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JAMBR-102.Pdf ISSN: 2581-7566 Volume 1: 1 J Appl Microb Res 2017 Journal of Applied Microbiological Research Bioecological Perspective of Entomopathogenic Fungi with Respect to Biological Control 1, Koiri RK * 1 2 Biochemistry Lab, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Naik RA Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar- 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India Rawat D1 2 Chhonker SK1 Insect Immunity Lab, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Ahi JD2 Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar- 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract Article Information Entomopathogenic fungi are anticipating alternatives to chemical Article Type: Review insecticides. Indeed, fungal entomopathogens have been widely looked into as biological control agents of insect’s pest in efforts to improve Article Number: JAMBR0102 the sustainability of crop protection. Fungal entomopathogens have Received Date: 12 October, 2017 evolved some elaborate relations with arthropods, plants and other Accepted Date: 17 October, 2017 microorganisms. Critical parameters for choosing a fungal pathogen for Published Date: 24 November, 2017 its role in biocontrol include the cost-effective fabrication of a stable, infective propagule that is appropriate for use in the environment *Corresponding author: Raj Kumar Koiri, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, School of Biological valuable parameters that need to be looked at while comparing the Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, entomopathogenswhere the insect must(biopesticides) be controlled. with Efficiency the conventional and cost are chemical the two Sagar-470003, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +9179562075; pesticides. In addition to effectiveness, there are advantages in Email: rkkoiri(at)gmail.com employing microbial control agents, such as human safety and other non-target organisms; pesticide residues are downplayed in food and Citation: Koiri RK, Naik RA, Rawat D, Chhonker SK, Ahi biodiversity would be increased in managed ecosystems. Production of JD (2017) Bioecological Perspective of Entomopathogenic enzymes at large scale and some other metabolites in grade of increasing Fungi with Respect to Biological Control. J Appl Microb the entomopathogenic fungi virulence, in the control of insects and Res Vol: 1, Issu: 1 (07-14). potentially in some diseases affecting plants, opens new potentialities in order to enhance the entomopathogenic fungi in use. This approach Copyright: © 2017 Koiri RK. This is an open-access of using biocontrol agents instead of chemical pesticides seems to be article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons very promising in the coming years as it heads towards sustainable Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, agricultural practices and defending surroundings, which is the need of distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. the hour. Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi; Biological control. Abbreviations and Acronyms: IPM (Integrated Pest Management); EST (Expressed Sequence Tag); ETPs (Epipoly-thiodioxo-piperazines); HA (Hazianum A); JA (jasmonate); SA (Salicyclic Acid); ZrMEP (zinc- dependent metalloprotease) Introduction The Kingdom Fungi is one of the foremost groups of eukaryotic microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems [1]. There are just about 100,000 depicted species of Fungi [2], which only constitutes a fraction of its variety, estimated to be between 1.5 and 5 million species [3,4]. intimate interactions and associations with other groups of life on EarthSignificantly, [5]. According one of theto Hawksworth trademarks [6],of fungi 21% is of their all species tendency of reported to form with plants as mycorrhiza, being this an outstanding example of such closefungi arerelationship, linked with which algae occur as lichens in rhizosphere and 8% form (around intimate roots), affiliation where arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi form relations with plants. Few if any organisms in terrestrial ecosystems subsist in nature in the complete nonexistence of fungi and for this reason they www.innovationinfo.org are vital players in the maintenance of ecosystem health. are similar to plant pathogens, including the formation of Another group of magnitude are the Oomycetes. These are germ tubes, appresoria and penetration pegs [8]. After the colonization of the insect’s body, the fungi and water moulds (Stramenopila), more closely associated to brown algae require developing structures to produce and disseminate [7].so-called However, water it molds is suitable and fit to into confer a very them distant with Kingdomfungi as their spores. Most of the entomopathogenic fungi execute they were long regarded to be fungi and are ecologically their hosts before spore production starts, but few of them, very similar. Entomopathogenic fungi are found out in the particularly some Zygomycota species, sporulate from the divisions of Zygomycota and Ascomycota (Table 1). [8], as living body of their hosts [16]. Having provided a short well as the Chytridiomycota (fossil fungi) and Oomycota, introduction, the aim of this paper is to ask the role of entomopathogenic fungi in evolving the ability to exploit the taxa of entomopathogenic fungi currently under research insect body. For this purposes, we will ponder on examples which were earlier classified within the fungi. Many of the of work with entomopathogenic fungi, which exemplify or the class Hyphomycetes in the Deuteromycota. the principles or strategies which can be used to diminish either fit into the class Entomophthorales in the Zygomycota losses by insect pests and the role played by these fungi The Insects with over 900,000 reported species symbolize in biological control with special reference to metabolites, the most species-richness groups of eukaryotes [9]. They ecological perspective and genetics level. are known to form close relationships with many fungal groups: mutualistic endosymbionts that support in nutrition Entomopathogenic Fungi in Biological Control [10], fungi as food sources that insects form [11], sexually- of Pests transmitted parasites and commensals [12], and pathogens proposed to have prominent effects on host populations Indeterminate and unstructured use of formal chemical [13,14]. However, nevertheless we know many diverse insecticides has led to improvement in developing resistance fungal-insect associations exist and this area remains one of towards various chemicals present in the plant protection the most understudied areas of fungal diversity and likely products, in the insects. More than 500 species of the entertains one of the largest reservoirs of undocumented arthropods have become immune to more than one type of fungal species [5]. A prominent characteristic of insects is synthetic pesticides [17]. Incursive and highly persistent a chitinous body covering, which the great preponderance species that are brought in accidently to a new continent or country and escape their natural microorganisms and and prevail over the cellular and humoral defences in the predators, pose another serious problem. Thus, there is a hemocoelof entomopathogenic [15]. Asexually fungi produced and oomycetes fungal sporesneed to or infiltrate conidia need to seek new, safer options of reducing the outbreaks of are normally responsible for infection and are disseminated pests [18]. Biological control for agricultural systems is not throughout the surroundings in which the insect hosts are a new initiative. During the last century greater than 2,000 present. When conidia land on the cuticle of a suitable host, non-native (exotic) control agents have been employed in at they fasten and germinate; initiating showers of recognition least 200 countries or islands with few predictable problems and enzyme activation reactions both by the host and the fungal parasite [8]. Incursion of the insect body and pests is steadily gaining momentum. Biological control is a to flora, fauna or environment. Biological control of insect circulatory system (haemolymph) happens once the fungus module of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy has run through the cuticle of the external insect skeleton. [19]. It is really viewed as a “systems approach” to IPM Structures and actions for the invasion of insect tissues [20]. Biological control is delineated as the decrease of pest Division Class Order Family Genus Entomophaga Entomophthora Erynia Eryniopsis Furia Zygomycota Zygomycetes Entomophthorales Entomophthoraceae Massospora Strongwellsea Pandora Tarichium Zoophthora BeauveriaCordyceps Cordycepioideus Ascomycota Sordariomycetes Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Metarhizium Nomurae Lecanicillium Table 1: Current classification of the genera of entomopathogenic fungi. ISSN: 2581-7566 8 www.innovationinfo.org populations by natural enemies and generally involves an pathogen during the mycoparisitic activity of Trichoderma. active human role. It admits the control of animals, weeds The Trichoderma species are detected in almost every region, and disease. A biological control platform dilutes, but does throughout the world and are secluded simply from different not eliminate pests and it is used to suppress populations soil forms, sporocarps and decomposing woods. Trichoderma of pest organisms below levels that would have pessimistic species have been established as effective biocontrol agents economic impact [21]. Natural enemies used in biocontrol against different pathogens, mostly soil borne which are measures include parasitoids, predators,
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