CONSTRUCTING FAIR TOURISM in ECUADOR the Case of Asoguabo

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CONSTRUCTING FAIR TOURISM in ECUADOR the Case of Asoguabo CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto CONSTRUCTING FAIR TOURISM IN ECUADOR The Case of Asoguabo Waltteri Nikolai Katajamäki University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political and Economic Studies Development Studies Master's Thesis December 2010 Tiedekunta/Osasto ҟ– Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – ҟInstitution – Department Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political and Economic Studies Tekijäҏҟҏ– Författare – Author Waltteri Nikolai Katajamäki Työn nimiҏҟ – Arbetets titel – Title Constructing Fair Tourism in Ecuador: The Case of Asoguabo Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Development studies Työn lajiҏҟ – Arbetets art – Level Aikaҏҟ – Datum – Month and year Sivumääräҏҟ – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu December 2010 v + 115 Tiivistelmäҏҟ – Referat – Abstract The objective of this pro gradu thesis is to examine how the Fair Tourism Project of the Association of Small-Scale Banana Producers of El Guabo (Asoguabo) has been constructed. This study examines the construction of the project from two different angles: First, how and why Asoguabo has diversified from banana production to tourism; and second, what kind of image has been constructed of the project through marketing, and how have the imageries used in fair trade marketing been adopted in the construction of fair tourism. The theoretical framework for the research consists of the ideas of nueva ruralidad, new rurality, which deal with changes in rural areas. Tourism has changed over the last few decades, and tourists are increasingly looking for real and authentic travel experiences. Simultaneously, tourism has been commodified by emphasising certain features of sustainable development, and especially in the developing world, tourism is often marketed under the brand of alternative, community-based, or ecotourism. As a new concept, fair tourism has joined this wide variety of different brands, and this thesis discusses the project of Asoguabo from the point of view of fair tourism. This thesis is a case study on the Fair Tourism Project of Asoguabo, and it is based on fieldwork of one month in Ecuador in January 2010, as well as on the author's previous experiences from Asoguabo. The data consists of 21 semi-structured qualitative interviews with sixteen informants, most of who were closely related to the Fair Tourism Project. Apart from the interviews, data were collected through participant observation and content analysis of the promotion materials of the project. This thesis shows how the Fair Tourism Project faces a number of challenges before it can achieve its objective of creating additional income for Asoguabo. The research shows how the project mainly benefitted those few members of the association, who work in the project as guides. These guides profit directly from the project by obtaining small additional income, by growing their social capital, and by getting an opportunity to learn through participating in different courses, for example. The results of the research also show how communication problems between the different actors in the project exacerbate the information flow and consequently activities of the Fair Tourism Project. These problems also increase the levels of uncertainty about the project among the farmers of Asoguabo. In addition, the thesis shows that, to some extent, similar imageries are being used in the marketing of the Fair Tourism Project as in the marketing of agricultural fair trade commodities. However there are surprisingly few producers portrayed in the promotion material and pictures of European tourists are often at the centre stage. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords fair tourism fair trade new rurality income diversification authenticity Ecuador Tiedekunta/Osasto ҟ– Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – ҟInstitution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijäҏҟҏ– Författare – Author Waltteri Nikolai Katajamäki Työn nimiҏҟ – Arbetets titel – Title Constructing Fair Tourism in Ecuador: The Case of Asoguabo Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Kehitysmaatutkimus Työn lajiҏҟ – Arbetets art – Level Aikaҏҟ – Datum – Month and year Sivumääräҏҟ – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu Joulukuu 2010 v + 115 Tiivistelmäҏҟ – Referat – Abstract Tämän pro gradu-tutkielman tarkoitus on tutkia, miten reilun kaupan banaania tuottavan El Guabon pienten banaaninviljelijöiden järjestön Asoguabon reilun turismin projekti on rakennettu. Projektin muotoutumista tutkitaan tässä työssä kahdesta eri näkökulmasta: siitä, miksi ja miten Asoguabo on monipuolistanut viljelystä turismiin, sekä siitä, millainen kuva projektista on rakennettu markkinoinnin kautta ja miten reilun kaupan mainonnasta tuttuja ilmiöitä on hyödynnetty reilun turismin rakentamisessa. Tutkielman teoreettisena taustana on maaseudun muutoksia tarkasteleva uuden ruraliteetin käsite. Turismi on viime vuosikymmenten aikana muuttunut, ja matkailijat etsivät yhä enemmän aitoja ja autenttisia matkailukokemuksia. Samanaikaisesti turismia on tuotteistettu korostamalla sen tiettyjä, kestävän kehityksen mukaisia piirteitä, ja erityisesti kehittyvissä maissa turismia markkinoidaan usein vaihtoehtoisena, yhteisöpohjaisena tai ekoturismina. Reilu turismi on uutena käsitteenä tullut mukaan tähän laajaan kirjoon, ja tämä tutkielma käsitteleekin Asoguabon projektia nimenomaan reilun turismin näkökulmasta. Tämä tutkielma on tapaustutkimus Asoguabon turismiprojektista, ja pohjautuu kuukauden pituiseen kenttätyöhön Ecuadorissa tammikussa 2010 sekä kirjoittajan aiempiin kokemuksiin Asoguabosta. Aineisto koostuu 21 puoli- strukturoidusta laadullisesta haastattelusta kuudentoista informantin kanssa, joista suurin osa oli hyvin läheisesti tekemisissä projektin kanssa. Tämän lisäksi aineistonkeruussa on käytetty havainnointia sekä projektin markkinointimateriaalien sisällönanalyysia. Tutkielma osoittaa reilun turismin projektin sisältävän monia haasteita ennen kuin se voi saavuttaa tavoitteensa tuottaa lisätuloja Asoguabon toimintaan. Tutkimushetkellä projekti hyödytti suoraan pääasiassa muutamia järjestön viljelijöitä, lähinnä niitä, jotka toimivat projektissa oppaina. Nämä oppaat hyötyvät projektista saamalla pieniä lisätuloja, kasvattamalla sosiaalista pääomaansa, sekä saamalla mahdollisuuden oppia muun muassa osallistumalla kursseille. Tutkimuksen keskeiset tulokset osoittavat myös, kuinka vuorovaikutus-ongelmat projektin eri toimijoiden välillä vaikeuttavat tiedonkulkua ja täten reilun turismin toimintaa. Nämä ongelmat myös lisäävät epätietoisuutta Asoguabon muiden viljelijöiden parissa. Lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka reilun turismin projektin mainonnassa käytetään osittain samoja keinoja kuin reilun kaupan tuotteiden mainonnassa, joskin tuottajia on kuvattu mainosmateriaaleissa yllättävän vähän ja pääosassa ovat usein eurooppalaiset turistit. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords reilu turismi reilu kauppa uusi ruraliteetti tulojen monipuolistaminen autenttisuus Ecuador Contents List of maps, figures and tables Acronyms & abbreviations Map of Ecuador 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Diverse forms of tourism ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Purpose of study and research problem.................................................................................. 4 1.3. Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 5 2. Fair trade, fair tourism and changing ruralities in Latin America .................................................... 6 2.1. Principles and impacts of fair trade ......................................................................................... 6 2.2. Commodity fetishism in fair trade ........................................................................................... 8 2.3. From mass tourism to new forms of tourism .........................................................................10 2.4. Towards a definition of fair tourism .......................................................................................13 2.5. Fair tourism in practice ..........................................................................................................16 2.6. Authenticity in and commodification of tourism ....................................................................19 2.7. Rural development and nueva ruralidad ................................................................................22 3. Data and research methods..........................................................................................................26 3.1. Background for the research ..................................................................................................27 3.2. Data collection and analysis ...................................................................................................29 4. Fair bananas in El Guabo ..............................................................................................................33 4.1. Setting the scene: El Guabo ...................................................................................................33 4.2. Banana production in Ecuador and in El Oro ..........................................................................34 4.3. Asoguabo: an example for fair trade cooperatives?
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