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The 2010 Constitution and Electoral Governance in Kenya: Prospects for the Prevention of Electoral Violence………………………………………………………………62 Nzau Mumo and Stellah Kingoro

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The 2010 Constitution and Electoral Governance in Kenya: Prospects for the Prevention of Electoral Violence………………………………………………………………62 Nzau Mumo and Stellah Kingoro Volume I, Number 1, 2013 ISSN N0 2309-1010 LAIKIPIA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES EDITORAL BOARD ______________________________________________________________________________ Editor in Chief Prof. Felicia Yieke Series Editor Dr. Jacinta Ndambuki Associate Editors Prof. James Ogola Dr. Musau Kithuka Dr. Isaac Ochieng Dr. Babere Chacha Technical Editors Mr. John Kingau Mr. Enrique Muthangya _____________________________________________________________________________ Advisory Board Prof. Francis K. Lelo Laikipia University, Kenya Prof. Ruth Wodak Lancaster University, United Kingdom Dr. Meredith Marra Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Prof. Emilia Ilieva Egerton University, Kenya Prof. Maurice Amutabi Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA), Kenya Prof. Winnie V. Mitullah University of Nairobi, Kenya Prof. Adebayo Olukoshi Director, UN African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), Dakar-Senegal ©Laikipia University, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording of any information, storage or retrieval system without permission from the publisher. Laikipia University Journal of Social Sciences, Education and Humanities (JSSEH), ISSN N0 2309-1010 is published by Laikipia University, P.O. Box 1100-20300, Nyahururu, Kenya Circulation and Sales Price Cover Price Per Unit Kenya Kshs 500 (US$10) Rest of Africa Kshs 700 (US$15) Other parts of the World Kshs 1000 (US$20) Preamble JSSEH is a scholarly and professional journal published once a year by the Department of Research, Extension and Consultancy (REC), Laikipia University. The journal is dedicated to scientific research in Social Sciences, Education and the Humanities. It provides a platform for multidisciplinary and policy related research. Established by Laikipia University’s REC Department in conjunction with the School of Humanities and Development Studies (HDS) and the School of Education, it aims at advancing knowledge production in the social sciences for social transformation of the society. One of its main objectives is to promote policy-oriented research. All articles published by JSSEH are refereed in external peer review. The opinions expressed in JSSEH are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Laikipia University. Guidelines to Contributors The Laikipia University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education (JSSEH) invites manuscripts that are academic in nature and which reflect quality original research. Originality: The manuscripts must be based on original material that has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. Abstract: Each manuscript should be preceded by an abstract of not more than 250 words on a separate page. Reference and Citation: Manuscripts should follow the American Psychological Association (APA) manual style, with minimal use of footnotes. Quoting Verbatim from Source: Provide the author, year and cite specific page in the text and a complete reference in the reference list as follows; In the Text Either Although in the developed world polygamy is illegal, it is a practice that is very common in Kenya (Ogola, 2012: 73). Or Ogola (2012) found that ‘although in the developed world polygamy is illegal; it is a practice that is very common in Kenya’ (p. 73). Where the lines exceed three, indent the quotation on the left margin by 1 inch, but leave out the opening and closing quotation marks. In the Narrative You include the surname of the author and year of publication, e.g. (Yieke, 2006). If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative, cite only the year of publication in parentheses, e.g. Yieke (2006) argues that… In the References Page Onyango, J.O. (2012) Discursive Masculinities and the War against AIDS: The Kenyan Experience. Kenya: Egerton University Press Yieke, F. A. (2006) ‘Graffiti: Communication Avenues for Women in the Workplace’. In C. Creighton and F. Yieke (ed.) Gender Inequalities in Kenya. Paris: UNESCO Publications. Pp 49-57 In cases where there are more than one publication by the same author in the same year, clearly show the difference by adding after the year; a, b, c, d, etc. Typing Format: Manuscripts should be formatted to the following specification; Paper size: A4 Font style: Times New Romans Font size: 12 point Spacing: Justified one and half spacing (except tables) Margins: top and bottom – 1 inch; left and right 1 ½ inches. Length: The manuscripts including references, tables and figures should not exceed 8000 words. Copyright: Authors of articles are responsible for obtaining written permission to reproduce copyrighted material in their manuscripts. The copyright of an article belongs to the JSSEH and the publisher. Plagiarism: Reproduction of any article requires permission of the publishers. The views expressed by the author of an article included in JSSEH do not necessarily reflect the views of the editorial board. Submission: Manuscripts for publication should be sent to; The Editor, JSSEH C/O DIrectorate of Research, Extension and Consultancy, Laikipia University P. O. Box1100 – 20300, Nyahururu – KENYA TEL: +254 (0) 20266 3505/6 +254 (0) 713 552 761 FAX: +254 (0) 20 266 3502 Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Nandi Age Set System and Ethnic Conflict in Contemporary Kenyan Politics…………….1 James K. Chelang’a and Jeannette Dickerson The Somali Refugee Teenagers in Kenya’s “Linguistic Market”…………………………...13 Phylis Bartoo Conversational Songs of Meru Men: The Hidden Proverbial Wisdom in the Performers’ Pragmatic Rivalry……………………………………………………………….25 Mugambi A Rutere and Eliud K. Kirigia Effects of Experiential Cooperative Concept Mapping Instructional Approach on Secondary School Students’ Motivation in Physics in Nyeri County, Kenya…………..46 Patricia W. Wambugu, J. M. Changeiywo and F. G. Ndiritu The 2010 Constitution and Electoral Governance in Kenya: Prospects for the Prevention of Electoral Violence………………………………………………………………62 Nzau Mumo and Stellah Kingoro Strenthening Institutions for Good Governance: Representation and Electoral Processes in Kenya......................................................................................................................77 Rose Mutiso Effects of Interaction of Graduates in Empowering Rural Communities through a BAC-GORTA Scholarship-Training Programme of selected areas in Kenya…………...92 John Kingau Biogas Technology Uptake in Tanzania: Improving Energy Pliability, Challenges and Prospects……………………………………………………………………………………….112 Anna Ibrahim Wawa and Hashil, Twalib Abdallah Influence of Selected Factors on Job Satisfaction among Middle Level Managers Managers in Public Secondary Schools in Rongai District, Kenya ………………….…....128 Dave K. Bowen, M. Waiganjo, Poti Abaja, B.K. Mutai and A. C. Barmao Going beyond Numbers: the Need for a Paradigm Shift in Understanding Women’s Political Participation in Kenya………………………………………………………………147 Jacinta Ndambuki 1 Nandi Age Set System and Ethnic Conflict in Contemporary Kenyan Politics James K. Chelang’a1, Jeannette Dickerson-Putman2 1 Moi University, Kenya 2 Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Abstract Kenya is known as home to a number of age-set communities. Among them are the Kalenjin, a speech community made up of eight culturally related groups. Traditionally, the community categorized its members into different distinct age groups and age grades based on annual generational initiation rites. The young community members went through circumcision which marked transition from childhood to adulthood. The male initiates in this community defined their specific generation and age set or grade. This system contributed significantly to the development of male identity and intra-set solidarity, created warriors to protect communities, to carry out raids, and regulated behaviour between generations. It also reinforced the mystical, and judicial status and power held by the community elders. The age set system further curbed inter-group and intra-group conflict while at the same time providing models for conflict resolution and restoration of social harmony. Despite a long history of colonization and globalization, age set/grade principles continue to influence male identity and inter-generational relationships among members of this community. This paper draws upon ongoing research on the Kalenjin groups in Kenya with the interest of exploring the role that male age set identity played in the activities surrounding the 2007 Kenyan General Elections. Key informant interviews were employed to collect primary data from the Nandi sub-ethnic group of the Kalenjin between November 2007 and April 2009. The research findings indicate that politicians manipulated the age set system for political objectives and this has partly eroded the age set institution. The paper recommends the development of a new curriculum for circumcision rituals that can provide some alternative role models for members of contemporary male age sets/age grades and avoid the future misuse of the age set system. It is hoped that these new rituals and intergenerational identities can provide a foundation for a more harmonious response to future social strive especially those that relate to politics. Key Words: Age Sets, Age Grades, Conflict, Ethnic group / community. Introduction Generational age sets and age grades are traditional socio-economic and political systems practiced mainly by African communities. These
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