Structural Performance Analysis of Underground Stormwater Storage Chamber
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Structural Performance Analysis of Underground Stormwater Storage Chamber A thesis presented to the faculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Junqing Zhu June 2012 © 2012 Junqing Zhu. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Structural Performance Analysis of Underground Stormwater Storage Chamber by JUNQING ZHU has been approved for the Department of Civil Engineering and the Russ College of Engineering and Technology by Teruhisa Masada Professor of Civil Engineering Dennis Irwin Dean, Russ College of Engineering and Technology 3 ABSTRACT ZHU, JUNQING, M.S., June 2012, Civil Engineering Structural Performance Analysis of Underground Stormwater Storage Chamber Director of Thesis: Teruhisa Masada Within the last two decades, a new drainage product called stormwater chambers have emerged in the U. S. for managing storm water. These products are typically arch- shaped, light-weight, cost-effective, chemically stable, and easy to install. Despite the popularization of these products, currently there is a lack of research work on their structural performance and also a complete devoid of any rational analysis/design methods for these structures. In this thesis, a computer software package CANDE-2007 was used to run a number of sophisticated two-dimensional numerical simulations for both single and multiple chamber systems. Using the simulation results, discussions were made on several topics related to the buried chamber structure. Data from field loading tests was examined to confirm simulation results. Based on the results of computer simulations and field load test, a set of analytical methods were proposed. Key conclusions reached in the thesis work are that the arch-shaped chamber structures are capable of sustaining a relatively high level of external loading and they are able to distribute stress well in the soil. The foot region of the chamber appears to be critical. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Teruhisa Masada Professor of Civil Engineering 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to show my greatest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Teruhisa Masada for assisting me a lot to finish this thesis. I would also thank him for supporting me all the time through my two-year Master’s Program. I would like to thank Dr. Shad M. Sargand, Sang-Soo Kim and Xiaoping Shen for being my committee member. I would also like to thank other faculties and colleagues in the Civil Engineering Department who supported me during the completion of this research. Lastly, I would like to thank my father and my mother for supporting me to study abroad in the U. S. and encouraging me all the time. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Outline of Thesis ..................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 16 2.1 History of Stormwater Management ....................................................................... 16 2.2 Available Chamber Products .................................................................................. 17 2.3 Standards ................................................................................................................. 18 2.4 General Installation Guidelines .............................................................................. 21 2.5 Researches .............................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 3 Computer Simulations ...................................................................................... 27 3.1 CANDE-2007 ......................................................................................................... 27 3.2 General Methodology for Single Chamber Structure ............................................. 29 3.2 General Methodology for Multi-Chamber Structures ............................................ 36 3.4 Results of CANDE-2007 Simulations .................................................................... 37 3.4.1 Single Circular Pipe ......................................................................................... 38 3.4.2 Single Semi-Circular Chamber ........................................................................ 43 3.4.3 Different Cross-Sectional Shape Single Chambers ......................................... 55 3.4.4 Multiple Semi-Circular Chambers ................................................................... 63 Chapter 4 Field Load Testing ........................................................................................... 83 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 83 4.2 Chamber Product .................................................................................................... 84 4.3 Installation Procedures ............................................................................................ 85 4.4 Chamber Instrumentations ...................................................................................... 88 6 4.5 Loading Methods .................................................................................................... 90 4.6 Field Load Test Results .......................................................................................... 94 4.6.1 Soil Pressure Measured at Crown .................................................................... 94 4.6.2 Deformation Behaviors of Buried Chambers................................................... 97 Chapter 5 Analysis of Buried Chamber Structure .......................................................... 104 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 104 5.2 Basic Analysis of Loaded Chamber Product ........................................................ 104 5.3 Assumptions for Buried Chamber Analysis ......................................................... 107 5.4 Analysis of Buried Chamber Structure ................................................................. 110 Chapter 6 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................. 113 6.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 113 6.2 Computer Simulations .......................................................................................... 114 6.2.1 Chamber vs. Pipe ........................................................................................... 114 6.2.2 External Loading Type................................................................................... 116 6.2.3 Chamber’s Cross-Sectional Geometry ........................................................... 117 6.2.4 Chamber Spacing in Multi-Chamber Installation .......................................... 119 6.3 Field Load Tests .................................................................................................... 120 6.4 Proposed Analytical Methods ............................................................................... 122 6.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 123 References ....................................................................................................................... 125 Appendix A: CANDE Results of Elliptical Chamber .................................................... 127 Appendix B: CANDE Results of Trapezoidal Chamber ................................................ 129 Appendix C: CANDE Results of Triangular Chamber................................................... 131 Appendix D: CANDE Results of Rectangular Chamber ................................................ 133 Appendix E: Comparison Table for Different Crosssectional Shape Chambers ............ 135 7 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Dimension Requirements and Tolerances (ASTM F2418-05, 2005) .............. 19 Table 2.2: Inputs for CANDE ........................................................................................... 24 Table 3.1: Summary of Key Inputs for CANDE 2007 Simulations ................................. 34 Table 3.2: Sectional Properties of Chamber Wall ............................................................ 35 Table 3.3: Interpretation of Structure Failure Mode ......................................................... 37 Table 3.4: Recommended