 8 to play a role in Australia’s Antarctic history non-living resources of the Antarctic (excluding deriving such benefits from mining and oil drilling). and to learn more about the Australian Antarctic Program through associated classroom materials aligned with the curriculum.