Stage 2 Report 1/11

Drug Policy Expert Committee Stage 2 Report Drugs: Meeting the Challenge Victoria: Drug Policy Expert Committee Drugs: Meeting the Challenge Stage Two Report: November 2000 http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/phd/dpec/index.htm Design + Production: AD[ART] DESIGN ISBN 0 642 73930 7 1 Stage 2 Report Drugs: Meeting the Challenge 2 Acknowledgements The Committee is indebted to many people and organisations for The Committee would like to acknowledge, in particular, the input, their valuable contribution to the work of the Committee advice and support of: throughout Stage Two. Their input has informed the development • The special advisors to the Committee on culturally and of this report. linguistically diverse communities, Mr Hass Dellal, Mr Phong It was clear to the Committee that the community remains rightly Nguyen; all of the Committee’s advisors, who have made an concerned about the level of drug use and its consequences. invaluable contribution to the work of the Committee; the R E The willingness of individuals and organisations to contribute Ross Trust and Professor Roger Wales who supported the time, energy and thinking to the process of consultation impressed international conference on prevention. A full list of special the Committee. advisors to the Committee is at Appendix 16. • Professor Robin Room, Director of the Centre for Social Few of the people who have assisted the Committee in their work Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University who believe that there is a simple solution to the current problems contributed to the international conference on prevention and posed by drug use. The advice received reflected the knowledge provided information on other matters to assist the Committee. that current strategies are useful but insufficient. The nature of • The staff of the Australian Drug Foundation, in particular, input received has meant that this report is more broadly framed Janine Kirkbride, Kelvin Frost and Bill Stronach for their than may have otherwise been the case, and for this, the efficiency in fulfilling requests for material from the Secretariat Committee is grateful. and Committee. • Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, and the Victorian Institute for Forensic Medicine for their assistance in compiling data required by the Committee. The views of local government and their communities have been central to the Committee’s task in preparing its advice. The Committee would therefore like to acknowledge the important role that a number of local government authorities played in hosting consultations. The Councils concerned are listed in Appendix 15. Committee members would also like to acknowledge and thank the Secretariat for the invaluable contribution that they have made to the work of the Committee throughout the development and completion of the Stage Two report. stage 2 report Drug Policy Expert Committee Stage 2 Report Drugs: Meeting the Challenge 3 Committee Members Drug Policy Expert Committee Members Dr David Penington AC (Chair) Mr Bernie Geary Cr Dick Gross Professor Margaret Hamilton Dr Rob Moodie Professor Pat O’Malley Mr Robert Richter QC Secretariat Mr Ray Judd - Executive Officer Ms Mel Selvaratnam - Executive Assistant Ms Donna Scott - Manager Ms Jane Alley (part) - Senior Policy Officer Ms Ros Carter - Senior Policy Officer Ms Tanya Sewards (part) - Policy Officer Mr Michael Maher - Senior Policy Officer Dr Caroline Pappas (part) - Project Officer Mr Edmund Misson - Policy Officer Mr John Ryan (part) - Project Officer Ms Anne Mullins - Policy Officer Mr Gary Shaw (part) - Project Officer Ms Liz Sutton - Policy Officer Mr Hakan Yaman (part) - Project Officer Mr Stephen Farrow - Legal Officer Ms Yael Cohn (part) - Administrative Assistant Ms Christine Vincent - Project Officer Introduction 4 3.2.1 Trade in illegal drugs: A 65 4.4 Public housing 93 5.7 Commitment to prevention - 1 market analysis 4.4.1 Overview The planning process 3.2.2 Production of illegal drugs 4.4.2 Drug pressures 5.7.1 Research clearing 3.2.3 Global demand for illegal 66 4.5 The health system house/forum Introduction drugs 4.5.1 Overview 5.7.2 Whole-of-government/cross- 7 1.1 The context 3.2.4 The international markets for 4.5.2 Drug pressures sectoral prevention 8 1.2 The Stage One individual drugs 68 4.6 Mental health services coordinating committee Recommendations 3.2.5 Australian supply control 4.6.1 Overview 93 5.8 New priority areas for action 9 1.3 The options available 3.2.6 Key issues 4.6.2 Drug pressures 5.8.1 Community mobilisation 10 1.4 Some common myths 35 3.3 Drugs in Victoria 69 4.7 Law enforcement and 5.8.2 Drug communication strategy about drugs and their use 3.3.1 Illegal drug markets in Victoria criminal justice 5.8.3 Supporting parents 13 1.5 The future 3.3.2 Supply of illegal drugs 4.7.1 Overview 5.8.4 Enhancing the school 3.3.3 Measuring prevalence of drug 4.7.2 Drug pressures environment use in Victoria 71 4.8 The way forward 5.8.5 A coordinated approach for 2 3.3.4 Adolescents’ substance use vulnerable young people 3.3.5 Substance use in the general 5.8.6 Reducing harm for current Key Challenges - Drug Strategy population 5 users now and in the future 47 3.4 The impact of drug use on 5.8.7 Prevention resource team 16 2.1 Introduction the Victorian community Prevention 100 5.9 Supporting the framework - 16 2.2 The approach 3.4.1 Ill health and death 75 5.1 Introduction Building capacity 18 2.3 Objectives 3.4.2 Drug-related crime 75 5.2 What is prevention? 5.9.1 ‘The voice of youth’ 20 2.4 The need for a strategic 3.4.3 Street sex work 76 5.3 Types of drug use 5.9.2 Evaluation and monitoring approach 3.4.4 The impact of heroin 77 5.4 Foundations of a 5.9.3 Data collection 23 2.5 Saving lives 3.4.5 Economic costs of drug use framework - The evidence 5.9.4 Coordination and links with 25 2.6 Reintegration - The missing 3.4.6 Other quantifiable impacts base other prevention strategies element of the strategy 3.4.7 Key findings and implications 5.4.1 Risk and Protective Factors 100 5.10 Conclusion 26 2.7 Expenditure on the drug 5.4.2 Genetic predisposition effort 5.4.3 Social exclusion - structural 27 2.8 Responding to different 4 issues 6 cultural needs 82 5.5 Victoria’s prevention 29 2.9 Coroner’s input The social infrastructure framework Treatment and support services 57 4.1 What is the social 5.5.1 Overarching approach 104 6.1 Introduction infrastructure? 5.5.2 Specific issues 105 6.2 Drug treatment - Putting it 3 60 4.2 Education services 86 5.6 Where are we now - Past, into context 4.2.1 Overview current and planned activity 6.2.1 Propositions about drug The problem of drug use in 4.2.2 Drug pressures 5.6.1 Schools treatment Victoria today 62 4.3 State welfare services - 5.6.2 Social marketing 6.2.2 Does drug treatment work? 31 3.1 Introduction supporting children, young 5.6.3 Peer education 6.2.3 When and where do clients 31 3.2 The global market in illegal people and families 5.6.4 Programs to support parents seek treatment? drugs 4.3.1 Overview 5.6.5 Local community involvement 107 6.3 The drug treatment system 4.3.2 Drug pressures in Victoria contents List of Tables List of Figures 17 Table 2.1: Ottawa Charter action 67 Table 4.3: Drug-related ambulance 145 Table 7.1: Bail applications 9 Figure 1.1: US - Deaths from areas for health promotion attendances in Melbourne, June granted and refused in the case drug-related causes, 1990-1997 35 Table 3.1: Illicit Drug Reporting 1998 to December 1999 of drug charges, 1995-96 to 9 Figure 1.2: Deaths in Sweden System - Findings on drug markets 75 Table 5.1: Levels of prevention 1998-99 caused by drug addiction or drug in Melbourne 76 Table 5.2: Programs - Reach and 146 Table 7.2: Sentencing abuse/poisoning, 1969-1997 38 Table 3.2: Adolescent drug use - scope outcomes for drug charges 20 Figure 2.1: Drug Policy and the Key issues 78 Table 5.3: Selected risk and heard in the Magistrates’ Court Social Infrastructure 43 Table 3.3: Adult drug use - Key protective factors 157 Table 7.3: Consumption 27 Figure 2.2: Budget Trends issues 94 Table 5.4: Proposed programs offences: offenders processed 1998/99 - 2002/03 50 Table 3.4: Some impacts of drug use 113 Table 6.1 Estimated costs of by Victoria Police (principal drug 32 Figure 3.1: Global heroin seizurs 61 Table 4.1: Young people in subsiding methadone dispensing offence) and estimated volume remaining Victorian neither in education nor 118 Table 6.2: Comparison of 158 Table 7.4: Canabis offences on the global market, 1988-1999 employment by age estimated number of high- and maximum penalties 32 Figure 3.2: Global seizures of 63 Table 4.2: Community Care risk/drug-dependent users heroin, cocaine, and stimulants, Division Services projected to 2003 with the number 1984-1998 of people attending specialist drug 40 Figure 3.3: Victorian secondary treatment and other health services students, percentage reporting drinking alcohol in the past week, by year level and gender, 1999 Drug Policy Expert Committee Stage 2 Report Drugs: Meeting the Challenge 5 6.3.1 The primary health care 151 7.4 Corrections 8.4.1 Workforce development 201 Appendix 9: system 7.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Monitoring and evaluation Cross-sectoral initiatives 6.3.2 The broader service system 7.4.2 Management of drug and 8.4.3 Research 202 Appendix 10: (supporting the social alcohol affected persons in 8.4.4 Program coordination Pharmacotherapy treatments for infrastructure) police custody 174 8.5 Conclusion heroin dependence 6.3.3 The specialist drug 7.4.3 Community corrections 204 Appendix 11: treatment service system 7.4.4

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