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Dbecmer Art. Land Warrior

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Dbecmer Art. Land Warrior ZESZYTY NAUKOWE WSOWL Nr 1 (151) 2009 ISSN 1731-8157 ∗ Dariusz BECMER ∗∗ AMERYKA ŃSKA KONCEPCJA WYPOSA śENIA śOŁNIERZA PRZYSZŁO ŚCI - Land Warrior i Future Force Warrior Autor w swym kolejnym opracowaniu, po świ ęconym wyposa Ŝeniu Ŝołnierza przyszło ści zajmuje si ę koncepcj ą ameryka ńsk ą. W cz ęś ci wst ępnej charakteryzuje proces okre ślenia i ak- ceptacji wymaga ń dotycz ących wst ępnego projektu Land Warriora. Nast ępnie przedstawia roz- wi ązania zastosowane w trzech odmianach ameryka ńskiego systemu Ŝołnierza przyszłości, tj. w: Land Warrior – Initial Capability, Land Warrior – Stryker Interoperative oraz Future Force Warrior, jak równie Ŝ opisuje stopie ń zaawansowania prac rozwojowych tego systemu wraz z przewidywanym terminem pełnej gotowo ści systemu. Słowa kluczowe: oporz ądzenie Ŝołnierskie, system Ŝołnierza przyszło ści, Land Warrior, Future Force Warrior, egzoszkielet, kamizelka kuloodporna, środki ochrony indywidualnej WST ĘP Wraz ze zmianami zachodz ącymi na polu walki armie świata szukaj ą nowych sposobów zdobycia przewagi w celu wykorzystania jej przeciwko potencjalnemu prze- ciwnikowi. Szczególn ą uwag ę po świ ęcaj ą wyposa Ŝeniu Ŝołnierza, które pozwala mu dysponowa ć wi ększymi mo Ŝliwo ściami w ka Ŝdych działaniach oraz dost ępem do aktu- alnej i wiarygodnej informacji, a jednocze śnie wykonywa ć zadania w sposób bardziej komfortowy. Do przoduj ących pa ństw w zakresie rozwijania projektu Ŝołnierza przyszło ści nale Ŝą Niemcy ( Infanterist der Zukunft - b ędący na wyposa Ŝeniu Bundeswehry od 2006 roku), Francja ( FELIN ), Włochy ( Army’s Soldato Futuro ), Stany Zjednoczone ( Land Warrior ) i Wielka Brytania ( FIST ), a wiele innych pa ństw pod ąŜ a za rozwi ązaniami stosowanymi ju Ŝ w systemach rozwijanych przez wymienione pa ństwa. Najwcze śniej prace badawczo-rozwojowe nad wyposa Ŝeniem Ŝołnierza przy- szło ści rozpocz ęły Stany Zjednoczone. Pierwszym programem stanowi ącym baz ę dla ∗ mjr mgr Dariusz BECMER - Instytut Dowodzenia Wy Ŝszej Szkoły Oficerskiej Wojsk L ądowych Dariusz BECMER Land Warriora był projekt SIPE ( Soldier Integrated Protective Ensemble ) zainicjowany w 1990 roku przez Departament US Army 1. W ramach tego projektu okre ślono zasadni- cze wymagania wobec Ŝołnierza przyszło ści i jego wyposa Ŝenia oraz kierunki rozwoju poszczególnych komponentów 2. W tym czasie grupa analityczna US Army zapropono- wała nowe spojrzenie na Ŝołnierza i potraktowanie go wraz z wyposa Ŝeniem i uzbroje- niem jako kompletny system. Ide ą tej koncepcji było: − zapewnienie Ŝołnierzom piechoty zwi ększonej świadomo ści sytuacyjnej; − zapewnienie swobodnej komunikacji i wymiany informacji pomi ędzy nimi, oraz elementami przeło Ŝonych wy Ŝszego szczebla; − zwi ększenie mo Ŝliwo ści bojowych; − oraz zwi ększenie komfortu podczas wykonywania zada ń bojowych. Priorytetowo potraktowano równie Ŝ Ŝywotno ść i zdolno ść przetrwania Ŝołnierza. 8 wrze śnia 1993 roku Departament US Army okre ślił wymagania dotycz ące sys- temu ( The Mission Needs Statement for The Enhanced Integrated Soldier System – Di- smounted TEISS-D)3 w pi ęciu kluczowych obszarach: − w zakresie Ŝywotno ści : zapewnienie zwi ększonych mo Ŝliwo ści obserwacji dziennej i nocnej umo Ŝliwiaj ące efektywne wykrycie, zlokalizowanie, rozpo- znanie, sklasyfikowanie, zidentyfikowanie i zniszczenie obiektów przeciwni- ka w ka Ŝdej sytuacji i w ka Ŝdym środowisku pola walki w odległo ści wi ęk- szej ni Ŝ zasi ęg ognia skutecznego podstawowego uzbrojenia; − w zakresie mobilno ści : zredukowanie masy wyposa Ŝenia przy zapewnieniu zwi ększonych mo Ŝliwo ści bojowych, kompatybilno ść w działaniach wyko- nywanych przez ró Ŝne rodzaje wojsk (wojska powietrznodesantowe, po- wietrzno-szturmowe, zmechanizowane, rangersi i siły specjalne); − w zakresie zdolno ści przetrwania : zapewnienie osłony przed ogniem bezpo- średnim broni małokalibrowej, minami przeciwpiechotnymi oraz broni ą zapa- laj ącą, a ponadto zapewnienie ochrony przed skutkami u Ŝycia broni nuklear- nej, biologicznej, chemicznej, mikrofalowej wysokiej mocy, energii skiero- wanej, rozpryskowej oraz „pociskom strzałkowym”. Dodatkowo zapewnienie ochrony słuchu, zapobieganie, zakłócanie lub mylenie systemu wykrywania przeciwnika; dostarczenie urz ądze ń ostrzegania przed ró Ŝnego rodzaju zagro- Ŝeniami wyst ępuj ącymi na polu walki, zapewnienie wysokiej trwało ści pro- dukowanego wyposa Ŝenia ochronnego, jak równie Ŝ trwałych urz ądze ń pery- feryjnych wspomagaj ących zmysł widzenia, słuchu i dotyku; − w zakresie dowodzenia i kontroli : zapewnienie ł ączno ści głosowej, w tym utajnionej, wymiany danych, obrazów, map cyfrowych, zobrazowania grafiki, przekazywania i otrzymywania lokalizacji danego obiektu, zapewnienie świadomo ści sytuacyjnej oraz danych dotycz ących aktualnej sytuacji w pro- wadzonych działaniach bojowych; 1 Projekt SIPE był opisywany przez autora w artykule pt.: Francuska koncepcja Ŝołnierza przyszło ści , [w:] „Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL” nr 3/2008, s. 55-68. 2 R. Wilk, śołnierz przyszło ści – kolejne przybli Ŝenia , [w:] „Raport-wto” nr 8/2005, s. 5. 3 Tak przej ściowo nazywał si ę system Land Warrior. 27 AMERYKA ŃSKA KONCEPCJA WYPOSA śENIA śOŁNIERZA PRZYSZŁO ŚCI… − w zakresie utrzymania Ŝołnierza na polu walki: zapewnienie wsparcia logi- stycznego, w zakresie zaopatrzenia w środki zasilania w energi ę (baterie), wod ę, jedzenie i amunicj ę4. Wymagania te zostały zaaprobowane w kwietniu 1994 roku i znalazły swoje od- zwierciedlenie w projekcie zaplanowanym na lata 1994-98 o nazwie 21st Century Land Warrior Top Level Demonstration (21 CLW TLD). Wynikiem tego projektu miało by ć stworzenie prototypu systemu, który miał by ć przetestowany w trzecim kwartale 1998 roku 5. Od pocz ątku borykano si ę z trudno ściami sprostania zało Ŝeniom postawionym przez US Army. Najwi ększym wyzwaniem była redukcja masy poni Ŝej 25 kg (cało ść wyposa Ŝenia Ŝołnierza z osłon ą balistyczn ą, zapasem amunicji, wody i Ŝywno ści) oraz gabarytów elementów systemu, przede wszystkim akumulatorów zasilaj ących (proble- mem równie Ŝ była ich Ŝywotno ść ). Kolejnych problemów nastr ęczało równie Ŝ nad ąŜ a- nie za post ępem w bran Ŝy elektronicznej 6. Pierwsze efekty prac spowodowały to, Ŝe prototypowy system nie przeszedł testów przeprowadzonych ju Ŝ w kwietniu 1998 roku, głównie z powodu niespełnienia wymaga ń dotycz ących urz ądze ń elektronicznych, w wyniku czego US Army odrzuciła go. W 1999 roku, bazuj ąc na wynikach analizy poprzedniej koncepcji, zrewidowano pogl ądy dotycz ące zastosowania urz ądze ń specjalnie produkowanych na potrzeby sys- temu i na szersz ą skal ę wykorzystano podzespoły elektroniczne b ędące w powszechnej sprzeda Ŝy, równie Ŝ na rynku cywilnym (COTS – commercial off the shelf )7. Integracj ą podsystemów zastosowanych w Land Warriorze zarz ądzało stworzone do tego celu biuro - Program Executive Office Soldier’s Project Manager Soldier Systems. Biuro to zawarło kontrakt z Exponent, Incorporated, na rozwinięcie prototypowego systemu i po przeprowadzeniu oceny prototypu - dostarczenie kolejnych 70 systemów do dalszych testów. W rezultacie obiecuj ących wyników uzyskanych podczas ćwicze ń bojowych, PEO Soldier’s Project Manager zawarł kontrakt z Konsorcjum zło Ŝonym z sze ściu kon- traktorów, (w tym: Exponent, Inc.; Computer Sciences Corporation; Omega Training Group, Inc.; Pacific Consultants LLC; PEMSTAR, Inc.; i The Wexford Group, Interna- tional). W ramach zawartego porozumienia, Konsorcjum miało poprowadzi ć program rozwoju systemu Land Warrior , który obejmował projekt, rozwój, integracj ę, produk- cj ę, testy i wsparcie podczas fazy opracowania i produkcji systemu. Program ten miał by ć przeprowadzony w ci ągu dwóch lat, mi ędzy 2001 a 2003 rokiem. Testy tej wersji systemu zostały zako ńczone w lutym 2003 roku. Aby zredukowa ć technologiczne ryzy- ko i przyspieszy ć wdro Ŝenie systemu do wojsk, postanowiono rozwija ć i produkowa ć system w trzech blokach. 4 Operational Requirements Document (revised) for Land Warrior, Draft – 11 may 2001; [online]. [dost ęp: 11.04.2008]. Dost ępny w Internecie: http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/sbir/sbir012/A01-111.doc. 5 Land Warrior, 1990’s history ; [online]. [dost ęp: 11.04.2008]. Dost ępny w Internecie: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/land-warrior-90s.htm. 6 A. Dubiel, Land Warrior w Iraku i Kongresie , [w:] „Raport-wto” 2007, nr 9, s. 62. 7 Land Warrior, 1990’s history ; [online]. [dost ęp: 11.04.2008]. Dost ępny w Internecie: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/land-warrior-90s.htm. 28 Dariusz BECMER 1. LAND WARRIOR BLOCK I Rozwój i produkcja pierwszego (nazywanego równie Ŝ Land Warrior-Initial Ca- pability ) miały dostarczy ć dla US Army systemów spełniaj ących wymagania operacyj- ne okre ślone w dokumencie z dnia 31 pa ździernika 2001 roku. W systemie Land War- rior-Initial Capability (LW-IC, w dalszym etapie nazwanym Land Warrior 1.0 ) wyró Ŝ- niono nast ępuj ące podsystemy: uzbrojenie, zintegrowany hełm, umundurowanie ochronne i wyposa Ŝenie indywidualne, komputer z radiostacj ą oraz oprogramowanie (rys. 1). Podsystem uzbrojenia ( Weapon Subsystem - WSS) stanowił: 5,56 mm karabi- nek M-4 (l Ŝejsza wersja karabinka szturmowego M-16), celownik termowizyjny ( Ther- mal Weapons Sight - TWS), kamera video ( Daylight Video Scope - DVS) oraz urz ądze- nie zło Ŝone z laserowego dalmierza i z kompasu cyfrowego ( laser rangefinder/digital compass - LRF/DC), okre ślaj ących odległo ść i azymut do celu. W poł ączeniu z własn ą lokalizacj ą odczytan ą z GPS pozwalało to dokładnie okre śli ć poło Ŝenie celu, w przy- padku
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