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Assessment of Landslides Occurred in Himachal Pradesh Over Last Two Decades

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Assessment of Landslides Occurred in Himachal Pradesh Over Last Two Decades © 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Assessment of landslides occurred in Himachal Pradesh over last two decades Vidya Sagar Khanduri1 Sachin Verma2 1Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 2M. Tech scholar, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. Abstract Himachal Pradesh is hill state of India and widely affected by natural disasters. This is mainly vulnerable to earthquake and landslide. Landslide occurs when soil slides downward and outward respect to remaining mass. This review article has shown current study of causal factor done for landslide occurrence in the area. It is found that the change in climatic conditions such as increase in precipitation over years, geological, hydro-geological variables, earthquakes and anthropogenic interference has increased the landslide susceptibility of area. Use of landslide susceptibility zonation provides good idea for land use pattern. Several feasible solutions are also discussed. Keywords: Land slide, earthquake, geotechnical investigation, landslide susceptibility zonation, precipitation. 1. Introduction Landslide is common word used to describe various type of slope movement. Vrane in 1978 has classified landslide as flow, falls, spreads, translational slides, topples and rotational slide. Himachal Pradesh is hill state of India and famous tourist attraction center [1]. According to disaster policy of Himachal landslide is one of main hazard in the state. Mountains of Himalayas are geologically seen as very young mountains. In these young and not so stable slope events of landslide are increasing due to activities of human like cutting of road, deforestation and changes in agriculture crops requiring more intense watering [2]. Research done by Surya Prakash has clearly shown that west and North West area of Himalayas suffer more landslide compare to northeast and south India. In his data collection from 1800 to 2011 he had found that total of 3971 people loss there life out of which 1946 were from west and north west region of Himalayas [3] .Global pattern of loss of life from landslide found that maximum number of loss in term of life due to landslide is found to be occurring along Himalayan arc and china [4]. Objective of present study is to understand causal factors effecting landslide in the state and provide feasible solutions for landslide as there is need of more scientific and engineered study of landslide problem at Himachal Pradesh. 2. Factor effecting landslide Popescu in his work has shown importance of understanding caustic factor for finding best cost-effective solution for landslide problem. There is list of causal factors made by IUGS WG/L Commission on Causes of Landslides in well- arranged order. There is two type of casual factor affecting the landslide: preparatory causal factor, triggering causal factor. As name signify preparatory casual factor responsible for making slope vulnerable to landslide whereas triggering factor initiate the movement. [5] Most of time there are several causal factors responsible for landslide such as ground condition, geomorphic process, physical process, manmade process. In most of landslide triggering factor is precipitation. Water cause increase in pore water pressure in soil which decrease shear resistance Table 1 brief list of casual factor responsible for landslide. Natural causes Human causes Prolonged rainfall Deforestation Earthquake Construction Soil composition Animal grazing JETIRDR06004 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 23 © 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) 2.1 Rainfall behavior in the area Number of case study in area has shown that rainfall was triggering factor for landslide in Himachal Pradesh. it was observed that normal annual rainfall of Himachal Pradesh was 1267 ± 375 mm during period of 1971-2014. Average 66 rainy days observed through year. It was observed that rainfall more than 1000 mm which having probability of occurring more than 75% was at sixteen out of forty stations (Dehra, Dharamshala, Malan, Kangra, Nurpur, Palampu, Paonta, Nahan, Dhaulakuan Jogindernagar and Sarkaghat) [7]. Study of 1951 to 2005 observed that maximum value of mean annual rainfall is located at Dharmashala region with intensity of 2923.4 mm and lowest mean annual rainfall is at Sangla having intensity of 752.3mm is found increase in pattern of heavy rainfall event in Palampur region. It is observed that rainfall intensity is increasing in region where as number of rainy days is decreasing. maximum contribution of precipitation in state is by monsoon rain(78.55%) , whereas pre-monsoon contribute (9.17%), winter rains which generally occur due to western disturbance is 8.06% and post monsoon is (4.21%) [8] Western Disturbance is rainfall observed in northwest part of India during winter it is originating in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Winter precipitation is found to be more at higher altitudes as compared to lower altitudes. During his research done in 2015 low precipitation is recorded in November and December month lead to bad effect to winter crop and more air pollution in city [9]. Decreasing trend is seen in frequency of WDs over Himachal Pradesh in his research of time period 1997-2007 [10]. Five-year data (2014-2018) of rainfall of every month has been collected from metrological department, it has been found that Kangra have maximum rainfall intensity of 924 mm in august 2018.it is also found that overall rainfall of state has shown increasing trend in year 2018 [11]. Fig.2 Kangra, H.P rainfall data from 2014 to 2018 Fig.3 rainfall data of Lahul and spiti 2014-2018 JETIRDR06004 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 24 © 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Fig.4 showing monsoon rainfall intensity graph from 2017 to 2018 2.2 Earthquake When there is displacement of two block of rock along fault then earthquake happen. .Level of magnitude and distance from epicenter give level of shaking at susceptible slope Material which is most vulnerable to earthquake induced landslide is weakly cemented rocks, granular man-made fill, residual and colluvial sand, granular deltaic deposits loess, high-indurated rocks with pervasive or prominent discontinuities, cemented soils, volcanic soils containing sensitive clay, granular alluvium[12]. According to earthquake hazard profile of state the tectonic features in the Himachal Pradesh include the Main Central Thrust and main boundary fault which are parallel to the strike length of Himalayas. The Jutogh Giri, Krol, and Nahan thrusts also present in state. There is also presence of small faults, like Kaurik Fault due to which1975 Kinnaur earthquake happened. Kangra and Dharamshala has suffered biggest landslide of state in year 1905, having magnitude 8.0 in Richter scale. It has cause death of 20000 persons. more than 250 earthquake has been seen having magnitude more than 4.0 in 90 years. 1906 kullu earthquake M 6.4 Kullu and 1975 Lahual-Kinnaur Spiti earthquake M 6.8 was also major earthquake in area. Kullu, Kangra, Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Una, Mandi, and Chamba, Districts lie in zone five. districts of Kinnaur Lahual and Spiti, , Solan Shimla, and Sirmaur lie in zone four[2] Roger used geodetic, historical and seismological data to identify segment of Himalayas that remain enraptured. It is found that out of fifteen segments ten segment of the Main Himalayan Thrust arc are found to sufficiently mature to generate earthquake of more than 8 Mw. Estimated death is more than 100000 due to increase in population and poor quality construction. [13] Table.2 list of earthquake occur in past. Earthquake Location Magnitude 4-April-1905 Kangra 320 18’00” 8 760 15’00” 28-Feb-1906 -Kullu 320 00’00” 7 770 00’00” 5-Feb-1930 Shila Kiepr 310 42’00” 5.5 770 00’00” JETIRDR06004 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 25 © 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) 22-June-1945 -Minu ,Chmaba 320 36’00” 6.5 750 54’00” 10-July-1947 – Minu,Chmaba 320 36’00” 6.2 750 54’00” 12-August1950 Minu,Chmaba 320 36’00” 6.0 750 54’00” 19-Jan-1975 Distt.Kinnaur 310 56’24” 5.5 780 31’48” 26-April-1986 Near Nag Dal 320 19’00” 5.5 760 24’00” 11-Nov-2004 Bharmour, 32.442 N, 5.1 76.512 E, 3. Possible remedy Mitigation prevention and Preparedness are the techniques used by stated disaster management authority to avoid any hazard convert into disaster. in case of landslide hazard Role of vulnerability mapping is highly recommended to be used in mitigation process which is done by producing landslide vulnerability zonation map with help GIS software’s. Whereas use of remedial measure, improving existing infrastructure or replace old one is recommended in point of view of prevention. While in preparedness process use of early warning system, use of information technology, medical preparedness and training and mock drill is highly advised. [2] 3.1 Landslide susceptibility zonation for prevention Landslide susceptibility is spatial prediction of landslide. To find place of landslide happening with help of various causal factors. There are different approaches for LSZ. But mainly these are classified as qualitative and quantitative approach which can be subdivided as distribution analysis Geomorphic Analysis Map Combination Approach Quantitative Approaches, Statistical Analysis, Probabilistic Approach, Distribution-Free Approaches [14]. Table.3 list of LSZ work in HP. LSZ area Method Author 1 Dharmashala Information value Swatisharma, abhirishkumar 2 Nahan to Rajgarh Machine learning Vijendra Kumar Pandey, 3 national highway154A information value and Kanwarpreet Singh Virender frequency ratio Kumar 4 between Giri and Tons Rivers GIS based technique Piyoosh Rautelal 5 Kullu district Information value Laxmi Devi Versain, 6 Kullu district Various Laxmi Devi Versain In study conducted by Swati Sharma and AK mahajan they performed landslide susceptibility zonation in dharmashala region of distt kangda in Himachal Pradesh India.
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