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Spatial Distribution of Dimethylsulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate In Methylotrophic methanogenesis and potential methylated substrates in marine sediment A Doctoral Dissertation Guangchao Zhuang Marum (Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften) Universität Bremen Methylotrophic methanogenesis and potential methylated substrates in marine sediment Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften – Dr. rer. nat. – Am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Guangchao Zhuang Bremen, October 2014 The PhD thesis was prepared between September 2010 and October 2014 within the Organic Geochemistry Group of the MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., D-28359 Bremen, Germany. 1st Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Kai-Uwe Hinrichs 2nd Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Andreas P. Teske Additional examiners: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Bach PD. Dr. Matthias Zabel Dr. Marshall Bowles Susanne Alfken Date of colloquium: 10 November, 2014 Contents Thesis Abstract ............................................................................................................................ I Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................... III Chapter 1 Introduction: Biogeochemistry of methane and low-molecular-weight substrates in marine sediments ........................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Gas chromatographic analysis of methanol and ethanol in marine sediment pore waters: Validation and implementation of three pretreatment techniques ..................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3 Distribution and isotopic composition of trimethylamine and dimethylsulfide in anoxic estuarine sediment (Aarhus Bay, Denmark) .. 59 Chapter 4 Multiple evidences for methylotrophic methanogenesis as the dominant methanogenic pathway in deep-sea hypersaline sediments ....................... 89 Chapter 5 Methanogenic substrates, activity and diversity in northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Quantitative assessment of methanogenic pathways in marine sediments .......................................................................................... 131 Chapter 6 Conclusions and perspectives ......................................................................... 169 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 175 Abstract Abstract Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon and a potent greenhouse gas that plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry, the global carbon cycle, and the formation of gas hydrates in marine sediment. Microbial production of methane is the terminal step during the degradation of organic matter. It is generally thought that methane is predominantly produced from hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis, while methylotrophic methanogenesis and its relative importance for methane production in marine sediments remain largely unconstrained. The main objective of this study is to constrain potential methylated substrates and methylotrophic methanogenic activities, and further evaluate the importance of methylotrophic methanogenesis in marine sediment. As the lack of knowledge on in situ concentrations of methylated compounds impedes our understanding on their quantitative contribution to methane production, the first step was to determine the concentrations and carbon isotopic composition of methylated compounds using newly-developed methods. Quantitative or isotopic analysis of methanol, trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in marine sediment and pore waters were achieved using gas chromatographic approaches in combination with a range of pretreatment techniques. Using these protocols, the concentrations and distributions of methylated compounds were determined in a variety of marine sediments from Aarhus Bay in Denmark, Orca Basin in the Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of Lions in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. To further constrain the importance of methylotrophic methanogenesis, two case studies combining the newly-developed methods as well as various biogeochemical analyses were performed in hypersaline sediment and estuarine sediment. In hypersaline sediment of Orca Basin, multiple lines of evidences from abundances of methanogenic substrates, carbon isotope systematics between methane and substrates, thermodynamic calculations, stable isotope tracer and radiotracer experiments as well I Abstract as gene and lipid biomarkers collectively confirmed that methylotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant methanogenic pathway in Orca Basin sediments. Furthermore, the distribution of methanogenic substrates, activity and diversity were characterized to quantitatively estimate the relative importance of different methanogenic pathways in estuarine sediment of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The results showed that both methylotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis contributed to the formation of methane in the sulfate reduction zone, with methylotrophic methanogenesis accounting for 13%-74% of the total methane production. In the sulfate-depleted sediments, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis dominated methanogenic pathway (67%-97%), whereas acetoclastic methanogenesis contributed up to 31% of methane production in organic-rich sediment. In contrast, the contribution of methylotrophic methanogenesis to the total methanogenic activity was negligible in the methanogenic zone (< 1%). Collectively, new constraints from methylated compounds and the metabolic activities improve our quantitative understanding on methylotrophic methanogenesis in different marine sediment settings. The findings in this thesis provide more comprehensive insights into the relative importance of methylotrophic methanogenesis in marine sediment. II Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Methan ist der einfachste Kohlenwasserstoff und ein effizientes Treibhausgas, das eine wichtige Rolle sowohl in der Chemie der Atmosphäre, dem globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf als auch bei der Bildung von Gashydraten in marinen Sedimenten spielt. Mikrobielle Produktion von Methan ist der finale Schritt im Abbau organischen Materials. Es wird allgemein angenommen, dass Methan vorwiegend hydrogenotroph oder acetoklastisch gebildet wird. Das Auftreten und die Bedeutung methylotropher Methanogenese in marinen Sedimenten sind jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, potentielle methylierte Substrate zu identifizieren und methylotrophe methanogene Aktivität zu quantifizieren um die Bedeutung methylotropher Methanogenese in marinen Sedimenten zu evaluieren. Da die Konzentrationen methylierter Verbindungen im Sediment und deren Beitrag zur Methanproduktion weitestgehend unbekannt sind, bestand der erste Schritt darin, Konzentrationen und isotopische Zusammensetzung methylierter Verbindungen mit Hilfe neu entwickelter Methoden zu messen. Die quantitative und isotopische Analyse von Methanol, Trimethylamin (TMA) und Dimethylsulfid (DMS) in marinem Sediment und Porenwasser wurde durch die Kombination von Gas-Chromatographie und einer Reihe von Probenvorbereitungsschritten erreicht. Mit Hilfe dieser Techniken wurden die Konzentrationen und Verteilungen methylierter Verbindungen in verschiedenen Sedimenten, aus der Aarhusbucht (Dänemark), dem Orca-Becken (Golf von Mexiko) und dem nordwestlichen Mittelmeer, bestimmt. Um die Bedeutung methylotropher Methanogenese zu bestimmen, wurden die neu entwickelten Methoden mit weiteren biogeochemischen Analysen kombiniert und in zwei Fallstudien an hypersalines und ästuarines Sediment angewandt. Im hypersalinen Sediment des Orca-Beckens zeigte die Kombination aus den Konzentrationen methanogener Substrate, Kohlenstoffisotopien von Methan und Substraten, Inkubationsexperimenten mit stabilen und radioaktiven Kohlenstoffisotopen sowie thermodynamischer Berechnungen und Lipid- und III Zusammenfassung Genbiomarkern, dass methylotrophe Methanogenese der dominierende methanogene Reaktionsweg im Orca-Becken ist. Weiterhin wurden die Verteilung methanogener Substrate und methanogene Aktivität in ästuarinen Sedimenten aus dem nordwestlichem Mittelmeer charakterisiert um die relative Bedeutung der verschiedenen methanogenen Reaktionswege zu quantifizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl methylotrophe als auch hydrogenotrophe Methanogenese zur Bildung von Methan in der Sulfatreduktionszone beitragen. Methylotrophe Methanogenese trug hierbei 13 bis 74% zur gesamten Methanproduktion bei. In Sulfat-freien Sedimenten war hydrogenotrophe Methanogenese der dominierende Reaktionsweg (67-97%) während acetoklastische Methanogenese bis zu 31% zur Methanproduktion in Organik-reichen Sedimenten beitrug. Im Vergleich dazu war der Anteil methylotropher Methanogenese an der gesamten methanogenen Aktivität innerhalb der methanogenen Zone vernachlässigbar (< 1%). Zusammenfassend verbessern die neuen Erkenntnisse zur Verteilung methylierter Substrate und methylotropher methanogener Aktivität das quantitative Verständnis methylotropher Methanogenese in verschiedenen marinen Sedimenten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ermöglichen somit ein tieferes Verständnis der relativen Bedeutung methylotropher Methanogenese in marinen Sedimenten. IV Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Biogeochemistry of methane and low-molecular-weight substrates in marine sediments 1 Chapter 1 1.1 Methane production during organic matter degradation in marine sediment Methane is the smallest but the most abundant hydrocarbon
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