Minakata Kumagusu Ein Blick Auf Den „Gefesselten Riesen“

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Minakata Kumagusu Ein Blick Auf Den „Gefesselten Riesen“ Minakata Kumagusu Ein Blick auf den „gefesselten Riesen“ TANIGAWA Kenichi 谷川健一 Übersetzt von Peter Lutum, Hamburg* Mit den nun vorliegenden Gesammelten Werken von Minakata Kumagusu 南方熊楠 und Yanagita Kunio 柳田国男, besteht jetzt die Gelegenheit, anhand ihres Briefwechsels einen Vergleich dieser beiden Persönlichkeiten vorzunehmen. Die Briefe Minakatas, die den umfangreicheren Teil der Werke ausma- chen und zudem eine größere Lebendigkeit aufweisen, lassen, wenn sie mit den Briefen Yanagitas an Minakata kontrastiert werden, eine Reihe interes- santer Dinge zutage treten. Vom ersten brieflichen Kontakt bis zum Abbruch ihrer Korrespondenz galt Yanagitas Interesse vor allem dem Ursprung und der Lebensweise der japanischen Bergbewohner, wobei er bei schwierigen Fragen und Unklar- heiten oftmals Minakata konsultierte, der ihm so dann mit vielen erläutern- den Beispielen antwortete. Zu jener Zeit konzentrierte sich Minakata unter großer Aufopferung auf seinen Widerstand1 gegen die Zusammenlegung der ländlichen Shintô- * Für das Korrekturlesen danke ich Veit-Gunnar Schüttrumpf. 1 Die Meiji-Regierung veranlaßte 1906 eine Zusammenlegung der Schreine, um durch eine Zentrierung des religiösen Lebens und der Bräuche zum Staats-Shintô die Auto- rität des Meiji-Kaisers in seiner religiösen Position zu stärken. In der Zeit des Staats- Shintô, etwa 1871–1945, übernahm die japanische Regierung die Kontrolle über die Schreine und errichtete ein Rangsystem, bei dem die Schreine in Staats-Schreine (kansha) und sonstige Schreine (shôsha) eingeteilt wurden. Nachdem die Meiji-Regie- rung im Jahre 1906 die Zusammenlegung der Schreine angeordnet hatte, durfte pro Dorf nur noch ein Schrein existieren. Die übrigen Schreine des betreffenden Dorfes wurden zerstört und deren Gottheiten in andere Schreine inthronisiert. Mit der Ab- schaffung und Zusammenlegung der Schreine ging eine Vernichtung der schreineige- nen Forstbestände und deren ökologisches System einher; vgl. Horst HAMMITZSCH (Hg.): Japan-Handbuch. 3. Auflage. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 1990. In der Ta- geszeitung Muro shimbun (Muro ist ein kleines Dorf in der Präfektur Wakayama) übte KAGAMI – Heft 49 27 Schreine2 und bat hierbei Yanagita, der damals noch Regierungsbeamter und Parlamentsabgeordneter war, um Unterstützung. So entwickelte sich schließlich aus dieser anfänglichen Korrespondenz ein reger Briefwechsel, in dem sie sich nach und nach immer häufiger gegenseitig zu Rate zogen und einander förderten. Etwa seit der Phase, in der Yanagita seine Zeit- schrift Kyôdo kenkyû3 („Heimatforschung“)4 herauszugeben begann und zugleich Minakatas Kampagne gegen die Schreinzusammenlegung lang- sam an Intensität verlor, veränderte sich auf subtile Weise ihre bis dahin freundschaftliche Beziehung. Obgleich Yanagita dem enzyklopädischen Wissen Minakatas eine unge- heure Hochachtung und Bewunderung entgegenbrachte, trachtete er schon von Anfang an danach, sich mehr und mehr von dessen Kenntnissen unab- hängig zu machen, um eine eigene, nach seinen Vorstellungen ausgerichtete volkskundliche Methode zu formulieren. Allein in diesen wenigen Punkten kommt bereits ihr gänzlich unterschiedliches Charakterprofil zum Vor- schein. Wir können sicher davon ausgehen, daß sie sich ihrer Gegensätz- lichkeit bewußt waren und besonders eklatant muß dieses insbesondere für Minakata am 27.09.1909 erstmals scharfe Kritik gegenüber der Abschaffung und Ver- einigung der Schreine und wurde im August des folgenden Jahres, als er den Präfek- turabgeordneten gegen dessen Willen sprechen wollte und sich darauf zu ihm unerlaubt Zutritt verschafft hatte, wegen Hausfriedensbruch für 18 Tage inhaftiert; vgl. TSURUMI Kazuko: Minakata Kumagusu. 1. Auflage 1981. Kôdansha gakujutsu bunko 1993. 2 In seinem Aufsatz „Minakata Kumagusu to ,Itoda-Sarugami-toshi‛ Gôshi-Jiken“ erör- tert Hashizume Hiroyuki die Motive Minakatas gegen die Zusammenlegung der Schreine. Er zeigt auf, daß die Vernichtung des Sarugami-Schreins in Tanabe der Aus- löser für Minakatas Kampagne gegen die Schreinzusammenlegung gewesen war. Des weiteren weist er darauf hin, daß Minakatas Initiative nicht allein aufgrund seiner bio- logischen Forschung mit Moosen, Algen und Pilzen, die in dem Forst der Tempel- und Schreinbezirke in einem besonderen Biotop wachsen, die Hauptmotivation darstelle, sondern mit der Zerstörung der Schrein- und Tempelkultur zugleich auch die Bräuche, als auch die religiöse Tradition und Heimatverbundenheit verloren ginge und dies zu einem Identitätsverlust der Bevölkerung führen müsse; in: FAKULTÄTSZEITSCHRIFT DER UNIVERSITÄT KYÔTO: Ningen kankyôgaku kenkyûka. 1997.6, S. 95–105. 3 Erschien in den Jahren 1913–1917. Laut Yanagita sei die „Heimatforschung“ eine For- schung, die sich auf alle Gebiete des Volkslebens bezieht. Ab der 2. Nummer des 2. Bandes redigierte Yanagita sie ohne Takaki Toshio und veröffentlichte dort zahlreiche Aufsätze unter dem Decknamen Yamamura; vgl. YANAGITA Kunio; „Die japanische Volkskunde. Ihre Vergangenheit, Entwicklung und gegenwärtige Lage“ (übersetzt von M. Eder), in: Folklore Studies 1944.3/2, Peking. 4 Auf der Rückseite des Deckblattes erschien der deutschsprachige Titel Zeitschrift für japanische Volks- und Landeskunde; herausgegeben vom Regierungsrat Dr. K. Yana- gita, Prof. T. Takaki; vgl. NISHINA Gorô: Minakata Kumagusu no shôgai. Shinjinbutsu ôraisha 1994. 28 Yanagita gewesen sein, der sich in keiner Weise mit Minakatas umfangrei- cher Bildung messen konnte. Gerade in dem Versuch Yanagitas, schließlich für die Konsolidierung seiner Volkskunde einen eigenwilligen völlig anderen methodischen Weg zu gehen, um damit zugleich dem Einfluß Minakatas kolossaler Gelehrsam- keit entgegen zu wirken, zeigte sich ganz offen die Dramatik in ihrer Be- ziehung. Dies verdeutlicht ferner ein späteres Geständnis, in dem es heißt: „Um das Jahr 1910 oder 1911 bot sich eine Gelegenheit mit dem verehrten Lehrer näher in Kontakt zu treten, aber durch eine wirklich idiotische Sache kam es schließlich zwischen uns zu einer unangenehmen Befremdung.“ Ich habe jedoch Zweifel, ob man dem ganzen Wortlaut Yanagitas Glauben schenken darf, denn er erhielt danach von Minakata wie er selbst an einer anderen Stelle schreibt, noch trotz „dieser unbedeutenden Bagatelle über sechs Jahre annähernd hundertfünfzig Briefe“. Aus heutiger Sicht könnte man beispielsweise fragen, wo wohl die ge- genwärtige japanische Geisteswissenschaft stünde, wenn es nicht zu einer Trennung zwischen den beiden gekommen wäre. Auf jeden Fall ist es aber so, daß gerade die Entfremdung und der darauffolgende Abbruch ihrer sich für beide Seiten stets als fruchtbar erwiesenen intellektuellen Kontroverse auch eine Tragödie für die japanische Wissenschaft ist. Näheres hierzu möchte ich, indem ich mich auf den Briefwechsel konzentriere, im folgen- den ein wenig ausführlicher erläutern. In Yanagitas Autobiographie Kokyô nanajû nen („Die letzten siebzig Jahre“) findet sich ein Kapitel mit dem Titel „Der Lehrer Minakata Kuma- gusu“.5 Meines Erachtens gibt es für die Exegese der Korrespondenz zwi- schen Minakata und Yanagita keinen prägnanteren Text und ich werde ihn deshalb, trotz der Länge des Zitats, an dieser Stelle zum besseren Verständ- nis des Lesers anführen. „Unter den zahlreichen Menschen, denen ich in meinem Leben begeg- nete, war Minakata Kumagusu aus Kii6 bestimmt der sonderbarste. Es war, wenn ich mich recht erinnere, zweifelsohne das Jahr 1910 in dem ich Ishi- gami mondô („Diskurse über die Steingötter“)7 herausbrachte; ein Buch, welches hauptsächlich aus einer Sammlung von Briefen bestand, die ich zu diesem Thema von zehn Persönlichkeiten erhalten hatte. Als ich ein 5 Es handelt sich hierbei um einen anderen Aufsatz als das gleichbetitelte Kapitel, wel- ches im 23. Band der Yanagita Werkausgabe unter der Rubrik „Sasayaka naru muka- shi“ angeführt wird. 6 Ehemalige Bezeichnung der heutigen Präfektur Wakayama. 7 Untersucht werden dort die Herkunft der Steingötter sowie jene Gottheiten, die häufig in Steinen verkörpert sind, wie z. B. shaguji (Name eines Steingottes), dôsojin (Gott des Weges), ubagami (Muttergottheit), yamagami (Berggötter) und aragami (wilde Götter), in: Folklore Studies, 1944 (s. Anm. 3). 29 Exemplar davon Herrn Dr. Tsuboi Shôgoro8 schenkte, wurde ich über ihn mit den Herrschaften der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft bekannt ge- macht. Dort empfahl man mir, auch Herrn Minakata Kumagusu ein Exem- plar zukommen zu lassen, was dann zum Beginn unserer Bekanntschaft führen sollte. Damals erhielt ich über eine Zeitspanne von etwa eineinhalb oder zwei Jahren nahezu jeden Tag einen Brief von ihm. Er war in der Tat ein solch eifriger Briefeschreiber, daß ich manchmal, je nach Wochentag, sogar drei bis viermal täglich Post von ihm bekam. Er hatte außerdem ein erstaunliches Erinnerungs- und Kombinationsvermögen und es kam nie vor, daß er sich in seinen Briefen wiederholte. Ferner konnte er in sieben oder acht Sprachen die speziellsten Bücher lesen, ohne jemals ihren ge- nauen Inhalt zu vergessen. Diese gewiß außergewöhnliche Persönlichkeit behauptete in einem seiner Briefe sogar von sich, nachts in der Fremdspra- che zu träumen, in der er zuvor ein Buch gelesen hätte. Seine hervorragen- den Englischkenntnisse hat er sicher während seiner Aufenthalte in Ame- rika und London erworben, wo er sich auch eine Zeitlang quasi für einen Hungerlohn als Hilfsassistent am britischen Nationalmuseum verdingte. Die vielen und überaus langen Briefe, die er mir sandte, waren bisweilen sogar vollgespickt mit Zitaten in Italienisch oder anderen Sprachen. Seine gesamte Korrespondenz
Recommended publications
  • A Thesis Entitled Yoshimoto Taka'aki, Communal Illusion, and The
    A Thesis entitled Yoshimoto Taka’aki, Communal Illusion, and the Japanese New Left by Manuel Yang Submitted as partial fulfillment for requirements for The Master of Arts Degree in History ________________________ Adviser: Dr. William D. Hoover ________________________ Adviser: Dr. Peter Linebaugh ________________________ Dr. Alfred Cave ________________________ Graduate School The University of Toledo (July 2005) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is customary in a note of acknowledgments to make the usual mea culpa concerning the impossibility of enumerating all the people to whom the author has incurred a debt in writing his or her work, but, in my case, this is far truer than I can ever say. This note is, therefore, a necessarily abbreviated one and I ask for a small jubilee, cancellation of all debts, from those that I fail to mention here due to lack of space and invidiously ungrateful forgetfulness. Prof. Peter Linebaugh, sage of the trans-Atlantic commons, who, as peerless mentor and comrade, kept me on the straight and narrow with infinite "grandmotherly kindness" when my temptation was always to break the keisaku and wander off into apostate digressions; conversations with him never failed to recharge the fiery voltage of necessity and desire of historical imagination in my thinking. The generously patient and supportive free rein that Prof. William D. Hoover, the co-chair of my thesis committee, gave me in exploring subjects and interests of my liking at my own preferred pace were nothing short of an ideal that all academic apprentices would find exceedingly enviable; his meticulous comments have time and again mercifully saved me from committing a number of elementary factual and stylistic errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviews / Comptes Rendus
    REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS John Clarke, The Ordinary People needs, which reflected their interest in of Essex: Environment, Culture, and continuity and stability even as they built Economy on the Frontier of Upper new homes in a sometimes strange coun- Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill- try. Bound by religious and ethnic ties, Queen’s University Press 2010) they attempted to cluster together and, if there were a critical mass of popula- The Ordinary People of Essex is an tion (as there was for French and English exhaustive study of the ways in which Canadians, Americans, and Germans), people shaped the land and the land married within their own ethnic and re- shaped settlement in Essex County from ligious groups. As Clarke points out, the the early to the mid-19th century. Author best land was not always the most pro- John Clarke, Distinguished Research ductive land. Settlers preferred land in Professor of historical geography at proximity to settlements, kin, or those Carleton University, has written a suc- who shared cultural or ethnic roots to cessful follow-up to his Land, Power, provide maximum support for their fam- and Economics on the Frontier of Upper ilies. Most settlers found that land was Canada (2002). With 738 pages, includ- affordable and obtained a patent in ap- ing 470 pages of text, 141 pages of notes, proximately eight years. dozens of tables and maps, and 34 pages The role of origins (defined broadly of appendices, The Ordinary People of as ethnic, social, and distinct cultural Essex represents the scholarly mastery group) is central to the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48194-6 — Japan's Castles Oleg Benesch , Ran Zwigenberg Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48194-6 — Japan's Castles Oleg Benesch , Ran Zwigenberg Index More Information Index 10th Division, 101, 117, 123, 174 Aichi Prefecture, 77, 83, 86, 90, 124, 149, 10th Infantry Brigade, 72 171, 179, 304, 327 10th Infantry Regiment, 101, 108, 323 Aizu, Battle of, 28 11th Infantry Regiment, 173 Aizu-Wakamatsu, 37, 38, 53, 74, 92, 108, 12th Division, 104 161, 163, 167, 268, 270, 276, 277, 12th Infantry Regiment, 71 278, 279, 281, 282, 296, 299, 300, 14th Infantry Regiment, 104, 108, 223 307, 313, 317, 327 15th Division, 125 Aizu-Wakamatsu Castle, 9, 28, 38, 62, 75, 17th Infantry Regiment, 109 77, 81, 277, 282, 286, 290, 311 18th Infantry Regiment, 124, 324 Akamatsu Miyokichi, 64 19th Infantry Regiment, 35 Akasaka Detached Palace, 33, 194, 1st Cavalry Division (US Army), 189, 190 195, 204 1st Infantry Regiment, 110 Akashi Castle, 52, 69, 78 22nd Infantry Regiment, 72, 123 Akechi Mitsuhide, 93 23rd Infantry Regiment, 124 Alnwick Castle, 52 29th Infantry Regiment, 161 Alsace, 58, 309 2nd Division, 35, 117, 324 Amakasu Masahiko, 110 2nd General Army, 2 Amakusa Shirō , 163 33rd Division, 199 Amanuma Shun’ichi, 151 39th Infantry Regiment, 101 American Civil War, 26, 105 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 125 anarchists, 110 3rd Division, 102, 108, 125 Ansei Purge, 56 3rd Infantry Battalion, 101 anti-military feeling, 121, 126, 133 47th Infantry Regiment, 104 Aoba Castle (Sendai), 35, 117, 124, 224 4th Division, 77, 108, 111, 112, 114, 121, Aomori, 30, 34 129, 131, 133–136, 166, 180, 324, Aoyama family, 159 325, 326 Arakawa
    [Show full text]
  • CSJR Newsletter
    Centre for the Study of Japanese Religions CSJR Newsletter Autumn 2009 Issue 18-19 CSJR Newsletter • Autumn 2009 • Issue 18-19 In this issue 2 From the Centre Chair Centre Activities FROM THE CHAIR 3 CSJR Seminar and Fora Schedule 4 Film Screening: A Zen Life: D.T. Suzuki 5 Spring International Workshop: Minakata Another academic year has just concluded and while we look forward to the summer Kumagusu and London break we reflect back on the past months. As I write, the field of Japanese religion is saddened by the news that Carmen Blacker has passed away, on the morning of her Centre Activities Reports 85th birthday. Perhaps the most influential British scholar of Japanese religions, Carmen Blacker’s work opened up a new understanding of religious practices in Japan. She was 6 CSJR Spring International Workshop very supportive of the Centre, as she was of young scholars and of new initiatives, and I 8 Numata Lecture Series (2007-2008) have fond memories of her visits in the early years of the Centre. We will be remember- 9 Portraiture: Power & Ritual ing her and honouring her scholarly contributions in coming events. Research Notes Last year several people were away from the CSJR. After Brian Boching took up a post 10 O-take Dainichi Nyorai, a Shugendō Icon at the University of Cork, John Breen also left London to take up a three-year assignment 13 Motoori Norinaga’s Thoughts at Nichibunken in Kyoto. A few of our PhD students spent periods in Japan conducting on Astronomy fieldwork, and I myself was on sabbatical for the first two terms of 2008-2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Minakata Kumagusu
    Volume 6 | Issue 1 | Article ID 2637 | Jan 01, 2008 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Japan's Wild Scientific Genius: Minakata Kumagusu Roger Pulvers Japan's Wild Scientific Genius: Minakata become a pioneer in his field of biology, Kumagusu recognized as such around the world? This is a time when Japan was barely emerging from 250 Roger Pulvers years of self-imposed national isolation, a policy that created a scientific and technological gap The scientific term Minakatella longifolia G. with the West of immense proportion. And one Lister may be known only to biologists, but more question: How could a man like Minakata, behind the story of this slime mold—and of how eccentric, feisty and volatile to the point of specimens came to be kept at the Natural being wild, turn himself into one of the most History Museum in London—is the life of one of respected, even worshipped, figures of the the most fascinating men of Japan’s modern Meiji intellectual establishment? era: Minakata Kumagusu. Minakata Kumagusu was born in 1867 as the second son in a family that ran a general store (zakkaya) in Wakayama City. Eventually he would have five siblings. Stories of his intellectual feats as a child are legendary. It is certain that, while in primary school, he did have the ability to throw himself into a task and keep at it for weeks on end. He copied out several lengthy classics, including the 40- chapter Taiheiki, word for word. His early diaries show a marked talent for drawing, both realistic and imaginary.
    [Show full text]
  • Download/Pdf/13283325.Pdf
    East Asia Series Tanaka Shōzō 田中正造 (1841-1913): The Politics of Democracy and Equality in Modern Japan Brij Tankha East Asia Programme, Institute of Chinese Studies 2021 First Published in 2021 © Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi Institute of Chinese Studies, B-371 (3rd floor), Chittaranjan Park, Kalkaji, New Delhi - 110 019 Landline Telephone: +91-11-4056 4823 Fax: +91-11-23830728 Email: [email protected] Website: www.icsin.org ISBN: 978-81-932482-7-0 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Brij Tankha retired in 2012 as Professor of Modern Japanese History, Department of East Asia, University of Delhi, and is currently Honorary Fellow and Co-ordinator East Asia Programme, Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi. he has been visiting fellow or taught at various universities in Japan, China, and Europe. Most recently, he was Visiting Fellow, Institut d'études avancées, Nantes, France, October 2019-June 2020. His research interests focus on nationalism, social movements, religion, Japan’s relations with China and India. Amongst his publications are: Translated from the Japanese. 2008. Sato Tadao, Mizoguchi Kenji no Sekai (The World of Mizoguchi Kenji) Kenzo Mizoguchi and The Art of Japanese Cinema. Berg Publishers; Edited, 2007. Shadows of the Past of Okakura Tenshin and Pan-Asianism. Sampark, Kolkatta, New Delhi; and 2003. A Vision of Empire: Kita Ikki and the Making of Modern Japan. Sampark, Kolkatta, New Delhi. (Re-published 2006. Kita Ikki and the Making of Modern Japan: A Vision of Empire. Global Oriental, London, 2006). Contact: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the research for this essay was done while I was a fellow at the Institut d'études avancées, Nantes, France Oct.2019-June, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Globally Pioneering Ecologist: Kumagusu Minakata (1867-1941)
    Globally Pioneering Ecologist: Kumagusu Minakata (1867-1941) Thought of Diversity from Buddhist World By Isao ADACHI Japan had a giant of knowledge named Kumagusu Minakata tor Wollaston Franks and was asked to collate Oriental study materi- who lived from the late 19th century to the early 20th century – als and later allowed to study at the museum. between the Meiji era (1868-1912) and the Showa era (1926- He did not belong to any particular university or academic soci- 1989). He globally acclaimed achievements in such fields as biolo- ety in Japan but contributed 50 articles to Nature magazine and gy (centering on slime molds), comparative folklore and compara- 323 articles to Notes and Queries. One of his Nature articles on tive religion, and waged a campaign against logging in connection astronomy, “The Constellations in the Far East,” was reviewed by with the government-ordered consolidation of forest-covered The Times and other publications, winning him instant fame. shrines in an effort to maintain ecosystems. He was one of the Although he was poor in London, his in-depth knowledge and high scholars who first used the term “ecology” in the world. caliber attracted many people and he forged a close friendship with At the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Sun Yat-sen who led the Chinese Revolution. Convention on Biological Diversity (COP10) in Nagoya, developed Minakata fully understood Western science but produced a very and developing countries battled over the use of biological imaginative philosophy of the world and the universe based on resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Seinendan: Youth Associations As Social Technology in Late Meiji and Taishō Japan
    Seinendan: Youth Associations as Social Technology in Late Meiji and Taishō Japan by Alexander Schweinsberg A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Alexander Schweinsberg 2014 Seinendan: Youth Associations as Social Technology in Late Meiji and Taishō Japan Alexander Schweinsberg Master of Arts Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This thesis is an investigation into the rise of the rural youth association (seinendan) movement in Japan, focusing on the period from around 1890 to the first years of World War I. Treatment is also given to genealogical connections and differences between these associations and earlier rural social groupings, which the Greater Japan Federation of Youth Associations (est. 1925) narrativized as its historical antecedents and a primordial expression of Japanese national essence. Modern seinendan provided new opportunities for local notables and the state to deal with problems of governance and promoting rural reform. Using primary sources, extended attention is given to how elite bureaucrats conceived of self-governance as an organizational paradigm for administrative units and, eventually, individuals. Lastly, the origins and instrumentalization in Japan of the concept of youth as a stage distinct from childhood are discussed in transnational context, with particular focus on the rise of youth psychology. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Takashi Fujitani, for taking me on as a student, his always insightful advice and comments, timely assistance in what were for me trying personal circumstances, and, above all, for being a model of careful and impactful scholarship that illuminates both past and present.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Japan's Self-Perceived National Identities and Integration in Asia
    Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Assessing Japan's self-perceived national identities and integration in Asia Relatore Ch. Prof. Rosa Caroli Correlatore Ch. Prof. Roberto Peruzzi Laureando Davide Sampaolesi Matricola 805304 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 Acknowledgments First of all I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to my thesis supervisor Prof.Rosa Caroli as well as to my co-supervisor Prof.Roberto Peruzzi. Most of this thesis would not have been possible without their support and guidance. Special thanks go to my family and Giulia for their continuous support, love and patience. In Italy I am particularly indebted to Gabriele Protopapa, Patrizio Barbirotto, Alice Santinelli, Luca Bartozzi, Elena Santilli, Marco Trieste, Eleonora Rossi, Andrea del Bono, Alberto Lussana, Ulisse della Giacoma, Jan Trevisan, Davide Stevanato, Tommi, Tancredi Cocchi, Filippo Colombo, Daria Zanuttigh, Lorenzo Lazzati, Ilaria Zanandreis, Letizia Lanzi, Elio Ticca, Tolja Djokovic. In Japan I am particularly indebted to Yuki Chamberlain, Ayako Kajiwara, Ryuhei Watanabe, Teruko Maehara; in the UK to Paul Conversy, Mike Hamilton, Fahad Khan; Hasti Esfandiyari. I am also grateful to the European Delegation in Tokyo, to the Embassy of Italy in Japan and to the Asian Development Bank Institute, from which I received enormous insights on Japanese politics during my last visit to Japan in 2010-2011. Final thanks go to Christopher Ibbett and Lisa Albertani, proofreaders of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • MORNING FOG (Correspondence on Gay Lifestyles)
    V Minskota Kumsgusu (1867-1941) & Iwatq Jun'ichi (1900-1945) MORNING FOG (Correspondence on Gay Lifestyles) Translated by William F. Sibley Introduction The correspondence between Minakata Kumagusu (1867-1941) and Iwata Jun'ichi (1900-1945) from which the following five letters have been ex- cerpted began in 1931 and extended to the year of Minakata's death ten years later. These selections all date from the first few months of the cor- respondence, which eventually ran to 120 letters. I have chosen them rather than some later letters because it is here that the correspondents seek both to define the terms of their divergent approaches to the history of homosex- ualities in Japan and, through a somewhat lopsided dialogue on central principles, to find common ground. Iwata expresses himself deferentially to the much older man (though not without some pointed questions in the Ietter of 8/27 /31) while Minakata, in keeping with his age and his great ac- complishments, maintains a stern, often schoolmasterish tone where guid- ing principles are concerned. Although Minakata's letters did not first appear until 1951 and Iwata's only in 1991, this correspondence that began 64 years ago marks in a real sense the beginnings-to be sure, in mutually pledged privacy-of a mod- ern Japanese discourse on, not simply the history of homosexualities (some work had been published in this area, particularly with respect to Toku- gawa literature), but basic theories, methodological, MINAKATA Kumagusu, at the age of ethical, and existen- fifty-five, in 1922 tial, about what male homosexualities have been in the past in Japan, were at the time of writing, could be and should be.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chimeric Being from Kyushu, Japan: Amabie's Revival During Covid‐19
    A chimeric being from Kyushu, Japan Amabie’s revival during Covid-19 CLAUDIA MERLI This article explores how the resurgence of a forgotten records, Amabie appeared only once – emerging from Claudia Merli is Associate Professor of Cultural chimeric figure from the Japanese history of disasters and the sea and illuminated by a halo – to a local officer in Anthropology at Uppsala epidemics, the prophesizing yōkai Amabie, intersects with the Higo area, Kumamoto prefecture, in 1846. Like other University. Her research some central ecological and political discourses in the prophesizing yōkai, she left behind a message: ‘Good har- focuses on medical context of the Covid-19 pandemic, especially those asso- vest will continue for six years from the current year; if an anthropology, bodily practices and disaster anthropology, ciated with culinary practices, human rights and relations epidemic ever spreads, draw a picture of me and show it to primarily in Thailand. Since with other historical epidemics. This uncanny yōkai from everyone’ (Fig. 2). She did not appear again, and remained 2016, she has also carried out southern Japan in the pre-modern Edo period addresses in that sense an ‘outsider’ (see Komatsu 1987 for an anal- research in southern Japan’s Kyushu region, on local contemporary lives as they are caught in a suspension of ysis of spirits as mythical outsiders). 2 cosmologies, volcanic ash our usual temporal and spatial dimensions. Unlike the riverine kappa (河童) – another water yōkai and protective practices in the – Amabie does not seem to have a mischievous character. area of Sakurajima volcano Emerging from the seas of history The term yōkai has been used to define ‘all things beyond (Kagoshima prefecture).
    [Show full text]
  • Minakata Kumagusu and the British Museum
    Minakata Kumagusu and the British Museum MATSUI Ryugo, Professor, Ryukoku University Minakata in the British Museum According to Minakata Fumie (1911–2000), the daughter of Minakata Kumagusu (1867–1941), her father continued to share his memories of the British Museum late into his life. “When I first entered the Library, I found it to be the very place I had always dreamed of going,” [1] Minakata had said. It was on April 10, 1895 that Minakata applied for readership at the British Library, one the world’s largest libraries, then located inside the British Museum in central London [2]. Minakata had been introduced by Charles Hercules Read (1857–1929), Keeper of the Department of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography, to the Museum’s Augustus Wollaston Franks (1826–97), Read’s predecessor as Keeper, on September 22, 1893 as a young, learned Japanese scholar able to advise the Museum on the Department’s Oriental collection. Minakata became acquainted with Robert Douglas (1838–1913), the first Keeper of the MATSUI Ryugo, Department of Oriental Books, in October, 1895 and assisted him in Professor, Ryukoku compiling the catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books. The British University Museum thus became the base for Minakata’s academic activities in London. In this Library of his dreams, Minakata embarked on a project to research the rare books unavailable in Japan or elsewhere, work which entailed transcribing books either in whole or in part in an anthology he titled “London Extracts,” or “ Rondon nukigaki (ロンドン抜書).” Minakata had completed around thirty-seven volumes of this work when he was expelled from the Museum, in December 1898, for hitting another reader.
    [Show full text]