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Tesi M. Ciurleo.Pdf U N O N IV R ER LE SITY OF SA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA CIVILE PER L’AMBIENTE ED IL TERRITORIO XI Ciclo - Nuova Serie (2009-2012) DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA CIVILE, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW LANDSLIDES IN NON-COLLAPSIBLE SOILS UN APPROCCIO METODOLOGICO PER L’ANALISI DELLE FRANE SUPERFICIALI IN TERRENI NON COLLASSABILI MARIANTONIETTA CIURLEO Relatore: Coordinatore PROF. ING. LEONARDO CASCINI PROF. ING. LEONARDO CASCINI Correlatori: PROF. ING. GIUSEPPE SORBINO PROF. DOTT. SILVIO DI NOCERA ING. GIOVANNI GULLÀ _______________________________________________________ On the front cover: Typical examples of shallow landslides in fine-grained soils. Catanzaro, Calabria (Italy). A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW LANDSLIDES IN NON-COLLAPSIBLE SOILS __________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2012 Università degli Studi di Salerno – via Ponte don Melillo, 1 – 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy – web: www.unisa.it Proprietà letteraria, tutti i diritti riservati. La struttura ed il contenuto del presente volume non possono essere riprodotti, neppure parzialmente, salvo espressa autorizzazione. Non ne è altresì consentita la memorizzazione su qualsiasi supporto (magnetico, magnetico-ottico, ottico, cartaceo, etc.). Benché l’autore abbia curato con la massima attenzione la preparazione del presente volume, Egli declina ogni responsabilità per possibili errori ed omissioni, nonché per eventuali danni dall’uso delle informazione ivi contenute. i INDEX INDEX ................................................................................................................ i index of figure ................................................................................................... iv index of tables ................................................................................................... xi SOMMARIO .................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................... xvii About the author ............................................................................................ xix 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 2 Litterature review on shallow landslides in fine grained soils ............ 5 2.1 Definition and types ....................................................................... 6 2.2 Involved soils ................................................................................... 9 2.3 Input data and methods of analysis in the scientific literature18 3 Reference frameworks for an advanced analysis of the open questions ........................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Landslide classification ................................................................. 27 3.2 Landslide inventory ....................................................................... 32 3.3 Methods of Susceptibility zoning ................................................ 35 3.4 The Guidelines of JTC-1 .............................................................. 39 3.5 The multi-levels approach ............................................................ 42 3.5.1 Examples of small and medium scale ................................ 45 3.5.2 Examples of analysis on large, detailed and REV scale .. 49 4 The proposed approach ........................................................................ 53 4.1 General framework ....................................................................... 53 4.2 Applicability to shallow landslides .............................................. 56 4.2.1 Small and intermediate scale ............................................... 57 4.2.2 Large and site scale ............................................................... 59 5 The test area ............................................................................................ 61 5.1 The available database .................................................................. 63 5.1.1 Ground water system ........................................................... 65 5.1.2 Landslides inventory ............................................................ 66 5.1.3 In situ investigation and laboratory tests .......................... 67 5.2 The monitored test site ................................................................ 70 6 Small scale analysis ................................................................................. 73 i 6.1 Geological setting of the Calabria Region ................................. 73 6.2 Geomorphological setting of the Calabria Region ................... 78 6.3 The Catanzaro Graben and the Crotone study area ................ 79 6.4 Small scale analysis of the study area .......................................... 83 6.4.1 Phase I .................................................................................... 83 6.4.2 Phase II .................................................................................. 91 7 Medium scale analysis ............................................................................ 97 7.1 Phase I: test area and input data ................................................. 97 7.1.1 Geology and tectonics ......................................................... 98 7.1.1.1 The Geological map of the Calabria region (1:25,000 scale) ........................................................................................... 102 7.1.1.2 New element for the morphological and lithological structure ..................................................................................... 103 7.1.2 Landslides inventory map (1:10,000 scale) ..................... 105 7.1.3 DTM ..................................................................................... 108 7.2 Landslides predisposing factor and Neo-tectonic evolution of the study area ............................................................................................. 109 8 Slope evolution models at large scale ................................................ 113 8.1 Evolution of the morphological hollows ................................. 113 8.2 The landslides classification and mechanisms ........................ 119 8.2.1 Shallow landslides classification ....................................... 120 8.2.2 Slope evolution models for shallow landslides .............. 122 8.3 The geotechnical data set ........................................................... 128 9 Input data for the geotechnical analysis ............................................ 131 9.1 General feature of the clayey covers ......................................... 131 9.2 Micro, meso and macro structures ........................................... 135 9.3 Geotechnical and hydraulic properties of the soil .................. 137 9.3.1 Grain size distribution and index properties .................. 138 9.3.2 Shear strength properties ................................................... 140 9.3.3 Hydraulic properties ........................................................... 143 9.4 Calibration and validation of the hydraulic properties .......... 147 9.4.1 LAB parameters .................................................................. 147 9.4.2 Literature review on SWCC for cracked soil .................. 151 9.4.3 Proposed conducivity hydraulic function ....................... 153 10 Numerical modeling and results ........................................................ 159 10.1 Stability analysis at slope scale-adopted procedures ............... 159 10.1.1 Selection of the most representative slope sections ...... 160 10.1.2 Analysis and results ............................................................ 172 10.2 Stability analysis at large scale .................................................... 172 ii 10.2.1 Input data ............................................................................. 173 10.2.2 Results of TRIGRS analysis .............................................. 175 10.2.2.1 Preliminary parametric analysis (1:5000 scale) ............................................................................................... 176 10.2.2.2 Analysis based on the triggering mechanisms (1:5000 scale) ............................................................................ 178 10.2.2.3 Analysis based on in situ investigation and triggering mechanisms (1:5000 scale) ...................................................... 181 10.2.2.4 Analysis based on in situ investigation and triggering mechanisms (1:1000 scale) ...................................................... 184 10.2.3 Results of TRIGRS-unsaturated analysis ........................ 187 11 Consideration and future developments ........................................... 189 11.1 Small and medium scale analysis ............................................... 190 11.2 Large and detailed scale analysis ............................................... 191 11.2.1 A methodological proposal to develop the cover thickness map ................................................................................... 193 11.2.2 Detailed and REV scale ..................................................... 195 11.3 Applicability and future developments .................................... 196 11.3.1 Applicability of the proposedprocedures
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