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Aerial Survellance-Reconnaisance Field Army <3 # / FM 30-20 DEP/KRTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL SURVEILLANCE NAISSANCE ARMY ^SHINGTONXC K1££ orti HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT DiF THE ARMY APRIL 1969 TAGO 7075A # 9 * *FM 30-20 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-20 WASHINGTON, D.C., 25 April 1969 AERIAL SURVEILLANCE-RECONNAISSANCE, FIELD ARMY Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1—1-4 1-1 2. G2 AIR ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS Section I. Organization 2-1 2-1 2-1 II. Functions 2-3, 3-4 2-1 CHAPTER 3. CONCEPT OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE EMPLOYMENT 3-1—3-6 3-1 4. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAIS- SANCE MISSIONS Section I. Type missions 4_i 4_g 4-1 II. Collection means 4_7_4_n 4-2 CHAPTER 5. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAIS- SANCE PLANNING, OPERATIONS, AND COORDINATION Section I. General planning 5-1—5-5 5-1 II. Specific planning 5-6, 5-7 5-4 III. Request prccedures 5-8—5-10 5- 6 IV. Aircraft and sensor capabilities 5-11,5-12 5-10 V. Operational aids 5-13—5-26 5-12 VI. Coordination 5-27—5-30 5-21 CHAPTER 6. COMMUNICATIONS 6-1—6-5 6- 1 7. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION, AIR RECONNAISSANCE SUPPORT, FIELD ARMY Section I. Mission, organization, and functions •_ 7-1—7-3 7-1 II. Concept of employment 7_4 7_g 7-3 III. Planning and operations _ 7_9, 7-10 7-5 CHAPTER 8. AVIATION AERIAL SURVEILLANCE COMPANY Section I. Mission, organization, capabilities, and limitations __ g_i g-6 8-1 II. Command, control, and communication g_7 8-10 8-4 III. Planning _ _ 8-11—8-15 8-5 IV. Techniques of surveillance and reconnaissance operations 8_i0—g-20 8-9 CHAPTER 9. IMAGERY INTERPRETATION Section I. General 9_1 g_4 9-1 II. Tactical uses of imagery 9-5, 9_6 9-2 III. Imagery interpretation reports g_7 9-10 9-3 IV. Target folders 9_n—g_i3 9-8 V. Security classification of aerial imagery g_i4 9_16 9-8 CHAPTER 10. BRIEFINGS AND DEBRIEFINGS Section I. General 10-1—10-4 10-1 II. Briefings 10-5—10-7 10-1 III. Debriefings 10-8—10-10 10-4 IV. Records and reports 10-11,10-12 10-4 •This manual supersedes FM / 0-20, 14 August 1967 and FM 30-20-1 (Test), 9 December 1966. AGO 707BA FM 30-20 Paragraph Page CHAPTER 11. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAIS- SANCE IN STABILITY OPERATIONS Section I. General 11-1—11—3 11—1 II. Aerial surveillance, reconnaissance operations, and target acquisition 11—4—11-9 11-2 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES A-l B. ABBREVIATIONS B-l C. EXAMPLE OF A G2 AIR COLLECTION PLAN C-l D. EXAMPLE OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE APPENDIX, FIELD ARMY D-l E. MINIMUM SCALES FOR INTERPRETATION AND IDENTIFICATION E-l F. TITLING OF AIR RECONNAISSANCE, AIR SURVEY, AND MAPPING PHOTOGRAPHY .. F-l INDEX Index-1 H AGO 7075A FM 30-20 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose This manual provides guidance to commanders, other published media available to specialists staffs, and intelligence personnel concerned and technicians responsible for the employment with the collection, processing, and use of intel- of the equipment and procedures used in aerial ligence, information gained by aerial means. It surveillance and reconnaissance. sets fbrth doctrine," tactics, and techniques for d. The material in this manual is applicable the planning, coordination, and employment of to nuclear and nonnuclear warfare, and inter- all aerial surveillance and reconnaissance re- nal defense/development operations under all sources. conditions, including the employment of chemi- cal, biological, and radiological agents. 1-2. Scope a. This manual outlines the procedures for de- e. Within this manual, all discussion pertain- termining aerial surveillance and reconnais- ing to the duties, functions, and responsibilities sance requirements, for requesting aerial recon- of the G2 or G2 Air will apply equally to the S2 naissance and surveillance support, and for or S2 Air in organizations below division level, planning and coordination incident to the col- unless otherwise stated. lection of aerial reconnaissance and surveil- f. Within this manual, aerial surveillance and lance support, and for planning and coordina- aerial reconnaissance are not treated as mutu- tion incident to the collection of aerial recon- ally exclusive intelligence gathering activities. naissance and surveillance information. It also When the term aerial surveillance or aerial re- discusses organizational and operational aspects connaissance is used separately, it is intended to of the Army's and other services' aerial surveil- convey which of the two activities will receive lance and reconnaissance community. This the major emphasis; however, it should not be manual includes only those details and tech- construed as exluding the other activity, unless niques described in other manuals which are otherwise stated. necessary for complete understanding and con- g. The material presented herein is applicable tinuity. to general war, limited war, and cold war situa- b. Mechanical aspects of processing and dis- tions, to include stability operations in both nu- seminating the information obtained by aerial clear and nonnuclear warfare environments. means are discussed in this manual. The evalua- This manual is in consonance with the follow- tion, interpretation, and use of the product re- ing International Standardization Agreements : sulting from the employment of aerial surveil- STANAG 2029, SEASTAG 2029, and SOLOG lance and reconnaissance collection means are 34R (Method of Describing Ground Locations, discussed in FM 30-5. Areas and Boundaries) ; STANAG 2102 (Offen- c. The technical aspects of the equipment sive Air Support Operations Message For- used in aerial surveillance and reconnaissance mats); STANAG 2208 and SEASTAG 2208 and the procedures utilized by aerial surveil- (Place Name Spelling of Maps and Charts) ; lance and reconnaissance specialists in the per- SEASTAG 3189 and STANAG 3189 (Tilting formance of their duties are not discussed in de- for Air Reconnaissance, Air Survey and Map- tail in this manual. This information is con- ping Photography) ; STANAG 3277 and SEA- tained in appropriate technical manuals and STAG 3277 (Air Reconnaissance Request AGO 7076A 1-1 (FM 30-20 Form) ; STANAG 337 (Air Reconnaissance In- ties include visual observation, photography, telligence Report Forms). radar, infrared imagery, and electronic surveil- h. Users of this manual are encouraged to lance. submit recommendations to improve its clarity (2) Other services, principally the Air or accuracy. Comments should be keyed to the Force but also the Navy and Marine Corps, specific page, paragraph, and line number of the when included as part of a joint operation, text in which the change is recommended. Rea- provide the aerial collection means required to sons should be provided for each comment to increase the area of coverage capabilities of the insure understanding and complete evaluation. Army and extend that coverage beyond the Comments should be forwarded direct to the limits of organic Army aerial collection means. Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Combat Devel- Present collection capabilities include visual opments Command Intelligence Agency, Fort observation, photography, radar and infrared Holabird, Md. 21219. Originators of proposed imagery, radar mapping, electronic reconnaiss- changes which would constitute a significant ance, and weather reconnaissance. modification of approved Army doctrine may b. Collection and Processing Agencies. send an information copy, through command (1) The aviation aerial surveillance com- channels, to the Commanding General, United pany is a specialized organization containing States Combat Developments Command, Fort Army aircraft, sensors, and necessary person- Belvoir, Virginia 22060, to facilitate review and nel. The company provides the Army with an follow up. organic means of procuring intelligence infor- mation in immediate response to the com- 11—3. ßespeBDsübDlofoes mander’s needs. A detailed discussion of this or- a. Each commander is responsible for the in- ganization is contained in chapter 8. telligence activities of his command as defined (2) The Military Intelligence Battalion, in FM 100-5. To accomplish these activities he Air Reconnaissance Support (MIBARS), Field delegates the functions of intelligence planning, Army, is a specialized organization created to coordination, and production to his principal provide the Army an organic means of inter- staff assistant for intelligence—his G2 or S2. preting, processing, and disseminating intelli- b. In the accomplishment of his staff responsi- gence information from aerial reconnaissance bilities for all intelligence functions, the G2/S2 missions flown by the Air Force or other serv- must properly plan, employ, and control or ices in support of the Army’s requirements. It coordinate the aerial surveillance and recon- also provides liasion officers to the reconnaiss- naissance capabilities at hand or available to ance elements of the supporting tactical Air meet his requirements. At brigade level or Force. A detailed discussion of this organization lower, these are functions of the S2 or assistant is contained in chapter 7. S2. At division level and above, these functions (3) Contained within the military intelli- are performed for the G2 by his principal as- gence organization supporting the field army, sistant for aerial surveillance and reconnais- corps, division, separate brigade, and armored sance operations—the G2 Air. A detailed dis- cavalry regiment are imagery interpretation cussion of the G2 Air organization and func- (II) sections that directly support their respec- tions is contained in chapter 2. tive headquarters G2 or S2 staff section. This II support is immediately responsive to the com- H—4. Mesamis @(F Celleeîîoini ©nmd [PireeessDirag) mander’s needs and can provide all II functions. a. Collection Means. A detailed discussion of II functions is con- (1) Organic Armytained aerial in collectionchapter 9.means include airplanes, helicopters, pilots, aerial ob- (4) The ASA provides tactical units to con- servers, sensors, and sensor equipment opera- duct the electronic warfare (EW) portion of tors which can collect information from aerial aerial reconnaissance and surveillance opera- platforms out to the operational limits of the tions in support of Army field commands.
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