DOCSLIB.ORG

Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311792001 Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils Article in Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · December 2016 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1608.08024 CITATION READS 1 369 2 authors: Hercules Sakkas Chrissanthy Papadopoulou University of Ioannina University of Ioannina 29 PUBLICATIONS 199 CITATIONS 85 PUBLICATIONS 1,121 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Food Microbiology and zoonotic diseases View project Application of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy in the disinfection of root canal system. PhD Thesis. View project All content following this page was uploaded by Hercules Sakkas on 29 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2017), 27(3), 429–438 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1608.08024 Research Article Review jmb Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils Hercules Sakkas* and Chrissanthy Papadopoulou Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece Received: August 10, 2016 Revised: October 3, 2016 For centuries, plants have been used for a wide variety of purposes, from treating infectious Accepted: December 14, 2016 diseases to food preservation and perfume production. Presently, the increasing resistance of First published online microorganisms to currently used antimicrobials in combination with the appearance of December 20, 2016 emerging diseases requires the urgent development of new, more effective drugs. Plants, due *Corresponding author to the large biological and structural diversity of their components, constitute a unique and Phone: +30-26510-07769; renewable source for the discovery of new antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic Fax: +30-26510-07886; E-mail: [email protected] compounds. In the present paper, the history, composition, and antimicrobial activities of the basil, oregano, and thyme essential oils are reviewed. pISSN 1017-7825, eISSN 1738-8872 Copyright© 2017 by Keywords: Essential oils, basil, oregano, thyme, antimicrobial activity The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology Introduction Historical Review One of the actions to counter the emergence of the drug In ancient Greece, medicinal plants were extensively resistance problem is the development of new antimicrobials. used by rhizotomists, the persons related to therapeutic Plant essential oils are explored as a promising substitute herb collection and supply [3]. The Chinese, Indians, to currently used antimicrobials, and to date, many plant Egyptians, Romans, and Arabs also relied on herbalism, essential oils have been reported to present considerable which was assimilated into the philosophical principles, antimicrobial activity. This activity is attributed to their traditions, and practices of their culture. Consequently, ability to synthesize aromatic substances, the majority of therapeutics developed from being empirical and instinctive which are phenols or oxygen-substituted derivatives. to being magical and theocratic. The theocratic viewpoint The antimicrobial, antiseptic, and other therapeutic constituted an element of all ancient civilizations, including applications of plants are well recognized since the prehistoric the Greeks, until the advent of the Hippocratic School, which times, widely used by all civilizations throughout the was based on observation and experiment. Hippocrates millennia [1]. Interestingly, according to the World Health himself (late 5th century BC) mentioned 300-400 medicinal Organization, approximately 80% of the world population, plants [5]. Plant-derived therapeutic oils are mentioned on mostly in developing countries, still relies on medicinal clay findings of cuneiform writing (2600 BC) in Mesopotamia plants and their extracts for primary health care [2, 3]. The [1], while about 30 medicinal plants are described in the contemporary pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and food industries Bible [5]. In Dioscourides’ work De Materia Medica (1st are founded on the knowledge of the properties of century AD), herbal medicaments are described, providing medicinal plants that can be used for applications from the knowledge for most of the later medicinal preparations treating infectious, systematic, and inflammatory diseases [1]. to food preservation and perfume production [4]. The aim The great empires controlled the medicinal plants’ of the present paper is to review the antimicrobial activities production and trade for centuries, while in the Middle Ages of three essential oils; namely, the basil, oregano, and their cultivation in abbeys and monasteries facilitated the thyme essential oils. development of knowledge on their therapeutic properties. A 2016 ⎪ Vol. 26⎪ No. 0 430 Sakkas and Papadopoulou During the Ottoman Empire, many Orthodox monasteries liquid chromatography are used as well [14]. established hospitals within their premises, where remedies were prepared from medicinal plants cultivated by the Bioactivities monks. In a monastic script of this period in the island of The use of essential oils is extensive, since they are used Cyprus (1571–1878), 494 herbal prescriptions and 231 as main ingredients in cosmetics, perfumes, body and hair plants belonging to 70 different botanical families were care products, antiseptic oral solutions, and toothpastes, as described [6]. In Greece, for centuries, a large part of the well as in domestic cleaning products and air fresheners native population health problems was encountered by [15, 16]. Aromatherapy, which was a common therapeutic empirical doctors such as the renowned “Vikoyiatroi” of practice in antiquity, particularly in Egypt and India, still the Zagori region in Epirus (17th–19th century), who remains widespread under the supervision of official collected and used medicinal plants from the nearby Vikos authorities, such as the Aromatherapy Organizations Canyon [7]. Eventually, with the advancement of modern Council in the United Kingdom. It is based on the use of medicine, traditional remedies were gradually abandoned essential oils, which, due to their ability to get easily in the developed world [5]. absorbed by the skin, are used for the relief of symptoms in However, medicinal plants are nowadays being re- allergic and rheumatic conditions, displaying anti-aging, examined, their extracts are thoroughly studied, and their revitalizing, and anti-inflammatory activities [17, 18]. Over properties are revised in an effort to complement or replace the past years, the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens the existing synthetic chemical substances used in the drew the attention on essential oils for their potential modern food and drug industries. antimicrobial properties. Owing to the large biological and structural diversity of their components, they are believed Essential oils to constitute a unique and renewable source for the discovery of much needed new antimicrobials. Based on a Composition recent search in the PubMed database, the published The term “essential oil” was used for first time by studies on their antimicrobial activities exceed by far the Paracelsus (16th century), who named the effective component number of studies related to other bioactivities (Table 1). of each drug “quinta essentia” [8]. The components of This fact signifies the importance of the antimicrobial essential oils, a total of about 500 compounds, include potential among various bioactivities of the essential oils. terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), terpenoids Although there are many studies on the antibacterial (isoprenoids), and aliphatic and aromatic compounds such as aldehydes and phenols [9-11]. It is possible for the Table 1. Publications related to various bioactivities of predominant components to constitute 85% of the total essential oils (PubMed search 9/29/2016). concentration of the oil [12]. It is estimated that there are Activity Number of publicationsa about 3,000 well-recognized essential oils, of which 300 are Antimicrobial 2671 widespread traded [9]. The composition of the essential oils Antioxidant 1186 depends on various factors, including environmental Anti-inflammatory 587 conditions, the soil composition and cultivation method, Analgesic 388 the season and time of the day when the plant was picked, the storage and processing conditions, the oil extraction Anticancer 108 method, and analysis of the chemical components [2, 8]. Sedative 102 Essential oils are produced from plants by means of Spasmolytic 73 distillation, fermentation, crushing, extraction, hydrolysis, Wound healing 44 and airing, but the most frequent method is steam Immunomodulatory 34 distillation [2, 12]. Distillation as an essential oil production Anti-allergic 22 method was used by the Egyptians, Indians, and Persians Gastroprotective 13 two millennia ago and was improved by the Arabs in the Anti-aging 5 th 9 century AD [12]. The isolation of the constituting Antidepressive 5 components is achieved by chromatographic methods, mostly Pain relief 4 with the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry aKeywords used: “name of activity,” “essential oil” (e.g., antioxidant activity, [12]. Thin layer chromatography, [13] and high performance essential oil). J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils 431 activities of essential oils, the results of these studies differ Organization
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technical Developments in the Use of Spices Dr David Baines Baines Food Consultancy Ltd
    EUROPEAN SPICE ASSOCIATION GENERAL ASSEMBLY 2013 Technical Developments in the Use of Spices Dr David Baines Baines Food Consultancy Ltd Co-editor: Flavour Horizons TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE USE OF SPICES TOPICS: Recent health claims submitted to the EU for the use of spices Compounds in selected spices that have beneficial effects on health The use of spices to inhibit of carcinogen formation in cooked meats The growing use of spices in animal feeds Salt reduction using spices Interesting culinary herbs from Vietnam Recent Health Claims Submitted to the EU EU REGULATION OF HEALTH CLAIMS • The Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation, 1924/2006/EC is designed to ensure a high level of protection for consumers and legal clarity and fair competition for food business operators. • Claims must not mislead consumers; they must be, accurate, truthful, understandable and substantiated by science. • Implementation of this Regulation requires the adoption of a list of permitted health claims, based on an assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) of the science substantiating the claimed effect and compliance with the other general and specific requirements of the Regulation. • This list of permitted health claims was adopted in May 2012 by the Commission and became binding on 14th December 2012. Food companies must comply from this date or face prosecution for misleading marketing. APPROVAL OF CLAIMS EU REGULATION OF HEALTH CLAIMS CLAIMS BY COMPONENT CLAIMS BY FUNCTION CLAIMS FOR SPICES – NOT APPROVED/ON HOLD SPICE CLAIM(S) Anise / Star Anise Respiratory Health, Digestive Health, Immune Health, Lactation Caraway Digestive Health, Immune Health, Lactation Cardamon Respiratory Health, Digestive Health, Immune Health, Kidney Health, Nervous System Health, Cardiovascular Health, Capsicum Thermogenesis, Increasing Energy Expenditure, Enhancing Loss of Calories, Body Weight Loss, Stomach Health, Reduction of Oxidative Stress, promotion of Hair Growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregano: a Wonder Herb
    Harini N S /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 6(3), 2014, 127 - 129 Oregano: a Wonder Herb Harini. N.S. Savitha Dental College Abstract: Oregano is a herb that is a member of the mint family. It is closely related to marjoram, even though the flavors differ widely. The common variety of oregano bears the scientific (latin) name of Organum vulgare. Although it is a common ingredient in foods around the world, more is used in perfumes than is consumed. Oregano is a powerful antimicrobial ,because it contains an essential compound called “carvacol”.The essential oil of “HIMALAYAN OREGANO” has strong antibacterial properties that can even kill the hospital superbug MRSA. It has also got anti inflammatory properties with an active ingredient known as beta- caryophyllin(e-bcp) which is used against disorders like osteoporosis. It is also a rich source of vitamin k(promotes bone growth, maintainence of bone density and production of blood clotting proteins and a dietary antioxidant(contains very high concentrations of antioxidants). It also protects our cells against free radicals. Keywords: Perennial herb, antioxidant blue berries , beneficial effects, actively transport nutrients, “functional food”. INTRODUCTION: is stated that eating a lot of oregano can help repel Oregano-it is a niche crop in Yuma country, along with the mosquitoes. Oregano has many of medical attributes but it other herbs grown in that area.The fresh herb is grown and contains further essential oils. These oils make it very much packed here in Yuma and this is flown to various US more antiseptic in action, which is both externally and locales and later used in a variety of culinary tests and it is internally.
    [Show full text]
  • Ruta Graveolens L. Essential Oil Composition Under Different Nutritional Treatments
    American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (10): 1390-1395, 2013 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2013.13.10.11248 Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Composition under Different Nutritional Treatments 12Afaq Ahmad Malik, Showkat R. Mir and 1Javed Ahmad 1Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India 2Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India Abstract: The use of un-exploited organic industrial by-products and municipal wastes as soil organic amendment has an economic value and environmental interest. However, little is known about their effectiveness on medicinal plants cultivation. An experiment was conducted in this regard to assess the impact of farmyard manure (FYM), composted sugarcane pressmud (CPM) and sewage sludge biosolid (SSB) on volatile oil composition of Ruta graveolens L., an important aromatic medicinal herb used frequently in Unani system of medicine in India. Volatile oil in the aerial parts of the plant was isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Hydro-distillation of untreated (control) plants yielded 0.32% essential oil on fresh weight basis. The predominant components in the essential oil were n-Hex-4-en-3-one (55.06%), n-Pent-3-one (28.17%), n-Hex-3-en-2-one (14.07%) and n-Hex-5-en-3-one (0.67%). Essential oil obtained from plants treated with FYM amounted to 0.36% of fresh weight and consisted mainly of n-Hex-4-en-3-one (53.64%), n-Pent-3-one (37.82%) and n-Hex-3-en-2-one (7.22%).
    [Show full text]
  • Tips to Roast Vegetables Spice Guide
    Tips to Roast Vegetables • Roast at a high oven temp- 400 to 450 degrees F • Chop vegetables in uniform size so they cook evenly • Don’t over crowd the pan, otherwise they will become soft • Roasting veggies with some oil will help them become crispier • To get the most flavor/crispier roast them on the top rack • Seasoning before putting them in the oven will add flavor • Flip veggies halfway through to ensure even cooking • When roasting multiple types of veggies, ensure they have similar cooking times. Good pairs include: Cauliflower and Broccoli cc Carrots and Broccoli Baby potatoes and Butternut Squash Onions and Bell Peppers Zucchini and Yellow Squash Asparagus and Leeks Spice Guide Table of Contents Spices by Cuisine Herbs and Spices 1 Mexican Coriander, Cumin, oregano, garlic powder, cinnamon, chili powder Herbs and Spices that Pair well with Proteins 2 Caribbean Chicken Fajita Bowl Recipe 3 All spice, nutmeg, garlic powder, cloves, cinnamon, ginger Shelf life of Herbs and Spices 4 French Nutmeg, thyme, garlic powder, rosemary, oregano, Herbs de Provence Spices by Cuisine 5 North African Tips to Roast Vegetables BP Cardamum, cinnamon, cumin, paprika, turmeric, ginger Cajun Cayenne, oregano, paprika, thyme, rosemary, bay leaves, Cajun seasoning Thai Basil, cumin, garlic, ginger, turmeric, cardamum, curry powder Mediterranean Oregano, rosemary, thyme, bay leaves, cardamum, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, basil, ginger Indian Bay leaves, cardamum, cayenne, cinnamon, coriander, cumin, ginger, nutmeg, paprika, turmeric, garam masala, curry powder Middle Eastern Bay leaves, cardamum, cinnamon, cloves, cumin, ginger, coriander, oregano, za’atar, garlic powder 5 Shelf Life of Herbs and Herbs and Spices Spices Herbs Herbs are plants that’s leaves can be used to add flavor to foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregano Essential
    Oregano Origanum vulgare 15 mL PRODUCT INFORMATION PAGE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Oregano is one of the most potent and powerful essential oils and has been used for centuries in traditional practices. The primary chemical components of Oregano is carvacol, a phenol that possesses antioxidant properties when ingested. Due to its high phenol content, caution should be taken when inhaling or diffusing Oregano; only one to two drops is needed. Additionally, Oregano should be diluted with a carrier oil when applied to the skin. One drop taken internally each day can help maintain healthy immune function; Oregano can be taken more frequently as needed to further support the immune system.* In addition to being a popular cooking spice, Oregano also supports healthy digestion and respiratory function when taken internally.* Oregano’s aroma acts as an enhancer and equalizer in essential oil blends. USES Application: • Take one drop in a veggie cap or 4 fl. oz. of liquid daily to Plant Part: Oregano Herb maintain healthy immune function.* Extraction Method: Steam distillation • Add one to two drops to a veggie capsule to support Aromatic Description: Herbaceous, sharp, green, healthy respiratory function.* camphoraceous Main Chemical Components: Carvacrol, thymol • Put one drop in place of dried oregano in spaghetti sauce, pizza sauce, or on a roast. • Put 10 drops in a 16-ounce spray bottle with water for a PRIMARY BENEFITS surface cleaner. • Use on surface as a powerful cleansing and DIRECTIONS FOR USE purifying agent Diffusion: Use three to four drops in the diffuser of choice. • Supports a healthy immune system, healthy digestion, and respiratory function when Internal use: Dilute one drop in 4 fl.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Responses of Ocimum Basilicum, Salvia Officinalis, And
    plants Article Physiological Responses of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis, and Mentha piperita to Leaf Wounding Konstantinos Vrakas, Efterpi Florou, Athanasios Koulopoulos and George Zervoudakis * Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, Terma Theodoropoulou, 27200 Amaliada, Greece; [email protected] (K.V.); evtefl[email protected] (E.F.); [email protected] (A.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The investigation about the leaf wounding effect on plant physiological procedures and on leaf pigments content will contribute to the understanding of the plants’ responses against this abiotic stress. During the experiment, some physiological parameters such as photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance as well as the chlorophyll and anthocyanin leaf contents of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis, and Mentha piperita plants were measured for about 20–40 days. All the measurements were conducted on control and wounded plants while in the latter, they were conducted on both wounded and intact leaves. A wide range of responses was observed in the wounded leaves, that is: (a) immediate decrease of the gas exchange parameters and long-term decrease of almost all the measured variables from O. basilicum, (b) immediate but only short-term decrease of the gas exchange parameters and no effect on pigments from M. piperita, and (c) no effect on the gas exchange parameters and decrease of the pigments content from S. officinalis. Regarding the intact leaves, in general, they exhibited a similar profile with the control ones for all plants. These results imply that the plant response to wounding is a complex phenomenon depending on plant species and the severity of the injury. Citation: Vrakas, K.; Florou, E.; Koulopoulos, A.; Zervoudakis, G.
    [Show full text]
  • Thyme, Celery and Salinomycin Implication on Antioxidant Capacity and Neurotransmitters Related to Milk Production in Pregnant Barki Ewes
    Advances in Applied Physiology 2021; 6(1): 23-29 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/aap doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20210601.14 ISSN: 2471-9692 (Print); ISSN: 2471-9714 (Online) Thyme, Celery and Salinomycin Implication on Antioxidant Capacity and Neurotransmitters Related to Milk Production in Pregnant Barki Ewes Sherif Yousif Eid 1, *, Omar Abdel Hamid Ahmed-Farid 2, Hussein Mostafa El-Zaher 1, 1 Mahmoud Mohammed Shabaan 1Biological Applications Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt 2Physiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt Email address: *Corresponding author To cite this article: Sherif Yousif Eid, Omar Abdel Hamid Ahmed-Farid, Hussein Mostafa El-Zaher, Mahmoud Mohammed Shabaan. Thyme, Celery and Salinomycin Implication on Antioxidant Capacity and Neurotransmitters Related to Milk Production in Pregnant Barki Ewes. Advances in Applied Physiology. Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-29. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20210601.14 Received : May 7, 2021; Accepted : May 25, 2021; Published : May 31, 2021 Abstract: The experiment goal was the investigation of thyme (T), celery (C) and salinomycin effects on immune response, neurotransmitters related to milk production in Barki ewes. Total 72 mature ewes (2-3 years & 40±1.5 Kg BW) randomly pined equally into five groups. Group-1 was control; groups 2 & 3 received 20g/head/day T and C, respectively. Group-4 received 10g T+ 10g C/head/day, group-5 treated with salinomycin 1g/head/day. Samples collected during 2nd , 3rd trimester of pregnancy and on delivery day (DD); milk yield assessed on 15, 30 and 45-day postpartum.
    [Show full text]
  • Companion Plants for Better Yields
    Companion Plants for Better Yields PLANT COMPATIBLE INCOMPATIBLE Angelica Dill Anise Coriander Carrot Black Walnut Tree, Apple Hawthorn Basil, Carrot, Parsley, Asparagus Tomato Azalea Black Walnut Tree Barberry Rye Barley Lettuce Beans, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Basil Cauliflower, Collard, Kale, Rue Marigold, Pepper, Tomato Borage, Broccoli, Cabbage, Carrot, Celery, Chinese Cabbage, Corn, Collard, Cucumber, Eggplant, Irish Potato, Beet, Chive, Garlic, Onion, Beans, Bush Larkspur, Lettuce, Pepper Marigold, Mint, Pea, Radish, Rosemary, Savory, Strawberry, Sunflower, Tansy Basil, Borage, Broccoli, Carrot, Chinese Cabbage, Corn, Collard, Cucumber, Eggplant, Beet, Garlic, Onion, Beans, Pole Lettuce, Marigold, Mint, Kohlrabi Pea, Radish, Rosemary, Savory, Strawberry, Sunflower, Tansy Bush Beans, Cabbage, Beets Delphinium, Onion, Pole Beans Larkspur, Lettuce, Sage PLANT COMPATIBLE INCOMPATIBLE Beans, Squash, Borage Strawberry, Tomato Blackberry Tansy Basil, Beans, Cucumber, Dill, Garlic, Hyssop, Lettuce, Marigold, Mint, Broccoli Nasturtium, Onion, Grapes, Lettuce, Rue Potato, Radish, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme, Tomato Basil, Beans, Dill, Garlic, Hyssop, Lettuce, Mint, Brussels Sprouts Grapes, Rue Onion, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme Basil, Beets, Bush Beans, Chamomile, Celery, Chard, Dill, Garlic, Grapes, Hyssop, Larkspur, Lettuce, Cabbage Grapes, Rue Marigold, Mint, Nasturtium, Onion, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Southernwood, Spinach, Thyme, Tomato Plant throughout garden Caraway Carrot, Dill to loosen soil Beans, Chive, Delphinium, Pea, Larkspur, Lettuce,
    [Show full text]
  • Herbs Are Obtained from the Leaves of Herbaceous (Non-Woody) Plants
    SPICE UP YOUR DIET -- AND YOUR HEALTH Spices not only taste good, but they're good for your health, as registered dietitian Keri Glassman explains: Calorie free medicine! That is the beauty of spices. Most people think of spices as ingredients to simply add flavor to meals without adding calories. They actually help you save calories by adding flavor and helping you avoid adding heavy sauces, butter or other fats... But the BEST part is that not only do they save you calories and add flavor, they are actually VERY high in nutritional value! Did you know that cinnamon has more antioxidants than blueberries? From helping you keep your mind young to controlling blood sugar, everyone should be adding some spice in their life! Herbs are obtained from the leaves of herbaceous (non-woody) plants. They are used for savory purposes in cooking and some have medicinal value. Herbs often are used in larger amounts than spices. Spices are obtained from roots, flowers, fruits, seeds or bark. Spices are native to warm tropical climates and can be woody or herbaceous plants. Spices often are more potent and stronger flavored than herbs; as a result they typically are used in smaller amounts. Some spices are used not only to add taste, but also as a preservative. Herbs and Spices: Herbs and spices are a great source of antioxidants, vitamin, and minerals. Basil: Source of vitamin K, iron, calcium, vitamin A, dietary fiber, manganese, magnesium, vitamin C and potassium. • Heart Protection- Basil is a good source of Vitamin A, a strong antioxidant that has been shown to protect against free radical damage that leads to build up of plaque on artery walls.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharp's at Waterford Farm Your Neighborhood Farm Ask Us How To
    Lemongrass – Essential for Thai Sharp’s at Waterford Herbs List ​ cooking Farm Anise - Hyssop ​ Lovage (Levistcum officinale) Farming in Howard County Basil Marjoram (Origanum majorana) since 1903 African Blue Amethyst Improved Purple Sweet Eleonora Zaatar, a hint of thyme, oregano & 4003 Jennings Chapel Rd. Elidia - Compact; container basil marjoram Brookeville, MD 20833 Genovese Golden - ornamental mostly Holy - Sacred Red and Green Tel: (410) 489-2572 Mint (Mentha sp.) Italian Large Leaf Chocolate Peppermint Lemon – Mrs. Burns www.sharpfarm.com Lemon Mint Mountain Mint Lettuce Leaf – Napoletano email: Peppermint Pineapple Mint Lime [email protected] Spearmint Sweet Thai Dark Opal Oregano (Origanum sp.) Red Rubin Greek Rutgers Devotion Zaatar ( a hint of thyme, oregano, & marjoram) Oreganum Syriaca) Borage: the herb of gladness ​ Hot and Spicy - real tang, our favorite for adding to beans Catnip (Nepeta)- feline friends treat ​ Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) Calendula, Neon ​ Plain leaf (Italian or flat) Curly – double or triple Chamomile (German) Organic ​ curled parsley (Bodegold) Italian Dark Green – Giant of Italy – huge leaves Your Neighborhood Chervil (Anthricus cerefolium) ‘crispum’ Vertissimo Farm ​ Rosemary (Rosmarinus) Arp Chives (Allium) Hill Hardy Med Leaf (Purly) Ask Us How to Garden Salem Large leaf (staro) Sage (Salvia offincinalis) Helpful Hints: We pride ourselves Cilantro (Coriandrum sativium) Garden - Extrakta ​ on knowing how to vegetable and herb Cruiser – more upright – great for Pineapple garden. Please ask if you need bunching – 50 days Savory Winter information on how to. Yields? Cutting Celery (Apium graveolens) Sorrel, French Spacing between plants? Staking? ​ aka leaf celery When you plant, space your harvest Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) ​ ​ ​ by using varieties of different maturity Dill (Anethum graveolens): Nature’s natural sweetener dates.
    [Show full text]
  • Season with Herbs and Spices
    Season with Herbs and Spices Meat, Fish, Poultry, and Eggs ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Beef-Allspice,basil, bay leaf, cardamon, chives, curry, Chicken or Turkey-Allspice, basil, bay leaf, cardamon, garlic, mace, marjoram, dry mustard, nutmeg, onion, cumin, curry, garlic, mace, marjoram, mushrooms, dry oregano, paprika, parsley, pepper, green peppers, sage, mustard, paprika, parsley, pepper, pineapple sauce, savory, tarragon, thyme, turmeric. rosemary, sage, savory, tarragon, thyme, turmeric. Pork-Basil, cardamom, cloves, curry, dill, garlic, mace, Fish-Bay leaf, chives, coriander, curry, dill, garlic, lemon marjoram, dry mustard, oregano, onion, parsley, pepper, juice, mace, marjoram, mushrooms, dry mustard, onion, rosemary, sage, thyme, turmeric. oregano, paprika, parsley, pepper, green peppers, sage, savory, tarragon, thyme, turmeric. Lamb-Basil, curry, dill, garlic, mace, marjoram, mint, Eggs-Basil, chili powder, chives, cumin, curry, mace, onion, oregano, parsley, pepper, rosemary, thyme, marjoram, dry mustard, onion, paprika, parsley, pepper, turmeric. green peppers, rosemary, savory, tarragon, thyme. Veal-Basil, bay leaf, curry, dill, garlic, ginger, mace, marjoram, oregano, paprika, parsley, peaches, pepper, rosemary, sage, savory, tarragon, thyme, turmeric. Vegetables Asparagus-Caraway seed, dry mustard, nutmeg, sesame Broccoli-Oregano, tarragon. seed. Cabbage-Basil, caraway seed, cinnamon,dill, mace, dry Carrots-Chili powder, cinnamon, ginger, mace, marjoram, mustard,
    [Show full text]
  • FEASTING THYME Serves Four, Available After 3Pm PROTEIN GARDEN SIDES Choose One Choose Two
    KIDS MENU DESSERT 12 and under Turkey and Cheese Sandwich Ice Cream Sandwich roasted turkey with side of fruit 3.99 Pastry Art’s lemon rosemary cookies with vanilla ice cream 3.49 AB&J Sandwich almond butter and homemade blueberry Cake Cups jam with seasonal fruit 3.99 Pastry Art’s daily selection 2.99 Spaghetti and Meatballs 4.99 Today’s Cheese Plate Grilled Chicken Dippers selection of three cheeses 9.99 served with choice of side 4.99 Flounder Cakes served with choice of side 4.99 DRINKS Simple Peas Fountain/Tea 1.99 Corn Polenta Bites Succotash with Herb Butter Orange Blossom Lemonade 2.49 + .99 refills Zucchini Salad Apples with Almond Butter Fresh Spa Water 2.99 Fresh Fruit Beer and wine served all day, cocktails served after 4pm. real food, good company FEASTING THYME serves four, available after 3pm PROTEIN GARDEN SIDES choose one choose two R&R Grilled Chicken 26.99 House Salad Spice Rubbed Chicken 26.99 Succotash with Herb Butter Corn Polenta Cake Roasted Turkey 26.99 Sweet and Spicy Slaw Flounder Cakes 29.99 Zucchini Salad Braised Beef 29.99 Humble Green Peas realandrosemary.com Charred Carrots with Thyme Spaghetti and Meatballs 25.99 Open daily from 11am to 9pm Located across from Pastry Art and the Aloft served with house salad and toast 1922 29th Ave S, Homewood, AL 35209 | 205-820-7100 SANDWICHES GARDEN SIDES served with one garden side 2.49 each Succotash with Herb Butter SNACKS Grilled Chicken grilled chicken, roasted portobello, Corn Polenta Cake collard pesto, charred red onion, Sweet and Spicy Slaw Collard Pesto Dip
    [Show full text]