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Issues Undermining Public Transport Utilization in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia: an Expert-Based Analysis

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Issues Undermining Public Transport Utilization in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia: an Expert-Based Analysis Journal of Sustainability Science and Management eISSN: 2672-7226 Volume 14 Number 2, April 2019 : 157-171 © Penerbit UMT ISSUES UNDERMINING PUBLIC TRANSPORT UTILIZATION IN DAMMAM CITY, SAUDI ARABIA: AN EXPERT-BASED ANALYSIS UMAR LAWAL DANO* AND ALI MUFLAH ALQAHTANY Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (formerly University of Dammam), P.O. Box 2397, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Public transport is regarded as one of the most sustainable modes of commuting that enhances the socioeconomic development of society. This study examines the factors that undermine the utilization of public transport in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. It utilizes expert-based opinions and employs Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess the contribution of each factor through weights (W) assignment. The results indicated travel time (W=0.285) as the top undermining factor, followed by privacy (W=0.262) and weather conditions (W=0.127). The findings will assist decision-makers in implementing policies to improve the efficiency of public transport in their respective cities. The study concludes by underscoring certain drawbacks and the implications of partially implementing certain policies on commuters. KEYWORDS: Analytic hierarchy process, sustainable transportation, public transport utilization Introduction City roads are dominated by private vehicles, which have severely polluted the Improving the utilization of public transport environment because of their use of fossil fuel is particularly important in fulfilling social (Pojani & Stead, 2015; Mamat et al., 2016). mobility obligations, lessening the negative However, in Northern Europe, a number of impact of a large number of privateautomobiles cities have experienced change in their urban and ensuring sustainable transportation (Bouf settings; some road networks have been & Hensher 2007). Sustainable transportation converted for other uses to discourage private can minimize a city or country’s contribution cars from plying major parts of the city centre to negative environmental, social and climate- and/or restricting them to other parts of the city change effects (Miralles-Guasch & Domene, (Pojani & Stead, 2015). The government of 2010). those countries are promoting sustainable living in cities by enhancing public transport It depends on the type of vehicles on the and creating more pedestrian walkways road, their energy source, and infrastructure to (UNECE, 2011; OECD, 2013). accommodate the needs of a given society. The transport sector is one of the highest Greenhouse In most cities of the developing world, Gas (GHG) emitters compared to other energy- the transport system is actually far from consuming sectors (UN News, 2016). In 2004, ideal (Pojani & Stead, 2015). Those cities it contributed to about a quarter of the world’s are facing enormous challenges that include carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in energy usage, traffic congestion, high GHG emission, road with three-quarters of that figure coming from accidents, poor public transport services, energy road vehicles (Metz, 2001). The emission has depletion, environmental degradation, and lack been predicted to rise by 80 % between 2007 of accessibility/affordability to facilities for and 2030 due to the increase in private car the urban poor (Pojani & Stead, 2015). It is ownership (Metz, 2001). A report released in estimated that by 2050, the use of private cars 2011 by Ward’s Auto stated that, globally, the will increase three-fold, with most ownership- number of cars had increased from 980 million taking place in developing nations, where road in 2009, to 1.015 billion in 2010. accidents and fatalities are increasing (UN News, 158 ISSUES UNDERMINING PUBLIC TRANSPORT UTILIZATION IN DAMMAM CITY, SAUDI ARABIA: AN EXPERT-BASED ANALYSIS 2016). This is evident as most of the cities are and economic challenge that cost around 21 more concerned with expanding their transport billion riyals in losses annually (Ansari et al., infrastructure to accommodate private vehicles, 2000). Moreover, road accidents had been with little investment in public transport. Thus, reported to kill more than 4,100 people and this current trend will definitely increase carbon injure 28,000 every year (General Directorate emission, thereby compounding the challenges of Traffic, 2003). That figure increased between faced in reducing the global average temperature 2008 and 2009, when a website revealed that by 2°C (UN News, 2016). 6,485 people had died and more than 36,000 injured in more than 485,000 cases of road In Saudi Arabia, the utilization of public accidents in Saudi Arabia (Green Prophet, transport continues to remain minimal. This has 2010). This shows how the increase in the led to a car ownership rate of 219 cars per 1000 use of private cars is negatively affecting the persons (Gately et al., 2013). The country’s citizens’ lives, health, and socioeconomic land-use policy and layout designs are among wellbeing. The importance of using public the major reasons behind this increase, with transport and reduction of private cars on the sizeable spaces allocated for roads and roadside road to improve the wellbeing of society and parking (Muller, 2004; Glaeser & Kahn, 2004). promoting sustainable cities is outlines in the Saudi Arabians have bought approximately 40 United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals % of the vehicles sold in the Middle East, and (SDG). The third goal highlights theimportance it has the largest auto and auto parts market in of reducing road accidents to preserve life. It the region. The country imported approximately states that half of the world’s mortality rate is due one million vehicles in 2016 (US Department to road accidents. Similarly, Goal 13 highlights of Commerce, 2017). Therefore, coupled with the importance of combating climate change, economic and population growth, Saudi Arabia thereby focusing on minimizing pollutants from is witnessing an incessant increase in the use of vehicles. private cars. Currently, sustainable developmenthas firmly Dammam city, the third-largest conurbation established the pillars of a public policy agenda in Saudi Arabia, is similarly experiencing the by looking at development issues through the same challenges in its transport system. The lens of sustainable shift (Hezri, 2014). Thus, city has one of the largest numbers of one of the sustainable ways of achieving the expatriates attracted to its excellent noble SDG is by promoting public transport. infrastructural facilities. This is one of the However, this is not possible without identifying reasons the city is experiencing a continuous the factors undermining the objective. Such increase in the number of private cars. Absence factors include travel time, lack of accessibility, of public transport utilization is, therefore, high cost, lack of comfort, lack of security, long apparent in Dammam. waiting time, and lack of privacy (Cascetta & The negative impact associated with the Cartenì, 2014; Kim et al., 2017). lack of utilization of public transport has been Current literature reveals that public widely recognised. Meanwhile, more motorized transport is under-utilized in both developed transport is reported to increase climate-active and developing countries (Banai, 2006; Daniels pollutants, such as a nitrous oxide (NO), CO2 & Mulley, 2013; Duleba et al., 2013; Cascetta and methane (Woodcock et al., 2009; WHO, & Cartenì, 2014; Pojani & Stead, 2015; Kim et 2015; Pojani & Stead, 2015). The poor air al., 2017; Xia et al., 2017; Sagaris et al., 2017). quality has been estimated to cause seven Similarly, in Saudi Arabia, there are several million deaths annually, besides bringing studies, but few have explored expert opinion. ailments like heart disease, asthma, bronchitis For example, Aljarad & Black (1995) employed and brain damage (UN News, 2016). statistical indices in modeling a corridor mode Similarly, in Saudi Arabia, road accidents choice between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The alone has been rated as the second major health Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Volume 14 Number 2, April 2019 : 157-171 Umar Lawal Dano and Ali Muflah Alqathany 159 study concluded that the origin of intercity parents’ education level. The study concluded trips had an influence on the mode of transport that MLP provided a better way for predicting between Riyadh and Gulf Corporation Council and explaining the mode choice behavior of (GCC) countries. high school students in Saudi Arabia as a whole. Al-Faleh (2005) investigated the problems Alotaibi and Potoglou (2017) investigated of public transport networks and coverage. whether the transport policy measures in Riyadh The author suggested an organized body to could encourage the use of public transport. The manage the whole network in GCC countries. authors concluded that improved infrastructure, Another study conducted by Alterkawi (2006) affordable parking charges; proper transit- used the FORTRAN program to simulate the oriented development sites, enhanced facilities best bus stop spacing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. and provision of separate carriageways for They concluded that an effective bus system families are the most effective strategies to should be based on the optimum distance increase the utilization of public transport. between bus stops in the city. Al-Sharif (2010) Aldalbahi & Walker (2016) investigated the and Dano (2018) highlighted the lack of public reason behind the increase in car ownership
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