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Mangrove Associated Molluscs of India

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Mangrove Associated Molluscs of India LAKE 2012: National Conference on Conservation and Management of Wetland Ecosystems 06th - 09th November 2012 LAKE 2012 School of Environmental Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala In association with Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, & Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala Bangalore Coastal Wetlands 07 Mangrove Associated Molluscs of India M. Boominathan1,2, G. Ravikumar2, M.D. Subash Chandran1 and T.V. Ramachandra1 1 Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. 2 A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Tamil Nadu. Tel: 91-80- 22933099/22933503 (extn 107) Fax: 91-80-23601428/23600085/23600683[CES-TVR] E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy Abstract Phylum Mollusca, the second largest of invertebrates, comprises of soft bodied animals. They inhabit very diverse habitats like marine, estuarine, freshwater, terrestrial and arboreal. They play important role in the function and productivity of coastal mangrove swamps. The attempt here has been to provide comprehensive check list of molluscs found in the Indian mangrove areas, compiled from various sources and from our field studies in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka State. In India, about 215 species of molluscs were reported from mangrove areas of east and west coasts. In Uttara Kannada, our molluscan sample studies during 2010-12 period, using random collection of leaf litter and opportunistic observation methods, about 12 genera of gastropods and four genera of bivalves were found by us. The investigations mainly covered the mangrove areas in the estuaries of the west flowing rivers from the Western Ghats namely Aghanashini, Gangavali, Kali, and Sharavathi. Although estuarine molluscs as such were inventorised from the district in some earlier studies, this is the first time that we gain glimpses of mangrove associated molluscs. Key words: Mangrove molluscs, India, Karnataka, Western Ghats. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION (2012), and Venkatesan et al. (2010). Dey (2006) Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants inhabiting the mentioned that the Indian subcontinent has about tropical and subtropical estuarine regions. They are 100 molluscs associated with mangroves. ranked among the most productive ecosystem of However, there is no comprehensive list of the earth. Few to mention of their ecosystem molluscs found in Indian mangrove areas. Hence, services are provision forestry products, protection the objective of this paper is to provide a from coast erosion, preservation of water quality, comprehensive list of molluscs found in the Indian reduction of pollution, recycling of nutrients, and mangrove areas. high amount of carbon sequestration especially in the soils (Kathiresan, 2009; Sathirathai, l998; 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS Bandaranayake, 2002). Of the many kinds of The molluscs found in the mangrove areas were biodiversity elements associated with mangroves, compiled from various studies conducted in Indian from microbes to mammals, molluscs have mangrove areas. Molluscs were sampled in the important ecosystem functions associated with mangrove areas through random collection of leaf degradation of organic detritus to playing key role litter and by opportunistic observations at low tide in the trophic structure of estuaries. during 2010 and 2012. The molluscs from leaf litter samples were segregated by thorough Molluscs make the second largest Phylum of examination of leaf litter under the enamel tray in invertebrates, next only to the Arthropods. In the laboratory. Opportunistic observations were mangroves, molluscs occupy all the levels in the performed in Aghanashini, Gangavali, Kali, and food web such as predators, herbivores, detritus Sharavathi estuaries (Figure 1), leaf litter sampling and filter feeders. Thereby they play an important was carried out only in the Aghanashini and role in maintaining the function and productivity Sharavathi. In opportunistic observation logs, of mangroves. Gastropods and bivalves are the two pools, stones, rocks, surface, mangrove tree trunks, major classes of molluscans occupying mangrove branches, leaves, and roots were examined for areas. These macrobenthic molluscs can be broadly molluscs. grouped under three categories epifauna (living on mud or surface area of the land), infauna (burying 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION themselves in the substratum), and arboreal (living Dey, (2006) mentions about 100 species of on the vegetation); some molluscs have habitat molluscs from mangrove areas of Indian overlap as well (Dey, 2006; Kesavan et al., 2009; subcontinent. The literature survey reveal of 215 Shanmugam and Vairamani, 2009). Molluscs are species of molluscs from India. Of these are 133 used for various purposes like food, ornamental, Gastropoda, 77 Bivalvia, four Cephalopoda, and poultry feed, and source of lime (Boominathan et only one from Polyplacophora (Table 1). During al., 2008). In India, studies on mangrove our investigations in the mangrove areas of the associated molluscs were done by Das and Dev estuaries of the west flowing rivers from the Roy (1989), Dehadrai (1994), Dey (2006), Western Ghats namely Aghanashini, Gangavali, Ganapati and Rao (1959), Ingole et al. (2002), Kali, and Sharavathi about 16 genera of molluscs Kesavan et al. (2009), Kurian (1984), Mandal and were found. Of these 12 genera are assigned to Nandi (1989), Ramamorty and Rao (1993), Oswin class Gastropoda. Of these eight were assigned to (1998), Pereira et al. (2002), Radhakrishna and generic level viz. Assiminea, Cerithidea, Littoraria, Janakiram (1975), Radhakrishnan et al. (2006), Neritina, Onchidium, Stenothyra, Telescopium, Santhakumaran (1983), Shanmugam and Thiara, one was assigned to the family Ellobiidae Vairamani (2009), Subba Rao (2003), Suresh et al. and three remain to be identified. Four taxa of 2 class Bivalvia are identified to generic level viz. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Crassostrea, Modiolus, Polymesoda, and We are grateful to Shrikant, Balachandran, Saccostrea. The edible bivalve species such as Mahima, Mahabaleswar, Prakash, Vishnu, and Anadara granosa, Meretrix meretrix, M. casta, EWRG group members for their help in this study. Paphia malabarica, Villorita cyprinoides, and We thank the Ministry of Environment and Perna viridis, although abundant in the local Forests, Government of India and Indian Institute estuaries (Boominathan et al., 2008) were not of Science for the financial and infrastructure found in the mangrove areas, although such a support. conclusion needs to be strengthened by further observations. 5.0 REFERENCES 4.0 CONCLUSION 1. Bandaranayake, W.M. 2002. Bioactivities, As ecology and biodiversity studies on mangrove bioactive compounds and chemical ecosystems, rated among the most productive constituents of mangrove plants. Wetland ecosystems of the world, are gaining momentum, Ecology and Management, 10(6): 421-452. there has been not yet any comprehensive 2. Boominathan, M., Chandran, M.D.S., inventory of mangrove molluscs, which are vital Ramachandra, T.V., 2008. Economic Valuation components of estuarine and other littoral of Bivalves in the Aghanashini Estuary, West ecosystem functioning. From the entire Coast, Karnataka. ENVIS Technical Report: subcontinent of India, hitherto, not more than 100 30. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian species of mangrove associated molluscs were Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. reported (Dey, 2006). Our compilation elevates 3. Das, A.K. and Roy, M.K.D. 1989. A general this list substantially to over 200 species. It is as account of the mangrove fauna of Andaman such difficult to isolate exclusive mangrove and Nicobar Islands. Conservation area series molluscs at our present level of efforts. As 4, Zoological Survey of India. mangroves worldwide, and particularly along the 4. Dehadrai, P.V. 1994. Mangrove fauna of densely populated Indian coast, are threatened with Sunderbans: Ecological features and various anthropogenic pressures, from particularly utilisation. In: Deshmukh, S.V. and Balaji, V. developmental processes, nothing much is known (Eds.), Conservation of Mangrove Forest about the fate of the high diversity of molluscs Genetic Resources: A Training Manual. ITTO- associated with these swamps. Being vital links in CRSARD Project, M.S. Swaminathan estuarine and coastal nutrient cycles and Research Foundation, Madras, India, pp. 287- themselves constituting food for scores of faunal 293. species in higher trophic levels, including of the 5. Dey, A. 2006. Handbook on mangrove humans, the mangrove molluscs require much associate molluscs of Sundarbans. Zoological more attention from conservation biologists. This Survey of India, Kolkata. is all the more important since their silent local 6. Ganapati, P.N. and Rao, M.V.L. 1959. extinctions from increasingly human impacted Incidence of marine borers in the mangrove of estuaries might set off cascading effects with far Godavari estuary. Current Science, 28(8): 332. reaching consequences affecting the food security 7. Ingole, B., Naik, S., Furtado, R., Ansari, Z., of both humans and various other species in water and Chatterji, A., 2002. Population and land, particularly of fishes and birds. characteristics of the mangrove clam Polymesoda (Geloina) erosa (Solander, 1786) in the Chorao mangrove, Goa, In: National 3 Conference on Coastal
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