<3 # / FM 30-20

DEP/KRTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

SURVEILLANCE NAISSANCE ARMY

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HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT DiF THE ARMY APRIL 1969 TAGO 7075A #

9

* *FM 30-20

FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-20 WASHINGTON, D.C., 25 April 1969

AERIAL SURVEILLANCE-RECONNAISSANCE, FIELD ARMY

Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1—1-4 1-1 2. G2 AIR ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS Section I. Organization 2-1 2-1 2-1 II. Functions 2-3, 3-4 2-1 CHAPTER 3. CONCEPT OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE EMPLOYMENT 3-1—3-6 3-1 4. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAIS- SANCE MISSIONS Section I. Type missions 4_i 4_g 4-1 II. Collection means 4_7_4_n 4-2 CHAPTER 5. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAIS- SANCE PLANNING, OPERATIONS, AND COORDINATION Section I. General planning 5-1—5-5 5-1 II. Specific planning 5-6, 5-7 5-4 III. Request prccedures 5-8—5-10 5- 6 IV. Aircraft and sensor capabilities 5-11,5-12 5-10 V. Operational aids 5-13—5-26 5-12 VI. Coordination 5-27—5-30 5-21

CHAPTER 6. COMMUNICATIONS 6-1—6-5 6- 1 7. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION, AIR RECONNAISSANCE SUPPORT, FIELD ARMY Section I. Mission, organization, and functions •_ 7-1—7-3 7-1 II. Concept of employment 7_4 7_g 7-3 III. Planning and operations _ 7_9, 7-10 7-5 CHAPTER 8. AVIATION AERIAL SURVEILLANCE COMPANY Section I. Mission, organization, capabilities, and limitations __ g_i g-6 8-1 II. Command, control, and communication g_7 8-10 8-4 III. Planning _ _ 8-11—8-15 8-5 IV. Techniques of surveillance and reconnaissance operations 8_i0—g-20 8-9 CHAPTER 9. IMAGERY INTERPRETATION Section I. General 9_1 g_4 9-1 II. Tactical uses of imagery 9-5, 9_6 9-2 III. Imagery interpretation reports g_7 9-10 9-3 IV. Target folders 9_n—g_i3 9-8 V. Security classification of aerial imagery g_i4 9_16 9-8 CHAPTER 10. BRIEFINGS AND DEBRIEFINGS Section I. General 10-1—10-4 10-1 II. Briefings 10-5—10-7 10-1 III. Debriefings 10-8—10-10 10-4 IV. Records and reports 10-11,10-12 10-4

•This manual supersedes FM / 0-20, 14 August 1967 and FM 30-20-1 (Test), 9 December 1966.

AGO 707BA FM 30-20

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 11. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAIS- SANCE IN STABILITY OPERATIONS Section I. General 11-1—11—3 11—1 II. Aerial surveillance, reconnaissance operations, and target acquisition 11—4—11-9 11-2 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES A-l B. ABBREVIATIONS B-l C. EXAMPLE OF A G2 AIR COLLECTION PLAN C-l D. EXAMPLE OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE APPENDIX, FIELD ARMY D-l E. MINIMUM SCALES FOR INTERPRETATION AND IDENTIFICATION E-l F. TITLING OF AIR RECONNAISSANCE, AIR SURVEY, AND MAPPING PHOTOGRAPHY .. F-l INDEX Index-1

H AGO 7075A FM 30-20

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1. Purpose This manual provides guidance to commanders, other published media available to specialists staffs, and intelligence personnel concerned and technicians responsible for the employment with the collection, processing, and use of intel- of the equipment and procedures used in aerial ligence, information gained by aerial means. It surveillance and reconnaissance. sets fbrth doctrine," tactics, and techniques for d. The material in this manual is applicable the planning, coordination, and employment of to nuclear and nonnuclear warfare, and inter- all aerial surveillance and reconnaissance re- nal defense/development operations under all sources. conditions, including the employment of chemi- cal, biological, and radiological agents. 1-2. Scope a. This manual outlines the procedures for de- e. Within this manual, all discussion pertain- termining aerial surveillance and reconnais- ing to the duties, functions, and responsibilities sance requirements, for requesting aerial recon- of the G2 or G2 Air will apply equally to the S2 naissance and surveillance support, and for or S2 Air in organizations below division level, planning and coordination incident to the col- unless otherwise stated. lection of aerial reconnaissance and surveil- f. Within this manual, aerial surveillance and lance support, and for planning and coordina- aerial reconnaissance are not treated as mutu- tion incident to the collection of aerial recon- ally exclusive intelligence gathering activities. naissance and surveillance information. It also When the term aerial surveillance or aerial re- discusses organizational and operational aspects connaissance is used separately, it is intended to of the Army's and other services' aerial surveil- convey which of the two activities will receive lance and reconnaissance community. This the major emphasis; however, it should not be manual includes only those details and tech- construed as exluding the other activity, unless niques described in other manuals which are otherwise stated. necessary for complete understanding and con- g. The material presented herein is applicable tinuity. to general war, limited war, and cold war situa- b. Mechanical aspects of processing and dis- tions, to include stability operations in both nu- seminating the information obtained by aerial clear and nonnuclear warfare environments. means are discussed in this manual. The evalua- This manual is in consonance with the follow- tion, interpretation, and use of the product re- ing International Standardization Agreements : sulting from the employment of aerial surveil- STANAG 2029, SEASTAG 2029, and SOLOG lance and reconnaissance collection means are 34R (Method of Describing Ground Locations, discussed in FM 30-5. Areas and Boundaries) ; STANAG 2102 (Offen- c. The technical aspects of the equipment sive Air Support Operations Message For- used in aerial surveillance and reconnaissance mats); STANAG 2208 and SEASTAG 2208 and the procedures utilized by aerial surveil- (Place Name Spelling of Maps and Charts) ; lance and reconnaissance specialists in the per- SEASTAG 3189 and STANAG 3189 (Tilting formance of their duties are not discussed in de- for Air Reconnaissance, Air Survey and Map- tail in this manual. This information is con- ping Photography) ; STANAG 3277 and SEA- tained in appropriate technical manuals and STAG 3277 (Air Reconnaissance Request

AGO 7076A 1-1 (FM 30-20

Form) ; STANAG 337 (Air Reconnaissance In- ties include visual observation, photography, telligence Report Forms). radar, infrared imagery, and electronic surveil- h. Users of this manual are encouraged to lance. submit recommendations to improve its clarity (2) Other services, principally the Air or accuracy. Comments should be keyed to the Force but also the Navy and Marine Corps, specific page, paragraph, and line number of the when included as part of a joint operation, text in which the change is recommended. Rea- provide the aerial collection means required to sons should be provided for each comment to increase the area of coverage capabilities of the insure understanding and complete evaluation. Army and extend that coverage beyond the Comments should be forwarded direct to the limits of organic Army aerial collection means. Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Combat Devel- Present collection capabilities include visual opments Command Intelligence Agency, Fort observation, photography, radar and infrared Holabird, Md. 21219. Originators of proposed imagery, radar mapping, electronic reconnaiss- changes which would constitute a significant ance, and weather reconnaissance. modification of approved Army doctrine may b. Collection and Processing Agencies. send an information copy, through command (1) The aviation aerial surveillance com- channels, to the Commanding General, United pany is a specialized organization containing States Combat Developments Command, Fort Army aircraft, sensors, and necessary person- Belvoir, Virginia 22060, to facilitate review and nel. The company provides the Army with an follow up. organic means of procuring intelligence infor- mation in immediate response to the com- 11—3. ßespeBDsübDlofoes mander’s needs. A detailed discussion of this or- a. Each commander is responsible for the in- ganization is contained in chapter 8. telligence activities of his command as defined (2) The Military Intelligence Battalion, in FM 100-5. To accomplish these activities he Air Reconnaissance Support (MIBARS), Field delegates the functions of intelligence planning, Army, is a specialized organization created to coordination, and production to his principal provide the Army an organic means of inter- staff assistant for intelligence—his G2 or S2. preting, processing, and disseminating intelli- b. In the accomplishment of his staff responsi- gence information from aerial reconnaissance bilities for all intelligence functions, the G2/S2 missions flown by the Air Force or other serv- must properly plan, employ, and control or ices in support of the Army’s requirements. It coordinate the aerial surveillance and recon- also provides liasion officers to the reconnaiss- naissance capabilities at hand or available to ance elements of the supporting tactical Air meet his requirements. At brigade level or Force. A detailed discussion of this organization lower, these are functions of the S2 or assistant is contained in chapter 7. S2. At division level and above, these functions (3) Contained within the military intelli- are performed for the G2 by his principal as- gence organization supporting the field army, sistant for aerial surveillance and reconnais- corps, division, separate brigade, and armored sance operations—the G2 Air. A detailed dis- cavalry regiment are imagery interpretation cussion of the G2 Air organization and func- (II) sections that directly support their respec- tions is contained in chapter 2. tive headquarters G2 or S2 staff section. This II support is immediately responsive to the com- H—4. Mesamis @(F Celleeîîoini ©nmd [PireeessDirag) mander’s needs and can provide all II functions. a. Collection Means. A detailed discussion of II functions is con- (1) Organic Armytained aerial in collectionchapter 9.means include airplanes, helicopters, pilots, aerial ob- (4) The ASA provides tactical units to con- servers, sensors, and sensor equipment opera- duct the electronic warfare (EW) portion of tors which can collect information from aerial aerial reconnaissance and surveillance opera- platforms out to the operational limits of the tions in support of Army field commands. aircraft or sensors. Present collection capabili- Passive electronic countermeasures (PECM)

AGO 7076A FM 30-20 and the electronic counter-countermeasures Agency EW functions is contained in FM 32-20. (ECCM) operations will be immediately res- A detailed discussion of other ASA functions, ponsive to the commander’s needs and will its tactical organization, employment, control, function under staff supervision of the G2 or S2. and command relationship is contained in FM A detailed discussion of the U.S. Army Security 32-10.

AGO 7076A 1-3 r FM 30-20

CHAPTER 2 G2 AIR ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS

Section I. ORGANIZATION 2-1. General functions are performed by the S2 or his assist- a. The planning and coordination of aerial ant, when provided. As an exception, separate surveillance and reconnaissance operations of armored, infantry and mechanized brigades the command are the staff responsibilities of have organic S2 Air personnel. the ACofS, G2, or of the S2 below division b. Location. The tactical air support element level. (TASE) of the tactical operations center b. At division and higher echelons, the G2 Air (TOC) at field army, corps, and division levels is responsible to the G2 for supervising the col- consists of collocated G2 Air duty teams and G3 lection and dissemination of information con- Air representatives. The TASE normally is lo- cerning the location, strength, disposition, cated with the fire support element (FSE) and movement, and military installations of the airspace control center (ACE) which are also enemy as visually observed and sensed from part of the TOC. Though collocated, the G2 Air, the air and to advise the G2 on matters pertain- G3 Air, FSE, and ACE elements are not com- ing to aerial surveillance and reconnaissance bined, but each remains under the direct con- employment. To accomplish these responsibili- trol and authority of its own team chief and its ties, he formulates policies and procedures for respective general or special staff officer. use in selecting missions ; exercises staff super- vision over organic Army aerial surveillance c. Organization. The G2 Air sections at field and reconnaissance agencies; requests aerial army, corps, and division are organized into surveillance and reconnaissance support from duty teams to provide 24-hour operation. Actual other services; receives, consolidates, and as- composition of each duty team is at the discre- signs priorities to aerial surveillance and recon- tion of the G2 Air ; however, at field army level naissance requests ; disseminates intelligence it is desirable that a long-range planning sec- reports resulting from aerial surveillance and tion and a duty team for the alternate field reconnaissance missions; and performs neces- army tactical operations center (FATOC) be sary staff coordination. organized. d. Independent Operations. When organic di- 2-2. Location and Organization visional brigades are assigned to independent a. General. G2 Airoperations personnel for areprolonged located periods at of time, provi- all command echelons from field army through sion should be made for inclusion of an S2 Air division. At echelons below division, G2 Air to augment the brigade S2 staff. Section II. FUNCTIONS 2-3. General Functions the conduct of aerial surveillance and recon- General functions of the G2/S2 Air at all naissance. echelons include the following: c. Prepares the aerial surveillance and recon- a. Advises the G2/S2 on matters pertaining naissance SOP. to aerial surveillance and reconnaissance. d. Prepares the aerial surveillance and recon- b. Recommends policies and procedures for naissance plan in coordination with the ACE.

AGO 7075A 2-1 e. Assists other staff sections in establishing with Navy, Marine and organic Army aerial aerial surveillance and reconnaissance require- surveillance and reconnaissance units if pro- ments to include special studies. vided to the command. /. Processes aerial surveillance and reconnais- (2) Conducts appropriate portions of the sance requests; notifies the ACE; approves or daily planning conference with TACC and with disapproves requests from subordinate ele- representatives for Navy, Marine, and organic ments and the staff at his own echelon. Army support, if provided. g. Establishes a priority system for aerial (3) Supervises the employment of the MI- surveillance and reconnaissance requests and BARS. monitors all priorities assigned to requests sub- (4) Disseminates intelligence concerning mitted within the command. the enemy air defense capability to the TACC h. Maintains and disseminates information on and other aerial surveillance and reconnais- the capabilities and allocations of the aerial sur- sance units, if provided, and intelligence con- veillance and reconnaissance support. cerning enemy air operations capabilities to the i. Disseminates information resulting from TOC. aerial surveillance and reconnaissance opera- (5) Insures the availability of current ini- tions. tial record imagery (basic cover) (para 4-12) j. Disseminates information resulting from of the field army area of interest, and dissemi- aerial surveillance and reconnaissance opera- nation of appropriate portions of the initial tions. record coverage to subordinate units. k. Exercises staff supervision over Army aer- (6) Disseminates to the TACC and other ial surveillance and reconnaissance elements flying units in support, to the MIBARS and to organic to, or in direct support of, his command. the field army G2 element at the TASE, intel- l. Coordinates with G3/S3 Air, ACE, and ligence reports on enemy ground activities. FSE in the planning of close air support and in- b. Corps G2 Air. terdiction and aerial surveillance and recon- (1) Coordinates preplanned missions be- naissance missions. tween division and field army G2 Air. m. Coordinates with the G3/S3 Air, ACE, (2) Approves or disapproves immediate and FSE for necessary shifting or lifting of aerial surveillance and reconnaissance requests supporting fires that may interfere with the ac- and coordinates those approved with the direct complishment of an aerial surveillance or recon- air support center (DASC), or the aerial sur- naissance mission. veillance company. n. Coordinates with the appropriate Air (3) On approved immediate requests flown Force elements those requests for immediate by the Air Force, insures that the MIBARS de- aerial surveillance and reconnaissance missions tachment, collocated with the AF reconnais- to be accomplished by the Air Force. sance squadron scheduled for the mission, re- o. Provides briefing and debriefing personnel ceives the information required for briefing the directly engaged in aerial surveillance and re- flying crew and assisting the detachment’s in- connaissance operations. terpretation effort. p. Supervises the imagery interpretation ef- (4) Exercises staff supervision over the fort at his echelon. corps aerial surveillance company for the corps G2. %—Q. Speenfoe IFyirasifciras c. Division G2 Air. The G2/S2 Air accomplishes specific func- (1) Monitors immediate aerial surveillance tions relating to his level of assignment as and reconnaissance requests of subordinate ele- follows : ments and indicates approval or disapproval to a. Field Army/Independentthe Corpsdivision G2 tactical Air. air control party (TACP). (1) Coordinates the scheduling(2) Coordinates of available the employment of the aerial surveillance and reconnaissance support corps aerial surveillance company ground sen- with the tactical air control center (TACC) and sor terminals, located within the division area,

AGO 7076A FM 30-20 with the operations of the imagery interpreta- (5) Exercises staff supervision over or- tion support available to the division. ganic or attached aerial surveillance units, (3) Coordinates with the G3 on the utiliza- when provided. tion of organic or direct support nonreconnais- d. Separate Armored, Mechanized, and Infan- sance aircraft of the division for visual mis- try Brigades. The functions of the S2 Air for sions of high priority that are within the capa- these commands are comparable to those accom- bility of the aircraft to accomplish. plished by the division G2 Air. (4) Integrates the command’s aerial and ground surveillance and reconnaissance plans.

AGO 7075A 2-3

FM 30-20

CHAPTERS

CONCEPT OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE EMPLOYMENT

3-1. General one or more of the reconnaissance squadrons to Aerial surveillance and reconnaissance mis- provide direct support. The reconnaissance sions are performed in support of the field army squadrons usually operate from inproved air- and its subordinate units by aviation units or- fields dispersed throughout the theater of oper- ganic to the Army, the Tactical Air Force ations. Each squadron may be equipped to pro- (TAF), or other supporting services. The TAF vide only a portion of the total reconnaissance or air arm of other supporting services provides capability ; i.e., one may be a day squadron for a large portion of the total aerial surveillance visual and photographic reconnaissance, one a and reconnaissance effort required by the field night squadron for infrared and radar recon- army ; however, whenever organic Army means naissance, and one a weather-electronic recon- can more effectively or more responsively meet naissance squadron for the collection of the requester’s needs, they should be used weather data and enemy electronic order of within the limitations of their aircraft and sen- battle. Conversely, each squadron may be sors. As specific surveillance or reconnaissance equipped to perform all of these functions on a requirements are developed at any echelon, they continuous basis or to provide a major capabil- are either accomplished with the means organic ity in one area and a limited capability in an- to that echelon or submitted to a higher or sub- other area. The composition and mix of recon- ordinate headquarters for accomplishment. naissance squadrons is the responsibility of the senior TAF commander. 3-2. Support by Tactical Air Force Tactical air reconnaissance elements of the 3-3. Navy and Marine Corps Support Air Force normally support both Army and Air a. When Navy or Marine Corps Air units Force intelligence requirements. Tactical air re- provide the preponderance of air support to connaissance is one of the primary sources of Army operations, operational procedures will intelligence information available to the Army be established by the joint force commander, commander for planning purposes and for sup- but so far as possible, these procedures should port of immediate operational requirements. follow general doctrine as presented in this Tactical air reconnaissance units are capable of manual. performing all missions within the entire spec- b. Navy and Marine Corps air reconnais- trum of air reconnaissance, both day and night, sance units possess the necessary aircraft and and through most weather conditions. The Air imagery-producing sensors to accomplish the Force normally provides a tactical air recon- same types of missions as those performed by naissance wing, consisting of four reconnais- the TAF. These units also have an organic capa- sance squadrons, in support of a field army. bility for processing and interpreting imagery Normally, the reconnaissance wing will also returns. have a reconnaissance technical squadron that c. Depending upon operational requirements has a photo processing and imagery interpre- and the volume of support being provided, Navy tation capability. Usually, this capability is and Marine Corps imagery may be delivered to concentrated at the reconnaissance wing level; the land airbases at which the MIBARS detach- when required, however, personnel and equip- ments are located. A portion of the MIBARS ment from this squadron may be collocated with personnel, to include entire detachments, may

AGO 707BA 3-1 FfóJ 3@-2@

be located aboard ship or at a Marine airbase to been completed and the originator has been aid in processing and interpreting exposed im- so advised. At each echelon the G2 Air action agery. If necessary, the MIBARS headquarters sequence follows a similar pattern. Variations has the capability of creating a fifth MI Detach- at each echelon involve personnel, equipment, ment (air reconnaissance support) (ARS)) for and administrative detail, but the same thought special operations as discussed in chapter 7. In process and sequence of action are used. Close addition, a separate MI detachment (ARS), not staff coordination with supporting units must organically part of an existing MIBARS or- be effected by the G2 Air to obtain maximum ganization, can be created to fill a special re- return from the effort expended. Develop- quirement to operate with a Navy or Marine ment of a specific unit SOP will facilitate air reconnaissance unit at the same time that and expedite the performance of these func- the existing MIBARS organization continues tions. to function in support of a TAF reconnaissance b. Field Army and Independent Corps Aerial wing. Surveillance Intelligence Cycle. The G2 Air at d. Navy and Marine Corps air reconnaissance field army level normally will perform as a units may require Army liaison officer support staff supervisor and coordinator of the aerial to be located with their flying elements. When surveillance and reconnaissance effort of the required, liaison officers can be procured by field army. Normally he will process only those using imagery interpretation officers out of the requests which originate at field army level or imagery interpretation sections within MI- those which cannot be accomplished at corps BARS or out of the imagery interpretation sec- level and below and are forwarded to field tion organic to the military intelligence organi- army for accomplishment. zation in support of the Army combat units. (1) Air request control. Requests received or originated at field army are approved by the . 3—4. Alloedl §yp)p®o’tf When supported by aerial reconnaissance ele- G2 Air. Upon approval of each request, a ments of allied nations, commanders concerned priority is established. An approved request will use mutually acceptable procedures and may be accomplished by organic means or techniques. forwarded to TAF (TACC). Close coordina- tion between the G2 Air and TACC is neces- sary to determine the priority in which re- 3-5. Aoray Aweaffomi Sypp©r5 quests are accomplished by th^ A.ir Force. Army aviation units of the armored cavalry When the TACC designates a unit to fly the regiment, missile command, division, corps, and mission, the G2 Air is notified. The G2 Air field army are all capable of performing visual then furnishes the MIBARS with the detailed aerial surveillance missions. In addition, the mission information. corps aerial surveillance company and the aer- (2) Mission accomplishment. Once the re- ial surveillance platoon organic to the airmobile quirement is furnished the MIBARS, the ac- division can provide permanent record imagery tions to coordinate, receive, and interpret the from photographic, radar, and infrared sensors. resultant imagery are the responsibilities of the Army element even though the mission is flown 3^-<5. Aerial S^m/eillaifiige BiraftellliejeirDee Cyde a. General. The aerial surveillance intelli- by an Air Force element. The procedures em- gence cycle (fig. 3-1) is based on the determi- ployed by the MIBARS to complete the collec- nation of a specific requirement for information tion of intelligence information are covered in and the action necessary to fulfill the require- chapter 7. ment at any echelon of command. The G2 Air (3) Intelligence production and dissemina- may initiate a requirement, or he may receive it tion. The field army G2 Air directs and super- from another staff section or from a subordi- vises the production and dissemination of intel- nate unit. As the G2 Air, he is the staff super- ligence information resulting from aerial recon- visor of the request until action upon it has naissance or surveillance missions. He insures that the information is forwarded to the re-

AGO 7076A AGO 7075A 3-3 AND PRINT DEVELOP DEBRIEF LAND MISSION REPORTS MISSION J DEI INTERPRETATION |ST HOTREP IMMEDIATE IMAGERY MISSION AIRBORN Ö* O'! IIIR/GIIR BRIEFING: COMMAND REQUIREMENT PREFLIOHT GENERAL AND INr Figure 8—1. Aerial surveillance intelligence cycle. DISAPPROVED ASSIGN SELECTED UNIT: FLYING PRODUCTION INTELLIGENCE G2 AND G2 AIR SENSOR AND PLATFORM V J G2 AIR: OR DISAPPROVE ASSIGN TO FLYING UNIT ^ $ A|R RE0UET DISSEMINATION < APPROVED FORWARD OR FORWARD

m 30-20 FM 30-20 questing unit and other appropriate activities terpret the imagery it collects are discussed in and the field Army G2 to permit its integration chapter 8. with other intelligence information available d. Division Aerial Surveillance Intelligence to the G2. Cycle. The aerial surveillance intelligence cycle c. Corps Aerial Surveillanceat divisionIntelligence is similar to that at corps. To the Cycle. The aerial surveillance intelligence cycle maximum extent possible, the division G2 Air (fig. 3-1) at corps is comparable to that of the attempts to accomplish requests from subordi- field army. The corps normally has Air Force nate elements using his organic capabilities; reconnaissance missions allocated to accomplish e.g., visual aerial surveillance for all divisions, immediate aerial surveillance and reconnais- the aerial surveillance platoon in the airmobile sance missions only. The G2 Air at corps de- division. When this is not possible, he incorpor- velops his aerial collection plan based on the ates approved requests into the division surveil- corps commander’s requirements and the in- lance plan which is forwarded to corps for ap- tegration of approved requests received from proval and accomplishment within the re- subordinate elements. The G2 Air determines sources of higher headquarters. Division mis- which missions can be accomplished by organic sions flown by organic corps aircraft are coordi- Army aircraft and assigns them to the corps nated beforehand so that ground sensor termi- aviation aerial surveillance company for ac- nals and division imagery interpretation sup- complishment. Preplanned missions requiring port may be alerted to receive the results of the Air Force support are forwarded to the G2 mission as it is flown and the results processed Air at field army for approval and incorpora- and interpreted. Processing of GST IR film can tion into the field army surveillance plan. be accomplished by division signal assets. Immediate missions requiring Air Force sup- e. Aerial Surveillance Intelligence Cycle for port are coordinated with the DASC at corps Other Units. and accomplished as part of the immediate The pattern for obtaining information through missions allocated to the corps. The production the use of aerial vehicles is similar at all eche- and dissemination of the resultant intelligence lons having organic aerial surveillance vehicles. are similar to those procedures used in the Units without aerial surveillance means submit field army aerial surveillance intelligence cycle. requests to the next higher echelon for appro- The actions taken by the corps aerial surveil- priate action. lance company to coordinate, receive, and in-

3-4 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

CHAPTER 4 AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS

Section I. TYPE MISSIONS

4-1. General c. Observe movement or changes as they take There are two broad categories of missions— place on the enemy side of the FEBA which aerial surveillance missions and aerial recon- will provide the commander with an early naissance missions. Each type of mission is per- warning of possible enemy intentions and iden- formed for a similar purpose; however, plan- tify specific target areas for further observation ning and implementation differ. by either aerial or ground reconnaissance meas- ures. 4-2. Aerial Surveillance Missions A surveillance mission is characterized by the 4-3. Reconnaissance Missions greater expanse of terrain that it covers and the A reconnaissance mission is characterized by repetitiousness with which it is flown. Aerial its direction toward one or more specific target surveillance is continuous over the entire bat- areas without the requirement for continuous tlefield or area of interest. Generally it is con- coverage. A reconnaissance mission may be de- veloped because of specific information indicat- ducted without regard to specific targets though ing that an area possesses intelligence value, or major areas of interest may be emphasized. A surveillance mission normally is performed because current or planned operations indicate with a large area coverage sensor such as radar, a specific area is of significant importance and or by visual observation from higher altitudes warrants more detailed coverage. Reconnais- so that a large ground area can be observed at sance missions may be on a one time basis only, all times. The majority of aerial surveillance or periodic, but generally they are more restric- tive than surveillance missions in their size and missions will be flown on a repetitive basis, with individual flights overlapping to insure scope of coverage. A reconnaissance mission is complete coverage of the area. Both radar and ordinarily flown by penetrating the enemy air- visual surveillance flights can be flown along or space ; however, some target areas can be ade- behind the forward edge of the battle area quately covered while flying behind the FEBA. (FEBA) parallel to the line of contact. Surveil- Because of the type target involved, the need for greater detail, and the characteristics of the lance overflights of enemy occupied areas are also employed using visual observation or radar different sensors employed to procure the intel- coverage to both sides of the aircraft’s line of ligence information desired, reconnaissance mis- sions generally are flown at low altitudes. The flight. The major advantages of surveillance major advantage of reconnaissance missions is missions are their ability to— the added detail it provides for comprehensive a. Cover large expanses of terrain rapidly and continuously, with the minimum expenditure of intelligence study gained by concentrating the aircraft and sensor capabilities. aircraft sensor capabilities over specific targets. b. Maintain continuous surveillance over the 4-4. Mission Requests entire area while flying over friendly positions Aerial surveillance and reconnaissance mis- which increases the capability for aircraft to sions are classified as either preplanned or im- complete successfully the mission and return mediate. The majority of mission requests are safely. preplanned. Immediate mission requests are

AGO 7075A 4-1 FM 30-20

usually for reconnaissance type missions and/or 4-6. Immediate Missions increased intensity of surveillance in a specific Immediate missions are characterized by the area as dictated by a situation. urgency of time involved between request for and receipt of information. Unforeseen require- 4-5. Preplanned Missions ments for intelligence of immediate tactical Anticipated requirements for aerial surveil- value triggers the need for immediate missions. lance or reconnaissance missions to collect A portion of the overall aerial surveillance and needed intelligence information are met by pre- reconnaissance effort normally is held on a planning their scheduling and accomplishment. standby basis to meet such contingencies. The A preplanned mission is the most efficient and percentage of the total effort reserved to accom- economical type of mission since it allows suffi- plish immediate missions varies with the tacti- cient time for thorough coordination, planning, cal situation. For the Air Force, the percentage briefing, and consolidation of requirements. It is determined by coordination between the G2 also permits proper selection and allocation of Air and the tactical air control center (TACC). aircraft and sensors and eliminates the wasting For Army resources, the determination is made of capabilities by assuring that all available air- as part of the daily air planning conference con- borne platforms are programed for specific ducted by the G2 Air. In addition to the use of mission accomplishment. The proper interpreta- specifically designated aircraft to accomplish tion, integration, and dissemination of the in- immediate missions, aircraft that are airborne formation gathered can also be programed on missions of lesser impact may be diverted into the total work effort. and given the immediate mission for accom- plishment. Section II. COLLECTION MEANS

4-7. General to provide a permanent record of the sightings Aerial missions are further classified accord- and to increase accuracy and detail. For a de- ing to the type of mission and/or sensor used; tailed discussion on aerial observation tech- visual, permanent record imagery, electronic niques and procedures, see FM 1-80. There are intelligence, and weather. Any ör all of these four general types of visual aerial surveil- types may be necessary to support an area of lance— operations. Aerial surveillance missions gener- (1) Area search. An area search normally ally are interrelated and of complementary sig- is conducted for the purpose of covering a gen- nificance in terms of the information produced. eral area, monitoring any movement within an Much of the intelligence information gained area, detecting military activities, or monitor- through aerial surveillance accrues to the bene- ing movement of civilian populations. The lim- fit of all services, regardless of the purpose or its of the area to be searched are designated in unit for which it was obtained. the mission request ; however, the aircraft crew must plan the actual flight pattern to be flown 4—8. Visual Aerial Surveillance and Recon- to insure complete target coverage and success- naissance ful mission accomplishment. Search areas will a. General. Visual aerial surveillance and re- vary in size dependent upon the tactical re- connaissance provides a rapid means of collect- quirements. ing intelligence information of the enemy area (2) Specific search. A specific search nor- of activity through observation by aircraft mally is conducted to detect military, paramili- crews. The value of visual aerial surveillance tary, or significant civilian activity within sus- lies in the speed with which information of pected, probable, or known locations. A specific fleeting targets can be relayed to friendly units search usually is employed for point targets capable of attacking those targets. Visual obser- and for specific information. A special form of vations may be augmented by the use of photo- specific search is contact reconnaissance in graphic equipment and inflight voice recordings which an aerial observation mission is under-

4-2 AGO 707 BA FM 30-20 taken to locate friendly units that are isolated that the time lag between acquisition, interpre- or cut off from the main force; e.g., a long- tation, and dissemination may reduce or negate range reconnaissance patrol out of contact the value of information collected on transient with higher headquarters. and fleeting targets. Permanent record imag- (3) Route reconnaissance. Observation of ery may be obtained through the use of— roads, railroads, waterways, and coastal and (1) Conventional photography. international borders may be conducted to de- (2) Infrared sensor devices. termine enemy usage and traffic location. Route (3) Radar. reconnaissance may also be conducted to deter- b. Conventional Photography. Conventional mine the adequacy of roadways, bridges, and photography is classified according to the cam- other installations for our own use. Usually it era position and the area of coverage. is performed on a point-to-point or town-to- (1) Classification according to camera po- town basis over a selected route which may sition is as follows : pass through several search areas. (a) Vertical. Coverage of a target is (4) Artillery adjustment. The aircraft achieved by photography taken from directly normally employed for surveillance and recon- overhead. It provides photography of relatively naissance missions can be used to conduct indi- constant scale and allows the interpreter to get rect fire adjustment missions when the require- the best stereovision and most accurate mea- ments exist and the priority of employment surements. permits. Normally fire adjustment missions for (b) Oblique. Coverage of a target area artillery or naval gunfire will result from in- is achieved by photography taken at an angle flight reports rendered by the aircrew or from from the vertical. Oblique photography pre- an immediate request of a supported unit. sents a view of the target while flying toward b. Limitations of Visual Aerial Surveil- or parallel to it. Oblique photography closely lance. Much information is collected by a resembles the normal eye view and allows an trained and experienced observer; however, he interpreter to “see” into an area in a normal is limited by the speed and vibration of the air- fashion instead of seeing the target as it ap- craft, visibility conditions, enemy concealment pears from directly overhead. High oblique measures, and the distance from which he photography includes a portion of the sky- must observe as a result of the influence that line behind the target area ; low oblique photo- terrain and enemy air defense may have on the graphy taken with an 80 percent overlap be- surveillance aircraft. Many limitations of vi- tween frames will allow stereoviewing. sual aerial surveillance may be overcome by (c) Panoramic photography. Panoramic using sensory and light intensification devices photography is taken with a special camera and binoculars to replace, verify, or supple- that scans across a wide area of the terrain, ment visual sightings. usually from horizon to horizon. It provides rapid photographic coverage of large areas of 4-9. Types of Permanent Record Imagery the terrain on both sides of an aircraft’s line of a. General. Permanent record imagery is es- flight in only one pass over the target area. sential before, during, and after an operation. (2) Classification according to area of cov- All commanders require information concern- erage is as follows: ing the strength, location, and disposition of (а) Pinpoint. Pinpoint photography is the enemy. Aerial imagery normally can meet that taken of a single point, feature, individual this requirement by providing recorded images target, or small area of terrain which can be which are studied, analyzed, and interpreted. covered with a very small number of photo- Such analysis provides more detail and accu- graphs. A minimum of 60 percent overlap be- racy than that derived from visual observation. tween individual photoframes is necessary to The use of permanent record imagery requires assure stereoviewing. sensory and recording equipment of various de- (б) Strip photography. Strip photogra- grees of complexity. A limitation of imagery is phy consists of a continuous series of overlap-

AGO 7075A 4-3 FM 30-20

ping photos taken in a single flight line which the flight path of the aircraft; therefore, it is covers a lengthy target or large area of terrain. used normally only for point, linear, or small (c) Continuous strip photography. Con- area targets. tinuous strip photography contains an unbro- (2) IR aircraft are equipped for both a ken image throughout the length of the flight real time pictorial display of the IR returns as line. This type of photography requires a spe- the aircraft is passing over the terrain and the cial camera and eliminates individual photo- recording of the sensor acquired information frames with overlap throughout the length of on strips of film for later development and in- the strip. terpretation. Army IR aircraft can also trans- (d) Area photography. Area photogra- mit their imagery to a ground sensor terminal phy consists of two or more strips of photogra- (GST), thereby providing a real-time presenta- phy which overlap to the side. Area cover re- tion of the target area to personnel on the quires a minimum of 30 percent sidelap be- ground. The GST also records these presenta- tween strips in addition to the 60 percent over- tions on film; however, both the film from the lap between frames in order to provide stereo- aircraft and the film from the GST must be pro- viewing throughout the area of coverage. The cessed by an imagery processing facility before main use of area cover is in planning or for they become permanent record imagery and comparison of coverage by inspection with can be interpreted by trained image interpret- other imagery available. Area cover with the ers. (Use of the nomenclature “ground sensor proper overlap and sidelap can be used to make terminals” (GST) throughout this manual re- photomosaics. Normally area cover is com- fers to new equipment now coming into the posed of vertical photography. Army inventory to replace the current data (e) Mapping photography. Mapping or terminal teams (DTT).) charting photography is taken for the purpose d. Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR). of preparing or revising maps and charts. Usu- (1) SLAR is an active electronic device ally it is taken at much smaller scales than which emits energy and senses that portion of intelligence photography and should be used the emitted energy which is returned by reflec- for intelligence purposes only when no other tion off the terrain and objects thereon. The intelligence photography is available. This radar’s energy may be directed at terrain to the photography is taken with special stabilized left, right, or both sides simultaneously along cameras and other equipment, and the flight the flight path of the aircraft. The energy that pattern and operation of the aircraft are care- is reflected from objects on the ground, both fully controlled. fixed and moving, are recorded on strips of c. Infrared (IR) Imagery. film. It should be noted that since the radar (1) An IR system is a passive sensor pulse is line-of-sight, any high ground or tall which detects emitted and reflected thermal ra- objects in the path of the radar pulse will diation coming from the terrain and objects on block out radar returns from any smaller ob- the terrain. Current IR systems filter out re- jects which they mask. This caused SLAR re- flected radiation and only record that radiation turns to leave blank spots, called radar emitted by the target area and objects. The shadow, or non-sensed areas, wherever these total emitted radiation is a function of an ob- hidden areas occur. ject’s temperature and its emissivity. Emitted (2) The SLAR produces two images radiation will differ between objects and the simultaneously: one depicts fixed target infor- resultant differences will be sensed and re- mation (FTI), such as terrain features and corded by the IR system. The IR sensor can de- buildings, and the other depicts moving target tect minute differences and, therefore, differ- information (MTI) ; however, in order for the entiate between objects close to each other. To SLAR to acquire MTI, movement of the object achieve the maximum capability, the IR sys- must be greater than 3 MPH. These two strips tem must operate at low altitudes and its scan of film when developed are called SLAR imag- coverage is limited to the area directly below ery. Army SLAR aircraft are equipped to con-

AGO 7075A FM 30-20 tinuously process exposed film and provide the gence record, and detailed intelligence record. airborne sensor operator a pictorial display of The availability of improved imagery interpre- the returns while the aircraft is still in flight. tation equipment in the tactical imagery inter- Time delay from the time of film exposure pretation facility (THF) has allowed the us- until it is developed and ready for viewing is able scales of photography to be increased in approximately two minutes. Army SLAR air- each category as indicated in a through c craft like the Army IR aircraft have a capabil- below. ity for transmission of imagery data to ground a. Initial Record. Initial record is complete, sensor terminals. At the GST these sensings permanent imagery coverage—usually flown are recorded on film, developed, and ready for seasonally—of a projected or actual area of op- viewing by image interpreters in approxi- erations generally extending from the line of mately two minutes. contact with enemy ground forces to deep within the enemy territory. Photographic cov- 4-10. Weather Reconnaissance erage normally will be of small scale (1:20,000 Weather reconnaissance is conducted to ob- to 1:60,000) and suitable for stereoscopic tain weather data over areas where weather study. Initial record provides basic informa- reports are not available. The two basic meth- tion about enemy installations and defenses, ods of accomplishing weather reconnaissance cultural features, trafficability, soil, and vege- are by taking instrumented atmospheric tation. Its principal purpose is to provide a measurements and by making visual ob- basis for evaluating changes in enemy-occupied servations. Normally weather reconnaissance is territory. Areas subject to seasonal changes performed by Air Force weather reconnais- are recorded under conditions characteristic of sance elements; however, Army aircraft can each season to eliminate the observed differ- perform limited visual weather observation for ences caused by seasonal variations. Vertical the command. Weather reconnaissance is ac- initial record may serve as a map substitute or complished to obtain— supplement. The field army normally super- a. Weather data for use in preparing weather vises the automatic initial distribution to sub- analyses and forecasts. Missions which obtain ordinate units according to areas of interest; such data fall into two general classes. Sched- supplementary issues are made as necessary. uled missions make weather observations, to Typical allowances are shown in FM 101-10. include atmospheric surroundings, at predeter- b. General Intelligence Record. This is verti- mined locations and at scheduled times. Un- cal medium scale (1:10,000 to 1:20,000) imag- scheduled missions investigate doubtful ery coverage within the field army area of in- weather conditions which will affect the battle terest. It provides current intelligence infor- area. mation and is compared with initial record im- b. Special reports of weather conditions agery to determine current location and dispo- along the routes to, and in the vicinity of, tar- sition of enemy installations, troop concentra- gets for proposed air operations. These reports tions, troop movements, equipment, and sup- are required to permit immedicate operational plies. Normally this type of imagery is re- decisions such as diversion of aircraft, changes quested by division and higher headquarters. of flight tracks, or cancellations of missions. c. Detailed Intelligence Record. In order to c. Special reports of weather conditions that supplement the general intelligence record by might have a significant influence on enemy providing large scale imagery areas of specific capabilities. interest, detailed intelligence record is obtained. It provides the imagery for detailed analysis of 4-1 T. Categories of Permanent Record Im- specific enemy activity, selected terrain fea- agery tures, installations, or equipment. It is fre- The three categories of permanent record quently necessary to use more than one sensing imagery commonly used by the imagery in- or recording system over the target. Shown in terpreter are initial record, general intelli- (1) through (4), below, are types of detailed analyses. AGO 7075A 4-5 FM 30-20

(1) Vertical analysis. The study of large be detected and subjected to study by special scale (1:10,000 and larger) photography re- recording techniques ; e.g., a camouflage net lo- veals the plans and heights of installations not cated through general intelligence record im- shown in general intelligence record. agery may be identified as a covering for me- (2) Oblique analysis. The study of air chanical equipment when the area is subjected photographs taken at an angle from the verti- to infrared search. cal will reveal installations from the elevation (4) Deception analysis. Enemy measures viewpoint. This type of imagery is particularly designed to deceive and confuse friendly intel- important in the analysis of features not suit- ligence collection agencies may be detected able for vertical analysis such as concealed or through analysis and comparison of photo- well-camouflaged installations. graphic and electronic presentations such as (3) Concealment analysis. Installations radar, infrared, and electronic intelligence col- and equipment hidden from observation may lected at or near the same time. FM 30-20

CHAPTER 5 AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE PLANNING OPERATIONS AND COORDINATION STANAG 2102, 3277 SEASTAG 3277

Section I. GENERAL PLANNING

5-1. General riods of marginal visibility ; e.g., during a pho- Aerial surveillance and reconnaissance is tographic mission unexpected cloud cover may conducted to provide assistance to the com- occur over the primary area of interest. The mander in the accomplishment of the unit mis- aircraft may be diverted either to a secondary sion. In preparing his aerial surveillance and target or an alternate sensor may be used reconnaissance plan, the G2 Air must consider which can acquire some useful imagery when all requests received from subordinate units as the preselected sensor would have been non- well as those requests generated by his own productive. headquarters. He must integrate those requests d. Priorities. All aerial surveillance requests from subordinate units which he approves are assigned a priority. The basis for determi- with his own requirements to produce the total nation of priorities is the urgency and impor- aerial surveillance and reconnaissance plan for tance of the requested information to support the commander. the operations of the requester. This is influ- enced by the unit mission, tactical situation, 5-2. Planning Principles and the purpose for which the surveillance is Principles considered in planning are— intended. Normally,'only a Roman numeral is a. Essential Elements of Information used to indicate to the higher G2 Air the prior- (EEI). Generally, the EEI will serve to indi- ity based on the importance of the requirement cate the aerial surveillance to be planned for to the unit submitting the request; however, and requested. The G2 Air develops the plan these priorities may change at higher echelons for the command and establishes priorities when considered in the overall tactical situa- based on the EEI and other guidance furnished tion. Priorities, with their identifying Roman by the G2. He insures that the plan will yield numeral are— the information required to support tactical ( 1 ) Priority I. Surveillance of enemy units planning. or activities, to include nuclear delivery means, b. Economy of Effort. Economy of effort is that could prevent, or is preventing, the accom- the planned use of equipment to obtain a maxi- plishment of the friendly force mission. mum return from available resources. It is at- (2) Priority II. Surveillance of enemy tained through the consolidation and integra- units or activities capable of immediate serious tion of requests and tasks, the denial of re- interference with the friendly force mission; quests which would duplicate information cur- and the surveillance required in the conduct of rently available, and the allocation of the current tactical operations. available effort in relation to the requirements (3) Priority III. Surveillance of enemy and priorities established. units or activities capable of ultimate serious c. Flexibility. Maximum flexibility is gained interference with the mission ; and the surveil- by the selection of alternate objectives and/or lance required to support planned future oper- sensor means. This is especially true during pe- ations.

AGO 7076A 5-1 5—2 AGO 7075A Sought Specific Information (1) Trafficability. (2) Enemy strong points. (3) Condition of railways and marshalling yards. friendly use. (4) Condition of enemy airstrips to determine feasibility of (5) Friendly avenues of approach. Enemy avenues of approach. b. Location of vacated areas. c. Location newly occupied areas. Movement enemy reserve. direction of movement). Displacement enemy supporting weapons (type, number and Enemy resupply activities. Location ana condition of obstacles. b. Location, type and estimated strength of enemy reserve. g. Location enemy armor. i. Location of obstacles. Preparation for attack. imagery. a. Continuous study of comparative cover vs initial record b. Special imagery cover and studies: armor. c. Continuous location of enemy reserves with emphasis on Movement enemy units (to and from PEBA). a. Actual movement (type, size, direction). Detection of enemy buildup. a. Location and estimated strength of enemy units along PEBA. d. Location enemy observation posts. e. Location enemy avenues of approach. f. Location command posts and supply points. h. Enemy troop movement. Troop movement (type and size). Displacement of weapons. Movement of reserve units. including choke points. Location and condition of obstacles and evacuation establishments. Location of command posts, supply c. Location enemy supporting weapons. 1. 2. 3. 5. 1. 4. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Emphasis Area Reconnaissance b. Areas in which friendly activity a. Areas of greater enemy activity. 1. Concentrated in front of main attack. !• 2. Areas occupied by enemy reserve 1. Areas in which enemy is applying forces (especially armor). is contemplated. by 2. Areas most likely to be occupied Even distribution of reconnaissance sure. of his enemy as indicated by knowledge tactics, deployment and reserves. across entire front with emphasis on: most pres* or has capability of applying Figure 5-1. Planning factors for aerial surveillance and reconnaissance. Considerations Situation and General exploi* o. Use direct observation to meet requirements for timely on rate b. Adjust depth and site of area to be reconnoitered based b. Determining oreos to be reconnoitered. c. Moke maximum use of night visual, photographic and electronic* a. Detect enemy buildup for defense or attack. b. Assist in planning for friendly attack. a. Employing organic aviation to keep enemy under surveillance. depth of b. Employing non>organic aerial reconnaissance to extend along a. Continuing surveillance along entire front, concentrating TAP visual reconnaissance. a. Plan full use of available use of armed aerial reconnaissance. b. Coordinate with G3 Air for meet the requirements developed by b. Use immediate missions to to meet the requirements for timely c. Use visual air reconnaissance a. Enemy .air superiority. b. Limited TAP support. c. Fast moving fluid situation. of initial record and general intelli* d. Possible non>availability support. a. Use organic aircraft for primary air reconnaissance of the TAP is available. The G2 Air should: tation and reporting of information. of advance. surveillance. support by The G2 Air con expect a fluid situation in which maximum planned axis of advance. o prelude to the offense, G2 Air 1. Since defense is normally buildup by: 2. The G2 Air at corps and division should determine enemy coverage. by: 3. The G2 Air should assist in planning for friendly attack 2. The G2 Air should plan to: reporting of information. obtained, G2 Air should: 3. If friendly air superiority is must: gence record imagery. the fluid situation. 1. G2 Air can eipect; Action Toclicol Attack Withdrawal Defense

FM 30-20 m 30-20

(4) Priority IV. Surveillance of enemy d. Weather. Aerial surveillance plans are units or activities capable of limited interfer- based upon predicted weather to exploit the ence with the mission ; and the surveillance re- proper sensor in the environment best suited to quired for administrative and logistical pur- its operating characteristics. Planning is flexi- poses. ble to allow for variations between predicted e. Cover and Deception. The implementation and actual weather conditions. of cover and deception measures must be con- sidered when scheduled aerial surveillance 5-4. Planning Phases missions over the combat area could comprom- Aerial surveillance and reconnaissance plan- ise the operation by indicating unusual interest ning is divided into two phases—long-range in that area. The G2 Air must expect to divert planning and day-to-day planning. The prepon- a part of the surveillance capability to imple- derance of effort in long-range planning is ac- ment cover and deception activities. Some complished at field army level while the major cover and deception measures available are— effort at subordinate levels is in day-to-day (1) Reducing the number of missions over planning. the area of interest. (2) Simulating interest elsewhere. (3) Controlling flight lines within the area of interest to obtain a random appearance. 5-5. Planning Sequence (4) Integrating reconnaissance missions a. The general sequence of planning is essen- with offensive missions. tially the same for both the long-range and day-to-day phases of planning. The broad steps 5-3. Planning Factors in the preparation of the plan by the G2 Air The major factors considered in planning in are accomplished in the following sequence: view of their effect upon the tactical situation (1) Determination of the aerial surveil- and upon aerial surveillance missions are— lance and reconnaissance requirements. a. Friendly and Enemy Situation. The G2 (2) Assignment of priorities to each re- Air considers the type and extent of planned quirement. operations in developing aerial surveillance (3) Satisfaction of the requirements with plans (fig. 5-1). the surveillance capabilities available. b. Capabilities. The G2 Air considers the fa- b. General considerations of the G2 Air are vorable and limiting characteristics of the sen- as follows : sors and platforms available, and the capabili- (1) The unit mission as amplified by— ties of the reproduction, interpretation, and (a) Commander’s concept. dissemination agencies and their facilities. (b) Unit’s operational plans. c. Terrain. A study of the terrain is made in (c) EEI. terms of environmental impact to the acquisi- id) Intelligence annexes. tion of usable imagery for the satisfaction of (2) Surveillance coverage of the entire EEI requirements. The G2 Air uses this infor- zone of responsibility. mation to plan missions and select appropriate (a) Preparation of the aerial surveil- sensor(s). Care is exercised to eliminate pre- lance and reconnaissance plan. conceived or fixed ideas regarding the enemy’s (b) Integration of the aerial plan with use of terrain and associated counterrecon- ground reconnaissance and observation plans. naissance measures. Maps, charts, and data (3) Coordination with higher, adjacent, concerning tidal areas, channels, and rivers and subordinate units. must be kept current for use in the imagery ex- (4) Selection of areas for continuing ploitation processes. Seasonal tidal fluctuations priority emphasis. have a direct impact on tactical operations. (5) Continuous planning.

AGO 7076A 5-3 m 3QU20

Seeîioira DD. SIF1CD1FDC PLÄNNDN©

S—é. LeiDg-Koiiriige Plsuraraiirag the troops, agencies, and staffs who will be- a. Long-range aerial surveillance planning, come involved in executing the planned opera- prior to tactical engagement or the conduct of tion. Special maps and defense overprints, an- operations, begins with the receipt of a direc- notated imagery, terrain and defense analyses, tive from higher headquarters or the decision and up-to-date tactical maps are examples of of the local commander. The planning estab- the results of well-planned and thoroughly lishes those requirements which must be satis- coordinated G2 Air operations in the planning fied to obtain the information essential to the phase. commander. Planning is accomplished in the g. The final step in the G2 Air’s work is greatest amount of detail possible within the timely dissemination. The dissemination tasks time available to the echelon at which the must be coordinated via SOP and instructions planning is done and the capabilities of the to minimize bottlenecks and attain maximum supporting forces. timeliness. b. In those cases where the opposing forces have not yet engaged in combat, as in a landing 5-7. Ikay-ío-Daiy PlcaminiDingi eairad ©peratfosmis by amphibious forces, the G2 Air bears an a. General. The same procedures discussed especially heavy portion of the responsibility in paragraph 5-6 are used in day-to-day plan- for obtaining intelligence information. Little ning and operations. The commander’s EEI or no intelligence data will come from subordi- and other intelligence requirements (OIR) de- nate units before contact with the enemy, be- veloped by the G2 provide the G2 Air with the cause there will be no prisoners of war, pa- current priority tasks which must be accom- trols, observation posts, deserters, or line cros- plished. To provide for the orderly scheduling sers to provide it. It is during this phase of op- and accomplishment of these requirements, the erations that aerial surveillance and recon- G2 Air should utilize a collection plan (app C). naissance becomes the prime and/or sole source The EEI and OIR are listed on the plan and of information acquisition. the indicators are developed for each task. c. The first step which the G2 Air takes is to From the listed indicators, the broad require- develop a planning program for his branch. He ments are developed as the basis for the aerial does this in a manner similar to the procedures surveillance and reconnaissance plan, and the outlined in FM 30-5. specific requirements for all collection agencies d. The G2 Air develops the reconnaissance are developed. Because of the time lag in the and surveillance missions necessary to acquire aerial surveillance cycle, specific requests the raw data. He coordinates with the support- should be prepared as far in advance as possi- ble. ing tactical air elements of other U.S. or allied b. Specific Planning Considerations of the services designated to operate with the Army. G2 Air. In addition, when organic aviation elements ( 1 ) Process and consolidate all requests. can accomplish aerial surveillance, he plans (2) Review available imagery (posted re- for, coordinates, and integrates the aerial sur- cent master cover traces) for adequacy to ful- veillance and reconnaissance missions of these fill requirements before requesting new or ad- elements into his plan. ditional imagery. e. The processing of the incoming imagery (3) Review specific intelligence require- and visual observation reports into a usable ments of the requests for analysis and consoli- form is the next step in the G2 Air effort. This dation relative to: priorities, target locations, necessitates having trained image interpreters times over targets, categories (surveillance, re- properly briefed on the operation and directing connaissance, visual/photo, IR, SLAR) times them in the production of intelligence. desired information no longer of value, and ini- /. The next step in the G2 Air’s plan is to tiation or formulation of sortie (mission) re- prepare his output in formats most useful to quirements to satisfy the EEI.

5-4 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

(4) Determine enemy and friendly situa- (b) Select sensors for exploitation for tions regarding the following: each mission and list accordingly as primary (a) Review known or suspected enemy and secondary sensors, (i.e., best, next best). countermeasures; air to air and ground to air Coupled with this selection is the planning for defensive activities and capabilities and deter- commitment of ground sensor terminals as ap- mine their impact to the acquisition process as propriate or dictated by those priority missions well as aircraft survivability. requiring near real-time readout to fulfill (&) Address known or suspected enemy stated requirements. ground unit dispositions, operations and/or (8) Assess available operational maneuvers in progress and their impact on aircraft/sensors for the daily 24-hour time acquisition process and the satisfaction of the frame by category, IR and SLAR, and day and EEI (mission requirements). night. Planning assignments of available (c) Address compatibility of planned aircraft/sensor system sorties for fulfillment of missions with friendly scheme of maneuver requirements. Assignment of tasks (missions) relative to established and assigned priorities are made accordingly. to timely fulfillment of information needs. Al- (9) Determine each request’s desired time so, begin formulation of coordination to be ever target (TOT) coupled with average pro- effected. cessing, readout, and dissemination times vs. (5) Determine the impact of terrain to the latest acceptable time of readout addressed surveillance and reconnaissance sorties in terms concurrently with priorities. Urgency of re- of : quirements may dictate employment of ground (a) Environmental accommodation af- sensor terminals as appropriate for priority IR forded to enemy activity/target area that will and SLAR missions. delimit or enhance sensors’ capabilities. (10) Coordinate with ground and air opera- (b) Terrain effects on missions (air- tional and intelligence elements to obtain mu- craft/sensors) such as: tual support where possible. 1. Obstacles to low altitude acquisition (11) Insure that all requirements levied on (terrain avoidance), the G2 Air are provided or accounted for in 2. The acquisition of needed target planning. area coverage vs. required sensor-target atti- (12) Insure that plans are commensurate tudes (vertical vs. standoff), and with the capabilities of available aircraft, sen- S. Terrain obstacle impact on needed sory equipment, observers, ground sensor ter- coverage (such as radar shadow). minal teams, reproduction facilities, image in- (6) Review current and predicted weather terpreters, and dissemination resources. for area of operations and specifics for critical (13) Review air request forms for accu- target areas to determine : racy, completeness, and elimination of duplica- (a) Impact on sensor capabilities vs. tion of effort before transmitting to the sup- satisfaction of EEI (mission) requirements. porting or tasked aviation elements. (b) Derivative target and environmen- (14) Prepare final aerial surveillance and tal changes, natural and man induced, which reconnaissance plans including assignment of will enhance or obscure detection. tasks to subordinate units. (7) Determine available operational sensor (15) Insure that communications security systems with subsequent processes as follows : (COMSEC) considerations have been included (a) Apply sensors’ capabilities vs. the in the aerial surveillance and reconnaissance target, environmental and weather factors and plans. prediction of degrees of satisfaction of specific (16) Continue planning for daily opera- mission (EEI) requirements. tions.

AGO 7076A 5-5 FM 30-20

Section III. REQUEST PROCEDURES

5—8. Preplanned Requests corps are notified of the final plan and the im- a. The initiation, receipt, processing, and im- mediate sorties are allocated. plementation of preplanned requests are basi- d. Mission numbers, call signs, and other cally the same at all levels. They are developed data for approved Air Force flown missions through prior planning and careful considera- are received from the TACC and for approved tion and deliberation at all echelons before army missions from the Army flying unit, and being submitted to the next higher headquar- the information is posted on the mission status ters. They represent the total known needs of board. A type mission status board is at figure the command as of the time of their submis- 5-3. Pertinent information on all missions is sion. disseminated to the requester. The MIBARS is b. At each level, when a request is received it also kept informed on all Air Force missions. is entered in an aerial surveillance log, a type e. During daily operations, changes in the format for which is shown in figure 5-2. The preplanned missions may be required due to G2 Air duty team chief integrates all approved changes in unit mission, or shifts in priority, requests received into his own plan, prepares a enemy situation, weather, or aircraft availabil- draft of the overall plan for the command, and ity. The G2 Air or his representative coordi- submits it to the G2 Air for approval. In for- nates, on a continuous basis with the TACC on mulating the plan, organic Army aircraft are necessary adjustments in Air Force preplanned considered for all missions which fall within missions and with the organic Army flying their capabilities. Consideration is also given units, if provided to the command, on adjust- to the capabilities of aircraft from supporting ments in Army preplanned missions. artillery and combat support elements when they are able to furnish a portion of the visual 5-9. Immediate Requests surveillance requirements of the combat zone. a. Immediate requests that originate at field Missions which cannot be accomplished by or- army are submitted directly to the G2 Air duty ganic means will be tentatively identified for ac- team in the FATOC. The request is processed complishment by the Air Force. Below field in a manner similar to a preplanned request. army level, the approved plan is submitted to The duty team chief will— the next higher headquarters for consideration (1) Analyze the requirement against the and inclusion into its plan. current and programed missions. c. At field army level the plans from lower (2) Determine if requested information is echelons are integrated by the G2 Air into currently available, duplicates another mis- the field army’s plan to form the total field sion, can be accomplished by organic Army army plan. This is submitted to the G2 for ap- means at a lower echelon, or must be accom- proval. After approval, the plan is coordinated plished by Air Force means. for execution. When available, missions within (3) Review preplanned missions to see if a organic aircraft capabilities are assigned to mission already airborne could assume the im- Army units for accomplishment. All other mis- mediate requirement. sions are coordinated by the G2 Air or his rep- (4) Determine if information required can resentative with the TACC at a daily planning be obtained in time to be of value. conference. Requests are scheduled according (5) Establish the mission priority. to their priority against the total number of (6) If disapproving the request, immedi- Air Force sorties allocated to support the field ately notify the requester of the reason for dis- army, minus the number of sorties which the approval. G2 Air indicates will be suballocated to subor- (7) If approved, pass the request to a sub- dinate corps to support their immediate opera- ordinate G2 Air for accomplishment by Army tional needs. After agreement between the G2 means, or to the TACC for accomplishment by Air and TACC has been reached, subordinate Air Force means.

5-6 AGO 7076A AGO 707 B A REMARKS to to Z < 2 O u Q. CQ < 0£ O TO FWD TOT RADAR INFRARED PERIOD NIGHT Figure 5-2. Type aerial surveillance log. DAY VISUAL/PHOTO OF NO TIME VALUE LONGER IMMEDIATE PREPLANNED AVAILABLE NO ARMY

UNIT

REQUEST NO LOG Ï

m 30-20 AGO 707 SA REMARKS COMPLETED FOG FCST IN AREA COMPLETED: AIR A 8 |N R 1-6 WX AT TOT R 3-5 ABORTED TARGET AREA, ROUTE, POINT, OTHER R 6-Ï50-R3 DIV FRONT A3(SOUTH 'h 83) IR IR V/P V/P V/P SLAR TYPE MISSION 0235 0715 LAND 0110 TOT 1300 0645 0730 0630 0700 V\/\Mv OFF 0005 05SS 0630 0620 0700 0610 1200 0645 TAKE TIME OPERATIONAL Figure 5-3. Type mission status board. 27.8/26.4 27.8/26.4 27.8/26.4 FREQUENCY CALL SIGN SNOOPER 1 BLUE JAY 5 SNOOPER 4 COMMUNICATIONS 1 HAMMER 11 1 HAMMER 4 2 HAMMER 3 NR A A A AF 1 AF 2 AF AF ACFT

ÓF ARMV

MISSION NUMBER 10 TRS 121 10 TRS 122 45-2-7 45-3-7 10 TRS 126 45-1-7 I FM 30-20 FM 30-20

(8) Provide the MIBARS with data and communication facilities. In arriving at a deci- special instructions on approved Air Force sion to approve or disapprove the request, each missions. S2/G2 Air, from maneuver battalion to corps, (9) Post the mission on the mission status evaluates the request to see that it is valid ; if board. it can or cannot be met from intelligence infor- (10) Nmationotify alreadythe requester at hand of ; ifthe it scheduledcan or cannot be aircraft time over target, the radio call sign, accomplished by Army means; or if it is or is and the frequency assigned to the aircraft. not part of a surveillance and reconnaissance b. Immediate requests originating at corps mission already in progress. are submitted directly to the corps G2 Air or (2) At the DASC, the Air Force recon- his representative in the corps TOC. The im- naissance officer will coordinate the request mediate requests are processed in the same with the corps G2 Air. If the G2 Air disap- manner as those that originate in field army proves the request, the DASC will notify the with the following exceptions : requester of the disapproval through the (1) Approved requests not within Army TACP. If the G2 Air approves the request, the aviation capabilities are submitted directly to DASC will then direct one of the TAF recon- the DASC at corps level rather than to the naissance squadrons to accomplish the mission. TACC. Once approved by the G2 Air, the request and (2) Information required to properly brief the mission flight information are furnished to the flying crew and assist in the interpretation the appropriate MIBARS detachment and and dissemination of the resultant intelligence ARLO and the field army G2 Air as discussed information collected is furnished directly to in b above. the organic Army aviation unit, or to the MI- BARS detachment, and to the ARLO collocated 5-10. Requests for Other Type Missions with the TAF reconnaissance squadron which a. Artillery Adjustment. Requests for ad- has been scheduled to perform the mission. justment of artillery fire that cannot be accom- (3) The field army G2 Air will be notified plished by Army aircraft are processed like of approved requests and of that information other aerial surveillance requests. Requests are that was furnished directly to the MIBARS de- coordinated with the G3 Air at all levels prior tachment. to submission to higher headquarters in order c. Immediate requests from echelons below to use, if feasible, Air Force close support air- corps (fig. 6-1). craft already operating in the area or to con- (1) Maneuver battalions, brigades, divi- trol the adjustment of fire using an artillery sion, or separate units that have a direct sup- forward observer in coordination with an Air port TACP with their headquarters submit im- Force forward air controller. mediate requests directly to their direct sup- b. Electronic Reconnaissance. Whenever the port TACP. Units that do not have a TACP supporting USASA unit determines that elec- submit immediate requests through command tronic reconnaissance is necessary in order to channels to that first higher headquarters with provide the EEI, but that the requirement a TACP. At the TACP, the request is transmit- must be filled by USASA resources other than ted over the Air Force air request net directly the unit’s own; the USASA unit will send the to the DASC at corps. All intermediate TACP request through USASA channels. All such re- between the requester and the DASC monitor quests will be closely coordinated with G2 Air the request and notify the S2/G2 Air. If the in- at each level of command. When the support- termediate S2/G2 Air does not object to the re- ing USASA unit determines that U.S. Air quest, he has his TACP signify approval by re- Force electronic reconnaissance is required, the maining silent on the net. If, however, the request will be processed through the S2/G2 Air disapproves the request, he passes EW/Cryptologic officer in the SSE for for- his disapproval to both the corps G2 Air and warding in the same manner as other Aerial the originator of the request over the TACP Surveillance requests; however, these requests

AGO 7075A 5-9 m 30-20 are closely coordinated with the USASA ele- complishment with Air Force electronic recon- ment at each level of command in order to ac- naissance resources. complish the mission at the lowest possible c. Weather Reconnaissance. Requests for level. When a request for USAF electronic re- weather reconnaissance missions are processed connaissance is made, it is coordinated by the in the same manner as other aerial surveil- G2 Air at field army with the TACC for ac- lance requests.

Seeîooro IV. AIRCRAFT AMD SEMSOK CAFAMIUÍIES

5—H’H. Pkaîteinms ject resolution ; however, emitted IR energy is a. Army aircraft are designed to perform vi- rapidly reduced by the heat absorbing charac- sual aerial surveillance, aerial photo recon- teristics of rain, snow, fog, clouds, and hail. naissance, infrared reconnaissance, radar sur- Radar can operate at reduced capability veillance, and electronic reconnaissance. The through clouds and precipitation and other advantages of organic aircraft are in their conditions of poor visibility and provides the quicker responsiveness to the commander’s best resolution. SLAR is limited to gross target needs, their slower flying speeds, their ability to information and detection of moving objects. fly at very low altitudes which enhances visual The capabilities of sensors become an impor- observation, and their ability to operate from tant consideration in their selection (fig. 5-4). short, semi-improved runways or areas close to Each sensor is complementary to the others; the supported forces. The disadvantages of or- i.e., optical imagery may find the object, radar ganic aircraft are vulnerability to ground fire, may indicate its movement, and infrared may short operational range, and slow speed. detect its heat emissions. h. Air Force aircraft are designed to per- a. Photographic Imagery. Two major fac- form the same type of missions as Army air- tors must be considered in planning photo- craft with the addition of special radar map- graphic imagery missions; the desired scale of ping and weather reconnaissance operations. the imagery and the maximum utilization of The advantages of Air Force aircraft are in the photographic missions. their ability to photograph large areas, their (1) Suggested minimum scales for de- greater variety of camera systems that can be tailed photo imagery interpretation have been carried by a single aircraft, their high speed, extracted from TM 30-245 and are contained their long operational ranges which allow deep in appendix E. Factors influencing the choice penetration and rapid return, and their lower of scale may include the type of information criticality to loss by ground fire since they can desired, cloud cover, light conditions, the type operate at extremely high altitudes. Their dis- of platform, camera, lens, film used, and the air advantages are that they operate at speeds too defense capabilities of the enemy. high for detailed visual observation and that (2) Many requests for photographic imag- they need to operate from improved landing ery will be of small areas or pinpoint targets. fields. In order to use the effort most economically, photographic requests are consolidated when- 5—12. Sensors ever possible. A mission is planned so that pro- All sensors operate according to specific nat- cessing, reproduction, interpretation, and dis- ural laws regarding a particular portion of the semination can be accomplished within the electromagnetic spectrum. Each portion of the time required. Careful selection of the route to spectrum provides a different and unique capa- and from the primary target may allow inclu- bility as effected by natural phenomena. Visi- sion of other surveillance requirements to be ble light photography has the highest object accomplished during a single mission. resolution but is hampered during periods of h. Airborne Radar. Flight planning for the reduced visibility such as rain, heavy clouds, use of radar sensors considers the characteris- and darkness. Infrared imagery is next in ob- tics of radar waves. Radar waves of current g-HQ AGO 7076A AGO 7075A 5-1 1 Concen- trated DUST S-U Haze Rain S-U NIGHT MOISTURE S-U Haze Cloud U CLEAR V (Artificial light augment E-U (limited light) E-S (Flash or Flare) or light search) by ambient NA trated Concen- DUST NA Haze S-U S-U NA DAY Figure 5-4. Sensor selection guide. NA MOISTURE S-U NA Haze Cloud Rain density of haze or rain) V - Variable (Effectiveness dependent upon U - Unusable NA - Not Applicable NA CLEAR S - Satisfactory P - Marginal Use Color High Speed Camouflage Detection Panchromatic Anticipated Results: E • Excellent VISUAL HIGH RESOLUTION RADAR SLAR/MOVING TARGET INDICATOR PHOTOGRAPHY: INFRARED

FM 30-20 I

FM 30-20 sets do not penetrate heavy foliage or interven- ergy output can be detected by the enemy ; elec- ing terrain ; therefore, the flight lines are tronic countermeasures (ECM) can be em- planned to provide full coverage. Also, radar ployed to jam the signal or degrade the radar will not record targets moving exactly parallel returns. \ to the aircraft’s line of flight; therefore, flight c. Infrared. Airborne infrared detectors lines should be flown to avoid having major produce detailed or general intelligence record traffic arteries such as highways, waterways, imagery by sensing radiated temperature varia- and railroads within an area under surveil- tions between the terrain and objects of the lance run perpendicular to the line of flight. terrain. By varying the type of detector used in Airborne radar, principally SLAR, produces the set, either an infrared image of the area general intelligence record imagery with the being covered or a presentation of points of primary emphasis on indications of moving ve- significant temperature variations may be ob- I hicles. A primary advantage of SLAR is that tained. This type of sensor is passive in that it imagery can be obtained without having to does not depend upon detecting the reflection penetrate into enemy territory. The airborne of transmitted energy as does radar. In- radar system has a day/night, near all weather frared imagery, like radar may be used capability which can be employed during for comparison or it may be used to locate periods of low visibility when visual, areas of activity determined by the number photographic, or infrared surveillance/recon- and type of heat-producing objects detected. naissance measures are curtailed. Only Rain, snow, hail, smoke, dust, and fog will re- conditions of extreme weather and tur- duce the sensor’s ability to detect heat/IR emis- bulence will adversely affect the radar re- sions. The IR aircraft must overfly the target sults. Since radar is an active sensor, its en- area to obtain its imagery. Section V. OPERATIONAL AIDS 5—13. General procedures for the command’s G2 Air system. The techniques used in planning and control- It is initially prepared at field army. Corps, di- ling aerial surveillance and reconnaissance re- vision, and lower units prepare their SOP in quire the development of operational aids. consonance with the guidance furnished by the These vary in scope and complexity depending next higher echelon. There is no prescribed upon the requirements of the preparing eche- format for this annex. lons. A complete listing of operational aids ex- cept for the G2 Air collection plan and aerial 5-16. G2 Air Situation Map surveillance log which have been covered in The G2 Air situation map covers the com- paragraphs 5-7 and 5-8 is shown in figure 5-5 mand area of interest. It is similar in scope to and discussed below. the G2 situation map and is kept current by plotting key observations significant to current 5—14. Section SOP G2 Air operations. It is a major planning aid The section SOP establishes necessary ad- used in processing specific requirements of sub- ministrative procedures to insure the proper ordinate commands. Requests, plotted on an ov- functioning of the G2 Air section. It includes erlay, are used to evaluate and integrate the the organization, responsibilities, and duties of specific requirements by consolidating request, personnel. where feasible, and by eliminating duplicated requirements. The G2 Air situation map is' 5-15. Aerial Surveillance Annex to the used as a guide to determine the advisability Unit Intelligence SOP and feasibility of approving immediate mis- The aerial surveillance annex to the unit in- sions. telligence SOP establishes the administrative

5-12 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

5-17. Aerial Surveillance and Reconnais- greatest tactical significance to the commander sance Appendix to Intelligence An- are drawn. Selected routes are identified by the nex of Unit Operation Order letter R prefix (R-l to R-50) for the numeri- The surveillance and reconnaissance appen- cal designation of axial routes and a block of dix to the intelligence annex of the operation numbers with a Z prefix (Z-51 to Z-100) des- order is used to disseminate orders to subordi- ignates lateral routes (figs. 5-6 and 5-8). A se- nate commands. Orders are either general or lected route may not traverse the entire length specific, dependent upon time and availabil- or width of the area and, therefore, is termi- ity of information for planning, and are pre- nated unless it can be tied to another route pared in either written or overlay from (app. within 16 km (fig. 5-6 shows route R-l termi- D). nated because of this distance factor). Termi- nation of an R-route, for example, can be 5-18. Daily Aerial Surveillance Plan avoided by traveling a Z-route for less than 16 The daily aerial surveillance plan is a listing km (fig. 5-7, point Y). When preparing route with overlay of approved preplanned missions. overlays, road nets, rail nets, waterway sys- It serves as a statement of requirements for in- tems, and prominent trails, other features are formation and the means selected to satisfy selected that are recognizable from the air. them. The plan is disseminated to subordinate When route planning is not adaptable to the units to provide them with information on the particular terrain (jungle, arctic, etc.), reli- time, type, frequency, and purpose of missions. ance must be placed solely on search areas. e. Area Overlays. Area overlays are pre- 5-19. Aerial Surveillance Route, Area, and pared to indicate the overall area of interest to Point Overlays the command that will require detailed visual a. General. Aerial surveillance route, area, aerial search. Normally the area of interest is and point overlays are prepared and used to divided into small, specific areas that can be rapidly designate preselected routes, areas, and searched with a single aerial mission. The size points in aerial surveillance planning and oper- of an area which can be searched by one air- ations. This system is applicable at all eche- craft on one mission depends upon the aircraft lons. used, the type of terrain to be covered, the b. Concept. The aerial surveillance and re- enemy defenses in the area, the intensity of the connaissance appendix to the intelligence search, the information being sought, and the annex of an operation order is supported by capability of an aerial observer to visually appropriate route, area, and point overlays search the area. Planning figures for area which are identified as TABS A, B, and C search operations must be developed by flying respectively. Route (TAB A) and area (TAB units through actual conduct of visual area B) overlays are always prepared in planning search missions within the area of operations. for aerial surveillance. A point overlay (TAB Terrain features easily recognized from the air C) is prepared when necessary for locating are used in defining the limits of the search points of primary interest. area. For economy of time and aircraft, search c. Responsibility. The G2 is responsible for areas should be oblong in shape to allow a min- the preparation of route, area, and point over- imum number of passes to obtain complete cov- lays. These overlays are coordinated with the erage (fig. 5-8). In planning area overlays, the TACC and incorporated into the aerial surveil- G2 Air places emphasis for surveillance on sec- lance appendix. The actual coordination, prep- ondary routes and those primary routes not aration, and dissemination of the overlays are used in preparation of route overlays. The let- functions of the G2 Air. ters of the alphabet, with the exception of I, O, d. Route Overlays. In the preparation of R, and Z, are used as prefixes to the numerical route overlays, selected primary lateral and designations applied to search areas. When the axial (pertaining to the axis of advance) area of interest has been subdivided into routes which have been determined to be of search areas, those nearest the line of contact

AGO 7075A 5-13 5—14 AGO 7075A OTHER OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OPTIONAL X(DIV MIDET) DIVISION OPTIONAL OPTIONAL CORPS AIR REP) MIDET & ASC THRUG2 X(BY ASC X(CORPS) REP) OPTIONAL X(BY 02 AIR ECHELON PREPARING FORCE X(BY AIR X(BY ARSB) OPTIONAL THRU ARSB) HELD ARMY X(BY ARSB) USE INTELLIGENCE REPORT FROM IMAGERY INTERPRETERS. CURRENT REFERENCE OF APPROVED MISSIONS. ACTION. PREARRANGED POINT IDENTIFICATION CODE. LISTING OF REQUESTS RECEIVED AND ACTION SEGREGATION OF REQUESTS BY STATUS OF INFORMATION RETURN OVERLAY BY MISSION. PILOT ROUTE OVERLAY BY MISSION. UNITS. INFORMATION TO SUBORDINATE IDENTIFIES AND REQUESTS A SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT GRAPHIC SUPPLEMENT TO SUPPORT FORM FOR SPECIAL IMAGERY. TAKEN. UNITS. DIRECTION TO SUBORDINATE IDENTIFICATION CODE. PREARRANGED AREA SECTION ADMINISTRATIVE ESTABLISH COMMAND. PROCEDURES WITHIN SITUATION IN AREA OF FRIENDLY AND ENEMY INTEREST. IDENTIFICATION CODE. PREARRANGED ROUTE REQUIREMENTS. OVERLAY INDICATING IMAGERY AVAILABLE PROCEDURES. SPECIFIC DETERMINE BROAD AND PERTINENT ADMINISTRATIVE ESTABLISH TITLE operational aids. Figure 5-5. Aerial surveillance/reconnaieeanee PILOT TRACE IMAGERY INTERPRETATION REPORT UNIT ANNEX TO AERIAL SURVEILLANCE SECTION SOP MISSION FOLDERS A) ROUTE OVERLAY (TAB MASTER COVER TRACE AIR RECONNAISSANCE REQUEST FORM AERIAL SURVEILLANCE LOG INTELLIGENCE SOP POINT OVERLAY (TAB C) REQUEST OVERLAY (FLIGHT PLOT) MISSION STATUS BOARD G2 AIR SITUATION MAP MISSION REPORT PLAN AERIAL SURVEILLANCE B) AREA OVERLAY (TAB PLAN G2 AIR COLLECTION ORDERS. ANNEX OF OPERATIONS AND AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE TO INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE APPENDIX CLASSIFICATION REPORTS LISTED ABOVE AND CONTROL AIDS IN ADDITION TO THOSE SPECIFIC PLANNING BROAD PLANNING AIDS PROCEDURES ADMINISTRATIVE

FM 30-20 FM 30-20

¥70

I R-3 R-3 I

R-l

—|—30

Figure 5-6. Route overlay (TAB A)— route continuation, axial and lateral route identification.

are given the prefix A followed by a number; are referred to as the base plan. The route, the areas in the next row are given the prefix area, and point numerical designations are re- B followed by a number; etc. This system is ferred to as base plan index numbers. The base continued until all the selected areas have been plan normally is given a security classification identified with letters and numbers. commensurate with the classification of the f. Point Overlay. The point overlay is pre- plan which it supports. In anticipation of com- pared by the G2 Air in response to require- promise of any portion of the base plan, alter- ments to collect intelligence information and nate alphabetical and numerical designation for support the development of specific targets. each overlay should be established in advance. These key points are usually readily identifia- When a change of designators is required due ble from the air and will facilitate in-flight to compromise, the necessary changes are an- target location and reporting. A pinpoint re- nounced by utilizing one or more of the crypto- presenting a coordinate, surrounded by a circle graphic systems established in the command with a numerical identification, is plotted on signal operation instructions (SOI) in use by the point overlay (fig. 5-9). all elements of the command. Examples of g. Base Plans. All three overlays (TABS A, cryptosystems which may be used are SOI op- B, and C) are prepared prior to operations and eration codes or prearranged message codes.

AGO 7076A 5-15 FM 30-20

-f70

«D

<0 Ci Y % «& *

80 —I— 30

Figure 5-7. Route overlay (TAB A)— route initiation and termination.

5-20. Master Cover Trace with NATO Standardization Agreements A master cover trace is an overlay showing (STANAG) Number 2102, Offensive Air Sup- the imagery available at an echelon of com- port Operations Message Formats, and Num- mand or imagery interpretation detachment. It ber 3277 (Edition No. 4), Air Reconnaissance is used to indicate the status of current imag- Request Form. The information requested by ery available for a given area or target, thus section I is furnished by the requester for each preventing unnecessary waste of mission air- specific aerial surveillance or aerial reconnaiss- craft on duplication of effort. The master cover ance mission submitted. Normally, requests are trace normally is maintained by the unit pro- transmitted by electrical means and the actual viding the imagery interpretation support to form is completed at the headquarters where the command. the request is received. The format of the re- quest provides a means of reporting and re- 5-21. Air Reconnaissance Request cording sufficient information to locate and CL. Section I of the air reconnaissance request identify the area of interest and the specific form (fig. 5-10) is applicable for use by both information desired from the mission. The re- the U.S. Armed Forces and all member nations quest may be initiated at any echelon and is of NATO. The format of section I complies used for both immediate and preplanned mis- sions. The G2 Air, or appropriate intelligence

5-16 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

20 H-70

A-1 80 30 A—2

SEARCH AREA BOUNDARY

Figure 5-8. Area overlay (TAB B). staff office below division level is charged with for completing sections II, III, and IV are con- the responsibility for initiating the request in tained on the back of the form. the proper format and integrating the require- ment into the aerial surveillance cycle for ap- 5-22. Request Overlay propriate action. The back of the request form A request overlay is an optional graphic sup- provides instructions for completing the re- plement to the aerial surveillance request. Nor- quest. mally prepared by image interpreters, it indi- b. As a suggested guide for administrative cates the image-taking technique required to control and processing of requests, sections II, satisfy a special requirement to be accom- III, and IV of the air reconnaissance request plished by a particular photographic, infrared, form are provided. These sections allow the re- or radar mission. Examples of a special re- cording of all actions taken on a request to be quirement include numerous changes in flight shown on the request form itself. Instructions paths or specific attitudes, angle and/or direc-

AGO 707BA 5-17 FM 30-20

20 70

©

© ©

® ©

to 30

CONCENTRATION LIST

Cone. No. Coordinates Description Remarks 43 09 Power Station 8i Distr Pt Reservoir to N. 65 10 RR 8i Highway Bridges RR Steel 100' Highway concrete 75’ 81 13 RR 8t Highway Bridge RR Steel 100' Highway concrete 90' 97 16 RR 8t Highway Bridges RR Steel 200' Highway Steel 200' 5 66 19 Warehousing 9 ea 200' x 400’ 6 67 22 6 Barracks 25' x 200' 7 64 28 Chemical Plant - Coal Tar 8 81 28 Mil Ord Storage Yard 9 73 32 Tank Assembly Plant 80% Damaged 10 72 34 12 Barracks & Parade Ground 11 55 48 Highway Bridge, 2 lane. Concrete 150’ long 12 48 54 Lumber Mill 13 98 52 Military - Maint Shops

Figure 5—9. Point overlay (TAB C).

5-18 AGO 707 5A FM 30-20

AIR RECONNAISSANCE REQUEST

SECTION I

U. ORIGINATORS REQUEST NUMBER-

M. TYPE OF RECONNAISSANCE N. NATIONAL MAP SERIES AND SHEET NUMBER _

O. DESCRIPTION OF TARGET AND LOCATION

P. OBJECTS OF REQUEST AND RESULTS DESIRED .

Q. PHOTO SCALE OR LIMITS ACCEPTABLE

R. NUMBER OF PRINTS. PLOTS OR REPORTS REQUIRED.

S. DELIVERY ADDRESS. .DATE. . TIME .

T. LATEST ACCEPTABLE_ .DATE. . TIME.

U. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

NAME/RAMK/POSITION OF REQUESTER NAME/RANK/POSITION OF APPROVING OFFICER

SECTION II > ARMY ACTION

1. RECEIVED AT LOCATION CHECKED 9. COORDINATED: ARTY: AIR DEF: AVN

OTG *

S. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL

I I APPROVED

I I DISAPPROVED

6. FORWARD TO BY 7. REQUESTING UNIT NOTIFIED S. MIBN (ARS) NOTIFIED

DTG DTG __ DTG. SECTION III ' AP ACTION LOCATION CHECKED 1. RECEIVED AT DTG

4. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL

I 1 APPROVED

I I DISAPPROVED

S. FORWARD TO «. RETURNED TO ARMY

SECTION IV ' AIR MISSION DATA NOTIFIED 1. MISSION NR ARMY MISSION REO NR 2. ACCOMPLISHING ORGANIZATION

OTG

9. UNIT CALL SIGN 4. NUMBER AND TYPE AIRCRAFT

6. CONTROL INFORMATION

OASC/TACC NOTIFIED 7. ARMY MISSION DATA 8. CRC NOTIFIED

DTG ■ OTG - -

0. OTHER COORDINATION

Figure 5-10. Air reconnaissance request form.

AGO 7076A 5-19 EXPLANATORY NOTES

SECTION I. TO BE USED BY ANY ARMY/AIR FORCE UNIT REQUESTING AIR RECONNAISSANCE

L. ORIGINATOR’S REQUEST NUMBER: EACH REQUEST WILL BE GIVEN A 3 PART REQUEST NUMBER. THE PRE- FIX WILL BE THE NUMERICAL OR LETTER DESIGNATION OF THE REQUESTER. SECOND PART IS THE RECONNAISSANCE REQUEST NUMBER OF THE DAY STARTING WITH I AND INCREASING CONSECUTIVELY THROUGHOUT THE DAY. THE SUFFIX WILL BE THE DATE THE MISSION IS TO BE PERFORMED. THE DATE THE MISSION IS FLOWN. EXAMPLE: 4S-3-IO THE 3RD RECCE REQUEST BY THE 45TH INFANTRY DIVISION OF THE 10TH OF THE MONTH.

M. TYPE OF RECONNAISSANCE: FOR EXAMPLE: VISUA L. ELECTRON 1C. WE ATH ER. FIRE CON TROL OR PHOTO- GRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE (VERTICAL, OBLIQUE. IR, SLAR OR REPRINT PHOTOGRAPHY) THIS PARA- GRAPH SHOULD BE LEFT BLANK UNLESS IT IS UNDERSTOOD FULLY WHAT THE SELECTED TYPE OF RECON- NAISSANCE CAN ACCOMPLISH.

N. NATIONAL MAP SERIES AND SHEET NUMBER: OWING TO THE LARGE VARIETY OF MAPS USED, BOTH IN TRAINING AND OPERATION BY NATIONS. THESE DETAILS MUST BE GIVEN IN FULL

o. DESCRIPTION OF TARGET AND LOCATION: TO INSURE THAT THE RECIPIENT OF THE REO - EST U N DER- STANDS THE REQUIREMENTS. IT IS NECESSARY TO GIVE AN EXACT LOCATION. E.G.. RAILWAY BRIDGE 77S306. IN THE CASE OF OBLIQUE. THE NEAR BOUNORY OF THE AREA TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED WILL BE GIVEN. ROUTE AND AREA BOUNORIES WILL BE GIVEN FOR ROUTE OR AREA RECONNAISSANCE.

P. OBJECT OF THE REQUEST AND RESULTS DESIRED: IT (S IMPORTANT THAT THE EXACT PURPOSi OF THE REQUEST IS STATED IN ORDER THAT THE MOST SATISFACTORY RESULTS MAY BE OBTAINED.

Q. PHOTO SCALE OR LIMITS ACCEPTABLE: WHENEVER POSSIBLE. THIS HEADING SHOULD BE FILLED IN ON

THE ADVICE OF AN IMAGERY INTERPRETER. THE SCALE SHOULD BE QUOTED IN FIGURES. E.G.. 1/10000.

R. NUMBER OF PRINTS. PLOTS, OR REPORTS REQUIRED: THIS SHOULD NEVER EXCEED THE NUMBER ACTU- ALLY REQUIRED. IF AN IMAGERY INTERPRETATION REPORT WILL SUFFICE. PRINTS SHOULD NOT BE ORDERED.

s. DELIVERY ADDRESS, DATE. TIME: STATE CLEARLY WHERE THE PRINTS. PLOTS. OR REPORTS ARE TO BE DELIVERED AND THE TIME AND DATE ON WHICH THEY ARE REQUIRED. IF THERE IS NO HASTE. AS MUCH TIME AS POSSIBLE SHOULD BE GIVEN FOR FINAL DELIVERY SO AS TO ALLOW REQUESTS OF A MORE URGENT NATURE TO BE GIVEN PRIORITY.

T. LATEST ACCEPTABLE TIME AND DATE: THE DATE OR TIME AFTER WHICH THE PRINTS. PLOTS. OR REPORTS ARE NOT LONGER REQUIRED. IF DELIVERY CANNOT BE MADE BY THE DATE STATED, THE REQUEST WILL BE CANCELED

u. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: THE DEGREE OF URGENCY. OR WHEN MAKING MORE THAN ONE REQUEST. THE DEGREE OF PRIORITY. AND THE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL REQUESTED. GIVE ANY INSTRUCTIONS OR IN FORMATION NOT ALREADY PRO VI OED, THAT WILL AID THE PLANNING.OR SUCCESSFUL ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE MISSION . NAME AND TE LEPHONE NUMBE R OF CON TAC T OFF ICE R AND DESIRE 0 TIME OVER TARGET IF APPLICABLE.

SECTION H. COMPLETED BY ARMY ACTION AGENCY AT ECHELON OF COMMAND ABOVE REQUESTING AGENCY.

ITEM 1: INDICATE UNIT. DATE, TIME.

ITEM 2. 4, 6. 7. 8: INDICATE IN ITIA L, O AT E. TIME.

SECTION III. COMPLETED BY AIR FORCE ACTION RECONNAISSANCE SECTION.

ITEM I: INDICATE UNIT. DATE. TIME. ITEM 2, 3. 5: INDICATE INITIALS, DATE. ANO TIME.

SECTION IV. ITEM 3: AIRCRAFT CALL SIGN OR NUMBER. ITEMS: AGEN C Y CONTROLLING MISSION.

ITEM 7: TO INDICATE METHOD WHICH MISSION OATA (SECTIQN I) WILL BE TRANSMITTED TO THE ACCOMPLISHING UNIT, FRAG ORDER OR ’’IMMEDIATE REQUEST”.

ITEM B: SHOW INITIAL DATE AND TIME.

Figure 5-10—Continued. FM 30-20

tion of flight, lengths of flight lines, and ap- 5-24. Mission Folders proach direction to a target area. A request Mission folders assist the G2 Air by segregat- overlay is only required if the mission must sat- ing requests according to status of action. The isfy unusual interpretative requirements which following folders are maintained : cannot be presented adequately in the context o. Approved requests. of the actual air reconnaissance request for- b. Disapproved requests. mat. This overlay is prepared jointly by the in- } c. Completed missions. terpreter and the flying unit when circum- d. Aborted missions. (Missions not com- stances permit. pleted due to weather, enemy air defenses, equipment malfunction, or rerouting of mission aircraft to higher priority mission while en 5-23. Mission Status Board route. ) A mission status board reflects the status of immediate and preplanned mission. Informa- 5-25. Pilot Trace tion about each mission is filled in as it becomes A pilot trace is an overlay showing the pilot’s available. It assists the G2 Air in following the concept of the course flown and the points at conduct of each mission and is a base from which imagery was exposed. It is used to assist which to initiate changes in plans caused by interpreters in correlating the resultant imag- changing situations. Each echelon maintaining ery to the terrain. a mission status board uses the format that 5-26. Imagery Interpretation (II) Reports best suits its operational needs. An example of Imagery interpretation reports and mission a mission status board is shown in figure 5-3. reports are discussed in chapters 9 and 10.

Section VI. COORDINATION

5-27. General telligence Battalion, Field Army, and attached The G2 Air coordinates the aerial surveil- Army Security Agency personnel. lance effort with those agencies and elements having an effect on, or affected by, the collec- 5-29. Corps and Division tion of intelligence through aerial means. This Both the corps and the division G2 Air coor- coordination is necessary for the efficient ac- dinate in a manner similar to the field army G2 complishment of the aerial surveillance intel- Air; however, such coordination is reduced in ligence cycle from the development of require- scope. Examples of corps coordination are with ments to the dissemination of the intelligence the corps engineer for mapping photography produced. Coordination with the general and requirements or photomap reproduction, with special staff sections of the command and with the corps artillery section on target and dam- the G2 Air sections at higher, lower, and adja- age assessment information, and with the cent headquarters as well as with elements corps signal officer on communications matters. that accomplish operational functions is essen- The corps G2 Air also coordinates tasking of tial. the aerial surveillance company for mission support, interpretation, reproduction of imag- 5-28. The Field Army ery, and information dissemination. At divi- The field army G2 Air works closely with sion, coordination is conducted with the G3 for the staff sections within the headquarters such planned operations, with the division aviation as engineer, artillery, aviation, chemical, sig- officer regarding the availability of visual aer- nal, air defense, and transportation. Close co- ial surveillance means, with the division signal ordination for both long-range and day-to-day officer regarding communications and signal planning is conducted with the G3 Air FSCE, photographic reproduction support, with the the TACC, the MIBARS, the Military In- FSE regarding damage assessment mission op-

AGO 7075A 5-21 FM 30-20 erations, and with the ACE regarding use of assigned to the staffs at army, corps, and divi- airspace. sions. Also, the U.S. Army Security Agency places SIGINT units in support of each divi- 5-30. Army Security Agency sion or separate brigade, corps, and army. a. Integration of signal intelligence (SIG- These units provide personnel for the elec- INT) and imagery intelligence at the earliest tronic warfare elements (EWE) of the TOC to practical moment in the intelligence production assist in integrating SIGINT results into elec- effort is a clearly defined requirement to assure tronic warfare and other tactical operations. the most effective target acquisition, surveil- lance, and reconnaissance support to the tacti- c. In order to effect proper coordination, the cal commander. SIGINT information can com- operations center of the supporting ASA unit plete, confirm, or refute, and, in many in- will be located as close to the CP or TOC as stances, serve as the basis for initiating addi- feasible, in accordance with the supported com- tional reconnaissance and surveillance mis- mander’s desire. It is located to provide opti- sions. mum command and control over ASA deployed b. To facilitate timely integration, obviate elements and at the same time be responsive to handling delays often incurred when dealing the requirements of the supported command. with special intelligence, and assist the tactical Secure communications between the ASA oper- commander in the effective employment of ations center and the CP or TOC will play a SIGINT resources, EW/cryptologic offices are critical role in these operations.

5-22 ACO 7076A FM 30-20

CHAPTER 6 COMMUNICATIONS

6-1. General veillance and reconnaissance communications a. Communications means for aerial surveil- nets which are discussed below. lance and reconnaissance activities consist of voice radio, radio teletype nets, and other tele- 6-2. Current Aerial Surveillance and Re- typewriter circuits using command multichan- connaissance Communications Nets nel communications systems. These means pro- a. Army Air Request Net. The Army air re- vide communications facilities for both the quest net provides AM (voice, CW, or RATT) transmission of requests for aerial surveillance communications, with integral security equip- and reconnaissance missions and the rapid dis- ment, between armored cavalry regiments, semination of the intelligence information divisions, corps, and the field army. This net is produced from aerial missions. The nets and used jointly by G2 Air and G3 Air personnel to equipment utilized include both Army and Air submit preplanned close air support and aerial Force sources. Army equipment is either pro- surveillance and reconnaissance requests from vided for in unit TOE or by the organic signal lower to higher headquarters. There are as unit at each command level ; Army communica- many Army air request nets as there are corps tions are coordinated through the command in the field army. The stations of the net have signal officer. Air Force elements within the their terminals in the TOC at each echelon. air ground operations system provide the Air These stations are provided and operated by Force communications nets. Whenever possi- the supporting signal unit at each level. The ble, sole user point-to-point circuits are estab- net control station (NC) is located at the lished through the area communications sys- FATOC. tem to provide a backup means of communica- b. Division Air Request Net. The division tions. air request net provides AM (voice-CW) com- munications between maneuver battalions, bri- b. The introduction of the aerial surveillance gades, the cavalry squadron, and the division company and the tactical imagery interpreta- TOC. This net is used jointly by G2/S2 Air and tion facility (THF) with its organic SSB- G3/S3 Air personnel to submit preplanned Voice-RATT communications equipment has close air support and aerial surveillance and required the development of new nets and reconnaissance requests from lower to higher means of communications between G2/S2 Air headquarters. There are as many division air elements and the aerial surveillance and recon- request nets as there are divisions in the field naissance community. For this reason, this dis- army. The division station at the TOC is pro- cussion of available communications means vided by the division signal battalion. The will include current communications nets as other stations are part of the unit TOE. The well as the new communications means dic- NCS is in the division TOC. tated by these new organizations and equip- c. Air Force Air Request Net. Air Force ment. In actual practice, portions of both the communications means are provided for the current and new communications systems may submission of immediate requests for close air exist concurrently during the transitional pe- support and aerial surveillance and reconnaiss- riod. Figure 6-1 depicts the current aerial sur- ance requests from lower to higher headquar-

AGO 7076A 6-1 FM 30-20

TAF xxxx

TACC TASE/FATOC K

RECON WING XXX / DASC TASE/CTOC • • RECON SQDN •• ••• r TACP SEP M i •% i // T XX

TACP TASE/DTOC (

• • • • • • T H •/ ‘ ARMY ELEMENTS TACP S2/S3 AIR O AIR FORCE ELEMENTS l » ARMY AIR REOUEST NET ■ * DIVISION AIR REOUEST NET T _LL à B AIR FORCE COMMAND NET

• ••••••• AIR FORCE AIR REOUEST NET TACP S2/S3 AIR

T SPOT REPORT REGEVEK SYSTEM

Figure 6-1. Current aerial surveillance and reconnaissance communications net. ters. Stations in this net exist at the TACP mediate requests is accomplished by the G2 Air with each battalion, brigade, division, and at at echelons having the allocated sorties. the DASC of each corps. The NCS for the net d. Spot Report Receiver System. For the is at the DASC. A detailed discussion on the rapid dissemination of important visual obser- operations of this net is contained in para- vations made by Army and Air Force crews in graph 5-9c. Tasking of USAF or Army or- flight, UHF radios are located at the field army ganic flying units in satisfaction of these im- (in the TACC), at corps (in the DASC), at the

6-2 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

division TOC, and at each brigade, maneuver 6-3. New Aerial Surveillance and Recon- battalion, and cavalry squadron. These radios naissance Communications Nets. _ _ are used to monitor the Air Force in-flight re- port net for in-flight transmissions. To insure a. Military Intelligence Battalion, Air Re- complete dissemination of information re- connaissance Support, (MIBARS) Field Army ceived, the unit SOP should specify rebroad- Operations Net (fig. 6-2). The MIBARS opera- cast of reports as required over the division tions net (SSB-CW-voice) functions between warning broadcast net or the division opera- the MIBARS detachments located with the AF tions intelligence net. Army organic aircraft reconnaissance squadrons, the MIBARS battal- employ an air-to-ground inflight report tech- ion operations and intelligence section (NCS), nique to keep ground commanders informed on and the imagery interpretation team from the significant sighting. This is discussed in para- MIBARS battalion that supports the G2 Air at graph 6-4d. the TASE of the FATOC. (This new net re- e. Air Force Command Net. Air Force com- ‘ places the former air reconnaissance liaison of- munications means also exist between the ficer (ARLO) net and portions of the old Army TACC, DASC, Tactical Air Force headquar- information net.) This new net can carry im- ters, and the Air Force flying units. This net agery interpretation and ARLO reports and al- provides the communications means for the lows the field army G2 Air to pass information TACC to task Air Force reconnaissance units on immediate and preplanned missions directly on preplanned missions and provides both the to the MIBARS headquarters and its detach- TACC and the DASC with direct communica- ment. tions to Air Force flying units scheduled to b. Corps G2 Air-Aviation Aerial Surveil- accomplish immediate missions. lance Company Operations Net (fig. 6-3). This /. Additional Communications Means. Com- net (SSB-RATT-voice) provides communica- mand SOP and SOI should establish normal tions between the corps G2 Air at the TASE of traffic procedures for submission of immediate the CTOC and the corps aviation aerial sur- and preplanned requests over the nets dis- veillance company. One imagery interpretation cussed above. To provide additional means for team with TIIF from the corps military intel- submission, requests also may be transmitted ligence unit, collocated with the G2 Air at the over other nets that are available. At division TASE provides the communications for the G2 level and below, the primary additional means Air section, while the communications for the consist of the brigade operations/intelligence aviation aerial surveillance company is autho- net (between battalions and brigades) and the rized by TOE. When designated, the parent division operations/intelligence net (between headquarters, which may be the military intel- brigades and the division headquarters). Alter- ligence unit at corps will be added to this net. nate additional means at these levels include Other TIIF organic to the corps military intel- the brigade command nets, the division general ligence unit and the aviation aerial surveil- purpose net, and the division command net. lance company are also added to this net when Above division level, the corps and army com- they are provided the necessary communica- mand nets provide semiautomatic teletypewri- tions equipment. This net can carry imagery ter circuits with other RATT nets for alternate interpretation and debriefing reports from the communications means. In addition to the aviation aerial surveillance company and other Army communications nets, Air Force air re- corps TIIF to the G2 Air. It also allows the G2 quest nets used for submission of immediate Air to pass requirements and information on air requests also may be used for preplanned re- immediate and preplanned missions directly to quests establishing local Army-Air Force agree- the aviation aerial surveillance company. ments. When Air Force channels are used, pre- planned requests must be transmitted through c. Division Imagery Interpretation Team all intermediate Army headquarters for neces- Communications Equipment. The division G2 sary staff action. Air is supported by one imagery interpretation

AGO 7075A 6-3 FM 30-20

U Il TEAM MIBARS OP TASE AND (NCS) G2 AIR INTEL SEC

MIBARS DET/W AF RECON SQDN

ARLO (4)*

NOTE: Senior ARLO with Air Force reconnaissance wing normally collocated at same airfield with one MIBARS detachment and utilizes organic detachment communications equipment.

Figure 6-2. MIBARS operations net. team with THF at the TASE of the DTOC. and corps G2 Air-aviation aerial surveillance This team has communications equipment that company operations nets; however, it is not a will net with the radio sets in the MIBARS regular station in either net.

AGO 7075A FM 30-20

I Il TEAM . PARENT OP PLAT AERIAL TASE 1 HEADQUARTERS* G2 AIR (NCS) (NCS) SURVL CO I

*May be the military intelligence unit at corps.

Figure 6-S. Corpa G2 Air-aviation aerial surveillance company operations net.

d. Alternate G2 Air Means of Communica- (2) Executing instructions for immediate tions. air requests approved by corps G2 Air are (1) Communications equipment in the MI- passed directly from the corps DASC to the AF BARS operations net, the corps G2 Air-avia- reconnaissance squadron. To match their re- tion aerial surveillance company operations sponsiveness and insure that the Army ARLO net, and the division imagery interpretation and MIBARS detachment collocated with the team THF are identical, they allow the estab- AF reconnaissance squadron are also alerted lishment of communications between G2 Air and furnished with full information on the sections at each level when required and au- mission, the G2 Air at corps passes mission re- thorized. quirements directly to the MIBARS detach-

AGO 707 5A 6-5 FM 30-20 ment over the MIBARS operations net. At the c. When missile commands support allied same time, the corps G2 Air must insure that units, provisions must be made to augment an information copy of the mission require- their communications capabilities to provide a ments is also furnished the G2 Air at field rapid means of requesting and disseminating army. This can be accomplished by including aerial reconnaissance and surveillance infor- the field army G2 as an information addressee mation. when transmitting the original message over d. Army aircraft are equipped with radios the MIBARS net. capable of netting with the tactical radios of (3) When missions flown by either the the ground elements. This provides a means of Air Force or the corps aviation aerial surveil- disseminating information of immediate tacti- lance company result in information of signifi- cal significance. Procedures, frequencies, and cant tactical value, the appropriate MIBARS call signs to be used must be coordinated be- detachment, aviation aerial survillance com- tween the flying crew and the ground units pany imagery interpretation section, or ARLO prior to the flight or established in command having the information transmits the report SOP and SOI. directly to the requester utilizing the common facilities at each echelon. However, information 6-5. Signal Security and Passive Electronic transmitted must also be reported to the Countermeasures respective G2 Air as expeditiously as possible. The mission of aerial surveillance units makes them especially lucrative targets for signal intelligence and electronic warfare ex- 6—4. Other Communications Systems ploitation. The units must utilize all available a. The field army area communications sys- signal security and countermeasure means to tem may be used for routine aerial surveillance reduce the effectiveness of such exploitation and reconnaissance operational traific when and its impact on surveillance and reconnaiss- other communications systems require supple- ance operations. mentation. a. Signal Security. Special attention is re- b. Normal communications means used for quired to SIGSEC measures designed to mini- aerial surveillance and reconnaissance opera- mize enemy SIGINT or passive electronic coun- tions, as discussed in paragraph 6-2, may be- termeasures exploitation on friendly communi- come overloaded or reduced because of dis- cations, radars, and infrared surveillance de- placement of a headquarters. Provisions must vices. For additional details, see FM 32-5. be made at the alternate TOC to share other b. Electronic Warfare. SLAR and infrared nets to insure that adequate means of submit- devices are particularly vulnerable to noncom- ting requests and receiving information con- munications countermeasures. For general tinue to exist. When possible, Air Force nets guidance in employment of electronic counter- may be utilized to carry priority operational measures and unit radar and surveillance oper- traffic for the period of the move. ations, see FM 32-20.

6-6 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

CHAPTER 7 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION AIR RECONNAISSANCE SUPPORT, FIELD ARMY

Section I. MISSION, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNCTIONS

7-1. Introduction (5) Brief and debrief tactical air recon- This chapter furnishes guidance pertaining naissance aircraft crews. to the operations and employment of the Mili- (6) Provides deployed operations parallel tary Intelligence Battalion, Air Reconnaissance to any dispersion of Tactical Air Force recon- Support (MIBARS), Field Army, and its or-' naissance wing. ganic elements. b. Headquarters and Headquarter^ Com- pany. The mission of the headquarters and 7-2. Mission headquarters company, MIBARS, is to provide The overall mission of the MIBARS is to command, control, administration, and logisti- produce and disseminate intelligence informa- cal support for the battalion; to perform de- tion obtained or developed from Tactical Air tailed imagery interpretation for the field Force reconnaissance elements operating in army ; to provide the means for immediate dis- support of the field army and to provide liaison semination of information and imagery to the between the field army and the reconnaissance using units on a 24-hour basis ; and to provide elements of the supporting Tactical Air Force. liaison and coordination with the Tactical Air Force reconnaissance units supporting the field 7-3. Organization and Functions army. The functions of the headquarters and a. General. headquartersA MIBARS iscompany, organized MIBARS, as de- are to— picted in figure 7—1. One battalion normally is (1) Provide command, control, and staff assigned to each field army or independent supervision for the battalion. corps. The functions of the MIBARS are to— (2) Coordinate operations with the Tacti- (1) Process, interpret, annotate, repro- cal Air Force reconnaissance elements in sup- duce, and deliver imagery obtained from the port of the field army. Tactical Air Force elements operating in sup- (3) Provide a senior ARLO to the major port of the field army or independent corps. Tactical Air Force reconnaissance unit. (2) Coordinate imagery interpretation (4) Provide administrative and logistical and reproduction functions from widely sepa- support for the battalion (with the exception rated reconnaissance airfields and from the vi- of medical and religious facilities which must cinity of the supported field army headquarters be furnished by other units). or independent corps. (5) Perform detailed interpretation of (3) Disseminate all intelligence informa- aerial imagery, as required. tion obtained through imagery interpretation (6) Reproduce, identify, and package aer- and visual aerial reconnaissance sightings by ial imagery. the supporting Tactical Air Force reconnaiss- (7) Deliver aerial imagery, as required, ance elements. from each reconnaissance airfield army head- (4) Provide air reconnaissance liaison of- quarters, and to each corps and division of the ficers (ARLO) to Tactical Air Force recon- field army. naissance elements operating in support of the c. Military Intelligence Detachment, MI- field army or independent corps. BARS. The mission of the military intelligence

7-1 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION, AIR RECONNAISSANCE SUPPORT, FIELD ARMY

M BN (ARS)

Ml DET HHC (ARS)

BN HQ HQ CO

OP & DLVR REPRO CO HQ SUP SEC INTEL SEC PLAT SEC

ADMIN & LIBRARY & MAINT IMAGERY PERS SEC REPT SEC SEC INTERP SEC

DET SEC IMAGERY REPRO INTERP SEC SEC

Figure 7-1. Military intelligence battalion, air reconnaissance support, field army. detachment, MIBARS, is to interpret and re- priority imagery interpretation reports on a produce aerial imagery obtained by the Tactical 24-hour basis. Air Force and to provide liaison between field (2) Reproduce, identify, and package aer- army and the Tactical Air Force reconnaissance ial imagery. squadrons. The functions of the military intel- (3) Provide liaison with reconnaissance ligence detachment, MIBARS, are to— elements of the Tactical Air Force. (1) Plot and perform immediate(4) Brief imageryand debrief Air Force recon- interpretation and to prepare and disseminate naissance aircrews.

7-2 AGO 707BA FM 30-20

Section II. CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT

7-4. General (1) The MIBARS S2 is also designated as The responsibility for staff supervision of the S3 operations officer as there is no S3 au- the MIBARS lies with the field army G2. He thorized by TOE. exercises this supervision through his G2 Air. (2) The assistant S2 is also designated as 7-5. Location an assistant S3 operations officer. He usually The headquarters and headquarters com- will perform duties with the operations and in- pany, MIBARS, usually is located in the vicin- telligence section. ity of the field army headquarters. The four (3) The senior air reconnaissance liaison military intelligence detachments are dispersed officer (ARLO) normally is located with the with Tactical Air Force reconnaissance ele- Tactical Air Force reconnaissance wing head- ments, normally squadrons, of the supporting quarters. Tactical Air Force reconnaissance wing. c. Operations and Intelligence Section. The 7-6. Battalion Headquarters and Head- operations and intelligence section is under the quarters Company direct supervision of the battalion S2. It per- a. Functions. The battalion headquarters forms the functions of planning, coordinating, and headquarters company is composed of ele- and supervising the battalion’s operations and ments that provide three separate functions— intelligence activities. This section maintains operations, administration, and logistics. In the battalion switchboard and teletype termi- most instances, the battalion headquarters and nals. One image interpreter from this section headquarters company will be located together, normally is attached to the senior ARLO as an either in the vicinity of the instrumented field enlisted assistant. This section provides opera- army airstrip, field army main CP, or the tional control over the following sections of FATOC. The battalion commander operates headquarters company: from both the battalion headquarters and from the TASE of the FATOC. The operations and (1) Imagery interpretation section. The intelligence section is located with the battal- imagery interpretation section normally is uti- ion headquarters and acts as the focal point for lized to prepare general imagery interpretation all battalion operations. The imagery interpre- reports (GIIR), mosaics, and other long-range tation section, reproduction section, and li- planning functions. One TIIF from this section brary and reports section are under the opera- is located adjacent to the operations and intel- tional control of the operations and intellig- ligence section to provide communications be- ence section and generally will be located tween the MIBARS detachments and the G2 within the battalion headquarters complex. Air element at the TASE of the FATOC. The The delivery platoon is also under the opera- second TIIF in the section is located at the tional control of the operations and intellig- TASE of the FATOC to support the G2 Air ence section, but normally it is located at the element. Both TIIF perform imagery interpre- instrumented field army airstrip. One THF tation as directed by the G2 Air or the battal- from the imagery interpretation section is lo- ion S2. cated adjacent to the TASE of the FATOC and (2) Delivery platoon. The delivery pla- provides the G2 Air element with imagery in- toon delivers reports and imagery and provides terpretation facilities and communications courier service for the MIBARS. It is capable means into the MIBARS operations net. The of providing daily delivery of imagery and re- remaining battalion staff and headquarters ports from each reconnaissance airfield to the company elements are located with the battal- field army headquarters, corps, and divisions of ion headquarters. the field army, as required. Normally it is lo- b. Peculiarities of MIBARS Battalion Staff. cated at the field army aviation strip. If this

ACO 7075A 7-3 m 30-20 proves to be impractical or there are no Army 7-7. Mîliîary OnfelOigence Deîsielhmeiniî, Âîir airstrips in the vicinity of either the MIBARS leœnTHïïnaisssanœ Smppsurí or FATOC, then the platoon can be located at a. The military intelligence detachments the most convenient Tactical Air Force recon- usually are deployed with the squadrons of the naissance strip. supporting Tactical Air Force reconnaissance (3) Reproduction section. The reproduc- wing. There are four of these detachments in tion section receives negatives from the MI- each MIBARS. BARS detachments for the bulk reproduction b. Occasions will arise when the Tactical of photography. Reproduced copies are deliv- Air Force reconnaissance wing will be aug- ered to the requester by aircraft or vehicle cou- mented by an additional reconnaissance squad- rier from the delivery platoon. The negatives ron. When this occurs, the battalion com- are then stored by the library and reports sec- mander will form a provisional MIBARS de- tion in order to satisfy requirements for addi- tachment which will join the additional recon- tional prints. naissance squadron. The detachment will be (4) Library and reports section. The li- under the command of the imagery interpreta- brary and reports section maintains a library tion section leader and will be formed with of reference materials, negatives, and publica- personnel selected from the imagery interpreta- tions. This section maintains files of reports tion, reproduction, administrative and person- for use by the MIBARS and other elements of nel, and supply and maintenance sections. the field army. The length of time imagery is c. The MIBARS detachment commander retained will be established by the field army performs normal command functions to include G2. providing close supervision over the prepara- d. Administrative and Personnel Section. tion of imagery interpretation reports and the The administrative and personnel section ac- dissemination of these reports and their ac- complishes all administrative and personnel companying photography. actions for the battalion, to include handling ad- d. The detachment’s ARLO normally is lo- ministrative messages and correspondence. cated with the Tactical Air Force reconnaiss- e. Supply Section. The supply section pro- ance squadron collocated at the airfield where vides general supply and logistical support to the detachment is located. the battalion, headquarters and headquarters e. Personnel of the imagery interpretation company, and the detachments. section normally work in close coordination /. Maintenance Section. The maintenance with the imagery interpreters organic to the section performs organizational maintenance Tactical Air Force. When available, common on the battalion’s wheel vehicles. This includes work facilities may be utilized to facilitate detachment wheel vehicles within the travel handling and interpreting incoming imagery. limitations caused by dispersion of the detach- /. The detachment normally will receive one ments to the separate AF reconnaissance air- set of titled duplicate negatives and two sets of bases. prints for each mission from the supporting g. Company Headquarters Section. The com- reconnaissance squadron. The facilitate rapid pany headquarters section performs the com- interpretation, interpretation can be performed mand, administrative, supply, and mess func- from the wet negative before the prints have tions for the headquarters company. actually been made. One of the two sets of h. Additional Reproduction Section. An ad- prints is used for plotting while the other ditional reproduction section may be assigned print is being interpreted. The imagery inter- to the battalion based upon an unusual require- pretation section normally confines its efforts ment for photography. If the necessity arises, to preparing hot and immediate imagery inter- this augmentation could be provided to a sepa- pretation reports. rate task force or subordinate headquarters to g. The reproduction section receives the ne- support a specific operation or long-range re- gatives from the imagery interpretation sec- quirement. tion. Reproduction usually is limited to pro-

^=4 AGO 7076A FM 30-20 cessing current missions. Prints are packaged ters also operates an internal wire net as and made ready for pickup by the battalion’s shown in figure 7-2. Because of the wide dis- delivery platoon. persal required for individual MIBARS de- h. The detachment is attached for quarters tachments, telephone communications between and messing facilities to the Tactical Air Force the detachments and battalion headquarters unit with which it is collocated ; however, com- normally is not possible except through com- mand, administration, and operational control mon communication service provided by the always remains with the battalion headquar- field army area communications system. A typ- ters. ical MIBARS detachment wire net is shown in figure 7-3. 7-8. Communications The current MIBARS operations net is dis- cussed in chapter 6. The battalion headquar-

Section III. PLANNING AND OPERATIONS 7-9. Planning e. Weather conditions influence the planning The planning effort of the MIBARS involves and operations of the distribution effort. Be- a number of considerations. cause aerial distribution is largely dependent a. The priority of assignments and the over- upon favorable weather conditions, alternate all workload of the MIBARS are directed by methods of distribution must be planned in the the field army G2 Air. event of adverse flying conditions. b. The speed and quality of work accom- plished by image interpreters is directly re- 7-10. Operations lated to the training, specialized area knowl- The MIBARS operational cycle normally is edge, and practical experience of the interpret- accomplished in the following steps : ers. Image interpreters require constant train- a. An aerial reconnaissance requirement in ing and practice. Therefore, planning the im- the form of an air reconnaissance request is agery interpretation effort must take cogni- forwarded to the MIBARS operations and in- zance of the skill and experience of the inter- telligence section from the field army G2 Air. preters and includes appropriate area training On preplanned requests the full flying data for these personnel, when possible. may not be included because it may not always c. Although the photo reproduction equip- be available when the TACC accepts the mis- ment is built to function under field conditions, sion requirement. On immediate requests, all the equipment has fragile components which flying data normally will be included. Upon re- can break down during prolonged operations or ceipt of either type request, events will occur improper handling. Consideration must be in the following sequence : given for alternate plans in the event of equip- ment breakdown. The reproduction personnel (1) The duty team in the operations and are trained specialists, but, as with image intelligence section makes the appropriate en- interpreters, their skill level is commensurate tries on its mission status board (fig. 7-4). with training, practice and experience. (2) The operations and intelligence sec- d. The deployment of the detachments nor- tion notifies the appropriate MIBARS detach- mally is dictated by the dispersal of the sup- ment of the request. Simultaneously, or as rap- porting Tactical Air Force reconnaissance ele- idly as possible, the delivery platoon is alerted ments which may be located anywhere within to the requirement in order that proper flight the theater of operations. The operations of planning can be accomplished. the delivery platoon is affected by detachment (3) At the detachment, the commander dispersal. In some instances, it may be neces- alerts his ARLO of the pending mission. The sary to place aircraft in direct support to a ARLO posts his own mission status board, and particular detachment due to the time and/or prepares his briefing notes for the mission. distance factors involved.

AGO 7075A 7-5 AGO 7076A SUP SEC DEL PLAT MAINT SEC REPRO SEC LIBRARY SEC II VAN (TIIF ) AT TASE/FATOC SB-22/PT ADM A PERS SEC II VAN (TIIF) AT BN CP Figure 7-2. Battalion wire net. CO HO SR ARLO SUPPORT RECONNAISSANCE AIR BATTALION, INTELLIGENCE MILITARY ASST S2 System To Area Communications BN S2 BN xo BN CMD

FM î 30-20 AGO 7076A 7-7 IMF REPRO SEC Figure 7-3. Detachment wire net. (ARS) DETACHMENT INTELLIGENCE MILITARY SYSTEM AREA COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORTING SIGNAL ARLO OET HO

FM 30-20 AGO 7075A REMARKS OF NO TIME VALUE LONGER ITY PRIOR- 1 OTHERS PHOTO NEC FWD 1 IIIR- REC FWD HOTREP 1 REC FWD MISSION REPORT 1 REC TIME 1 Figure 7-4. Mission status board. TO DET DET# MSN FORWARDED EST RTN TIME TOT SATISFY REQUIREMENTS. 1 COLUMN HEADINGS MAY BE CHANGED TO TARGET DESCRIPTION TYPE MISSION

TAF NUMBER MISSION

ARMY REQUEST NUMBER £ FM 30-20 FM 30-20

After coordinating the briefing schedule with c. The detachment commander coordinates the reconnaissance squadron, the ARLO in- the entire sequence of events in his detachment structs the flying crew on the mission’s re- to insure proper responsiveness, continuity, quirements. and completion of assigned missions. (4) The MIBARS detachment commander d. Mission reports and imagery interpreta- issues a “be-prepared order” to his imagery in- tion reports are received at the battalion oper- terpretation and reproduction sections in antic- ations and intelligence section where they are ipation of the return of the mission aircraft. immediately disseminated to the field army G2 (5) The imagery interpretation section Air, to the requester, and to other interested posts the requirements on the section’s mission agencies as directed. status log (fig. 7-5). e. Detailed imagery interpretation reports (6) The reproduction section prepares the normally are performed by the battalion imag- aerial photo reproduction request work order ery interpretation section while bulk reproduc- (fig. 7-6). tion requirements usually are accomplished by b. Upon completionthe battalion of the mission— reproduction section. Detachments (1) The ARLO accomplishes the debrief- furnish mission negatives to the battalion op- ing of the Air Force flying crew and renders erations and intelligence section which coordi- the mission report to the battalion operations nates the completion of special interpretation and intelligence section. and reproduction requirements. (2) The Air Force photo processing unit /. Initial record and general intelligence re- develops the raw film imagery. As soon as a cord imagery normally are furnished to all tac- wet negative is prepared, it will be given a tical Army units having imagery interpreta- simultaneous rapid inspection by interpreters tion support that can properly utilize the imag- from both the Air Force and the MIBARS de- ery. Coverage furnished is limited to a unit’s tachment. This initial check will be only for area of interest with necessary overlap to in- items to answer the specific EEI of the reques- sure complete coverage of the area between ad- ter or to identify an item of clearly significant jacent units. Reproduction of initial record and intelligence value. Upon completion of the ini- general intelligence record imagery is accom- tial check, the Air Force will produce an addi- plished by the MIBARS headquarters which tional negative and two prints of the mission also stores the negatives for future require- for the MIBARS detachment. ments. (3) Dependent upon the urgency and g. Cover traces are prepared by the detach- priority of the request, the imagery interpreta- ments and are forwarded to the battalion tion section may render a hot imagery inter- where they are consolidated by the library and pretation report from the wet negatives which reports section. This becomes the master cover normally will be received before the prints. If trace which is furnished to the G2 Air at field this is not required, the imagery interpretation army, corps, and division. The master cover section will perform its immediate interpreta- trace is kept current on a daily basis. tion from the negatives and two prints pro- h. Operational requirements may require vided. augmentation of the G2 Air duty teams with (4) The imagery interpretation section the TASE of the FATOC. Should it be neces- prepares the necessary interpretation reports sary to eliminate the G2 Air duty team at the and furnishes the negatives of the mission to alternate FATOC in order to acquire addi- the reproduction section if the request includes tional duty personnel, the duties of the G2 Air a requirement to furnish prints. All reports team at the alternate FATOC can be assumed and prints are dispatched as expeditiously as by the MIBARS operations and intelligence possible to the battalion operations and intel- section as an additional duty. Communications ligence section. Reports normally are transmit- equipment required by á G2 Air duty team at ted by radio while prints are picked up and de- an alternate TASE already exists in the opera- livered by the battalion delivery platoon. tions and intelligence section.

AGO 7075A 7-9 7-10 AGO 7075A REMARKS DIST. INST. BY BY INTRP PLOTTED TO TIME NEGS REPRO IMR FWD TIME RPT REP HOT- DESIRED REQUIRED RESULTS REPORTS REC NEC TIME mission status board. Figure 7—5. Imagery interpretation section TOT TARGET DESCRIPTION TYPE MISSION TAF NUMBER MISSION ARMY NUMBER REQUEST

FM 30-20 AGO 7075A 7-11 SIGNATURE DEL INSTRUCTION FOR USE OF REPRODUCTION SECTION TOTAL PACKAGES (LBS) TOTAL WEIGHT (9x9) (9x18), TOTAL PRINT USED (FT} TOTAL PAPER SECTION FOR USE OF IMAGERY INTERPRETATION Figure 7—6. Aerial photography reproduction request work order. WORK ORDER REPRODUCTION REQUEST AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH DEVELOPER (GALLONS) _ PLOTS RECEIVED FROM II SHORT STOP (GALLONS)_ STABILIZER (GALLONS) _ NEGATIVES TO REPRO, (TIME) PRINTS _ FRAMES PRIORITY AND SUSPENCE TIME SENT TO ARLO (Inlt) NEGATIVES CHECKED AND TITLED BY NEGATIVES RECEIVED, (TIME) MISSION NUMBER WORK ORDER NUMBER REQUESTING UNIT PHOTOGRAPHY CLASSIFICATION OF

FM 30-20 )

I FM 30-20

CHAPTER 8 AVIATION AERIAL SURVEILLANCE COMPANY STANAG 2029, 2208, 3189; SOLOG 34R; SE AST AG 2029, 2208

Section I. MISSION, ORGANIZATION, CAPABILITIES, AND LIMITATIONS 8-1. General toon, and a service platoon. The organization This chapter provides general guidance on provides these functionalized sections to per- the employment and capabilities of the avia- mit efficiency and flexibility of command and tion aerial surveillance company. It may be uti- employment; however, the organization is not lized as a reference for guidance on the em- tailored to allow the detachment of separate ployment of the aviation aerial surveillance elements for extended periods of time. company to include the mission, organization, b. Company Headquarters. The company equipment, capabilities, limitations, command headquarters performs company administra- and control, communications, planning, and tion, mess, supply, and organizational mainte- employment. nance on wheeled vehicles on a continuous day 8-2. Mission and night basis. The aviation aerial surveillance company c. Operations Platoon. The operations pla- provides combat surveillance, reconnaissance, toon is the focal point for scheduling, briefing, and target acquisition capabilities to corps or and debriefing of aviation aerial surveillance division units through the use of organic air- missions and for interpreting and reporting craft, sensor equipment, and ground sensor ter- imagery information. minals. (1) Operation platoon headquarters. The platoon headquarters provides for continuous 8-3. Organization flight operations scheduling. Missions are re- a. General. Theceived aviation by aerialthe platoonsurveillance headquarters and company is assigned to corps and separate task checked for completeness. Resources are ana- forces, as required. The company is organized lyzed and the missions subsequently passed to under TOE 1-128T (fig. 8-1). It is a semi-inde- the surveillance platoon for execution. Flight pendent unit capable of performing near all- plans are processed and monitored by the pla- weather, day and night aerial surveillance and toon headquarters. reconnaissance missions in support of the (2) Imagery interpretation section. corps. The company must be satellited on a (а) The image interpreters organic to higher headquarters for administrative and lo- the company should be located as close to the gistical support. To achieve maximum effec- company processing facilities as possible to in- tiveness, this unit should be located at an air- sure rapid pass of the imagery for interpreta- field with instrument landing facilities. The tion. The specific duties of the imagery inter- commander of the supported unit has opera- pretation section include all duties listed in' tional control of the aviation aerial surveil- chapter 9. lance company and exercises this control (б) To perform their functions more through the ACofS, G2, of the supported unit. effectively, the imagery interpretation section The aviation aerial surveillance company is or- should receive intelligence summaries (IN- ganized with a company headquarters, opera- TSUM), with current situation overlay and tions platoon, surveillance platoon, signal pla- significant order of battle, prisoner of war, and

AGO 7075A 8-1 AGO 707 5A l-WO 6-EM 77-EM 10.EM AFLD CAMERA 3-EM SVC SEC SVC PUT REPRO SEC 3-EM 56.EM SIG DATA AC FT PHOTO PLAT LAB SEC TERM TM MAINT SEC 1.0 1-0 44-EM 13-EM 21-WO ‘261.EM X PLAT IR SEC SURVL AERIAL AERIAL L, PLAT HQ 1-0 3-WO 6-EM RADAR SEC 1-0 l-WO ll-EM 7.0 18-WO 80-EM SURVL CO AERIAL 15-0 Figure 8-1. Organizational chart. 2.W0 13-EM 23-EM SEC SEC COMM II SEC OP PLAT AVIONICS T 1-0 3.W0 6-EM CO HQ PLAT HQ PLAT HQ PLAT HQ 4-0 2-0 37-EM 18-EM 1.0 5-EM 3.0 2-WO 1.0 3-EM 1-0 2-EM

FM 30-20Z FM 30-20

other intelligence reports from the supported input from their associated SLAR or IR sensor unit intelligence officer on a continuous basis. aircraft while the aircraft is inflight. This These reports are used for updating of image input to the GST is received in the form of a interpreters on enemy situation and to main- visual display and is also recorded on film to tain and update the situation map and the in- provide permanent record imagery for neces- telligence portion of the daily mission brief- sary interpretation. Additional discussion of ings. these GST are contained in paragraph 4-9c (c) The section is organized to man two and 4-9d. tactical imagery interpretation facilities (b) The GST teams are provided to (THF) in 12-hour shifts. Using the imagery ac- support corps and its subordinate tactical ele- quired by the surveillance platoon and pro- ments. Normal employment is to place three cessed by the photo laboratory section, the im- teams in direct support of each division in the agery interpretation section will produce the corps, three teams in direct support of the reports described in chapter 9. corps, and one team in direct support of each (d) Information acquired during inter- armored cavalry regiment and separate bri- pretation is forwarded to the tasking agency gade in the corps. A ground sensor terminal and/or requesting unit by the fastest means team must work in close coordination with the available consistent with security classification tactical imagery interpretation facility (THF) of the contents and local SOP. which is provided to the corps and to the sup- (e) Telephone and teletypewriter ported units by their attached military intelli- equipment is organic to the THF. Imagery re- gence units. ports requiring transmission by radio will be e. Signal Platoon. The signal platoon con- transmitted by the operations platoon head- sists of— quarters to the requester. (1) Platoon headquarters. The platoon d. Surveillance Platoon. The surveillance headquarters exercises supervisory control platoon consists of— over the personnel and functions of the pla- (1) Surveillance platoon headqua/rters. toon. The surveillance platoon headquarters provides (2) Communications section. The com- necessary personnel and ground equipment to munications section provides the radio teletype establish a small operations section for the teams that operate the company radio-teletype- platoon. writer sets which are part of the corps mili- (2) Two aerial radar sections. Each radar tary intelligence unit operations net. section consists of three SLAR surveillance (3) Avionics repair section. The avionics aircraft plus operators. repair section performs organizational mainte- (3) Four aerial infrared sections. Each nance on the avionics, SLAR, and infrared infrared section consists of three IR recon- equipment organic to the surveillance aircraft. naissance aircraft plus operators. (4) Three photographic laboratory sec- (4) Fourteen ground sensor terminal tions. The three photographic laboratory sec- (GST) teams. In order to provide near real- tions normally are employed with the company time readout of SLAR and IR imagery at sub- imagery interpretation section to process ex- ordinate headquarters, fourteen ground sensor posed film for the company and produce photo- terminal teams are provided. A GST team con- prints as needed. They are responsible to print sists of a GST for SLAR imagery, a GST for titling data on all missions. Appendix F pre- IR imagery, and three airborne sensor equip- scribes the titling data to be placed on recon- ment operators. Each terminal is mounted on naissance film. Each section is equipped with a its own vehicle chassis and includes a trailer photographic darkroom facility which pro- mounted generator and a radio for operations vides rapid, continuous, and automatic process- within the company command net and com- ing of exposed film. munications with airborne aircraft. (5) Camera repair section. The camera (a) All GST receive electronic data repair section performs all organizational main-

AGO 707 SA 8-3 FM 30-20 tenance on the airborne photographie surveil- routes, zones, and areas using visual, photo- lance systems installed on the company mission graphic, SLAR, and infrared systems. aircraft. (3) Transmit the imagery produced by its f. Service Platoon. The service platoon con- SLAR and IR systems to various headquarters sists of— in near real time through its ground sensor (1) Service platform headquarters. The terminals. service platoon headquarters .is responsible for (4) Process and interpret the imagery the employment of the aircraft maintenance produced by sensor systems and disseminate and airfield service stations of the aviation aer- the information obtained from this imagery ial surveillance company. and from visual observation. (2) Aircraft maintenance section. This (5) Acquire target acquisition informa- section performs normal organizational main- tion through the use of the above systems. tenance on the assigned airplanes. (6) Acquire information for post-strike (3) Airfield service section. The primary analysis of nuclear weapons effects. function of the airfield service section is to fuel (7) Acquire information for CBR surveys and defuel assigned aircraft and effect forced using aerial means. entry and rescue from crashed aircraft. h. Personnel of this organization can engage in effective, coordinated defense of the unit’s 8—4. Employment installation. The unit is one hundred percent The aviation aerial surveillance company mobile by utilizing its air and ground vehicles. normally will be assigned to and employed in general support of a corps or separate task 8-6. Unit Limitations force. Direct support to subordinate units will a. The aviation aerial surveillance company be performed on a mission basis. The company must be deployed at an airfield which has in- also may be assigned to a MAAG or Military strument approach facilities, or it must be aug- Assistance Command to support U.S./host mented with personnel and equipment to pro- country stability operations. The company per- vide this capability. forms combat surveillance, reconnaissance, and b. The utilization on the ground sensor ter- target acquisition missions for the supported minals is limited by the requirement for line of unit. The aviation aerial surveillance company sight between the sensor stations and the air- is trained, equipped, and designed to provide craft conducting a mission. The reproduction the ground commander with current detailed in II support for the fourteen GST must be intelligence information of his area of opera- furnished by the supported unit. tions and enemy forces within that area. Nor- c. The company has no organic aircraft for mally, it will be employed as an integral unit command, control, and liaison functions with at an instrumented airfield within the sup- its detached ground sensor terminals or with ported unit’s area of operation. other organizations within the corps area. It has limited aerial delivery capability for imag- 8—5. Unit Capabilities ery interpretation reports and hard copy pho- a. The aviation aerial surveillancetography company to the requesting units. Normally, has the following capabilities: other aircraft are made available to the com- (1) Provide sustained near all-weather, pany for these functions. day or night aerial surveillance of a corps area d. The company is dependent upon its parent of influence. headquarters for personnel and administrative (2) Conduct aerial reconnaissance of services.

Section II. COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS 8—7. General 8—8. Command To prevent dissipation of the company’s cap- a. Command channels for normal unit ad- abilities, definite lines of command and control ministrative, logistical, and maintenance re- must be established and maintained. quirements are through the company’s parent

AGO 7075A FM 30-20

organization. Training is the responsibility of FM voice radio provides communications be- the company commander with general guid- tween company elements when moving, with ance provided by both the parent organization higher or supported headquarters, and with and the G2 through his principal assistant, the mission aircraft for control and coordination G2 Air. of data transmission. UHF voice radio is used b. The company can perform normal organi- for air traffic control. Radio teletype is used to zational level maintenance. Direct and general communicate between the company, the parent support maintenance will be provided by main- headquarters, and the corps G2. When possible, tenance units of the corps support brigade as the company enters the corps command or described in FM 29-22. Army area multichannel communications sys- tems. 8-9. Control b. Wire. Telephones are provided to each The aviation aerial surveillance company is platoon and subordinate sections or elements under the staff supervision of the corps G2 Air. requiring communications in the company wire The G2 Air coordinates and integrates the ac- net (fig. 8-2). The operations platoon head- tivities of the company with other means of ac- quarters has been provided an additional tele- complishing aerial surveillance and reconnais- phone (not shown on the wire net diagram) sance available to, or in support of, the corps. for direct communications with the air traffic He directs the company’s surveillance effort control element. One teletypewriter and neces- through the assignment of specific missions sary associated terminal equipment is mounted and priorities for accomplishment. A G2 Air in the company operations van for teletype representative is provided to the company to communications. Wire is provided to install the conduct briefings of the aircrews on mission re- company wire net, perimeter security net, and quirements and debriefings of the crews upon trunk lines to the area communications system their return. The information obtained is by the nearest area signal center. passed to the G2 Air and to requesting head- c. Radio. Radio equipment is provided to quarters. meet the minimum requirements of the com- pany. Equipment for remote control operations 8-10. Communications of radio sets has been included where required. a. General. Telephone is the normal means Radio equipment in the company is indicated in of communication within the company area. the radio diagram (fig. 8-3).

Section HI. PLANNING

8-11. General aviation aerial surveillance company to per- Aerial surveillance and reconnaissance plan- form the mission. ning is accomplished as discussed in chapter 5. b. The time when the requested information At the corps, planning will integrate the capa- will no longer be of value. bilities of the aviation aerial surveillance com- c. The capability of enemy air, air defense, pany with the capabilities of the aerial surveil- and other countermeasures to prevent organic lance and reconnaissance elements of the other aircraft from completing their missions. services. d. The distance, weather, and terrain be- 8-12. Mission Assignment tween the flying elements and the target area. The corps G2 Air determination of whether - 8-13. Concept of Employment a mission will be assigned to the aviation aer- Specific company missions normally are cate- ial surveillance company, accomplished by other gorized as surveillance or reconnaissance. A Army aircraft, or by other service support will mission may employ more than one of the sen- depend on the following factors : sors organic to the surveillance aircraft. Dur- a. The current operational capability of the ing the mission, the aircraft may change in-

AGO 7076A 8-5 AGO 7075A ACFT MAINT SEC SVC PLAT HO AVIONICS REPAIR SEC AFLD SVC SEC SIO PLAT HO AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AERIAL IR SEC 22/SB-22/PT AERIAL RADAR SEC Figure 8-2. Aviation Aerial surveillance company wire net. CO OP OP PLAT HO THE MESS

SUPPLY

CO HO COMM SEC System To Area Communications

FM 30-20 r AGO 7076A 8-7 SURVL CO ÓP NET SUPPORTED G2 AIR CORPS G2 AIR/AERIAL SEC COMM 'DATA TERMINAL TEAMS romolo control OPS DATA LINK OPS L Figure 8-3. Type radio net. CONTROL AIR TRAFFIC ’ QO COMO NET FM WARNING NET FM COMO NET FM HIGHER HO CO In tho cowpony. taoms 'Only on* too« shown; Ihoro or* 14'such

FM 30-20 [F¿$ 3^-20 flight to another type mission, or it may per- (12) Aircraft abandonment area. form a multiple-type mission concurrently. (13) Technical proficiency, of pilot, ob- a. The operations of the aviation aerial sur- server, and ground sensor terminal equipment veillance company are characterized by rapid operators. response to mission requirements. This is ac- (14) Imagery processing, interpretation, complished by— reporting, and print delivery requirements and (1) Mission type tasking of the unit to capabilities. permit maximum flexibility and utilization of (15) Coordination with Army Security resources in obtaining the desired information. Agency operations. (2) A capability for rapid response by di- version to other missions in flight, based on @-M. Briefnimg) and Oebroetfong changes in the tactical situation, the units sup- a. General. The aviation aerial surveillance ported, or the mission objectives. company will be tasked to execute missions in- (3) Reliable and secure communications volving flight over any or all portions of a with the G2 Air and the GST. corps area of influence. The aircraft crews and (4) Flexibility of mission performance company support personnel must be completely afforded by multiplicity of performance capa- familiar with the mission to be flown, must ad- bilities inherent in the aircraft and in the sur- equately plan and prepare for the mission, and veillance systems. must use prescribed methods of reporting mis- (5) Acquisition of knowledge of the sion data. enemy situation and capabilities by frequent coverage of the same operational areas. b. Briefing and Debriefing of Aircraft Crews. b. In planning the employment of the com- This subject is discussed in detail in chapter 10. pany’s surveillance aircraft, the following c. Mission Support Personnel Briefing. The must be considered: company support personnel who will be in- (1) Availability of flying crews, aircraft, volved in the conduct of a mission and the pro- and sensors, to include previously established cessing of mission results also require briefing. priorities and equipment maintenance. Imagery interpretation personnel normally will (2) Enemy air defense capability and lo- assist the flying crew in planning the mission cations of enemy units. and thus are briefed during the planning stage (3) Existing and forecasted weather con- on the information they will need to accom- ditions at the airfield, as well as en route to, plish the necessary interpretation. The photo- and at, the target area. lab personnel must be briefed on the require- (4) Specific results desired; i.e., the type ments of each mission, the anticipated process- of information the requester wishes to obtain. ing requirements, and the deadline for comple- (5) Operational altitude of the equipment tion of the processing. The ground sensor termi- in regard to terrain configurations en route to, nal teams must be alerted to the mission or in the target area. through company communications or by the G2 (6) Aircraft density in the target area Air of the headquarters to which they are at- and control of air traffic. tached. They will require information on the (7) Friendly tactical situation and sup- -mission in order to monitor the flight and pro- porting fires in the target area. duce imagery at their stations. (8) Tactical air support plan. d. Sensor Data Log and Flight Log. A sen- (9) Existing authentication and identifi- sor data log and flight log (pilot’s trace) are cation systems. maintained for each sensor mission flown. (10) Selection of designated landing fields These are reviewed for completeness during to facilitate direct coordination with supported debriefing. It is desirable that the aircrew be units. This will include alternate airfields, present with the image interpreters during thè when required. initial readout of the imagery obtained on the (11) Escape and evasion information. mission.

AGO 7075A FM 30=20

8-15. In-Flight Reports drop, or prearranged signals. In-flight reports To provide commanders and staffs with criti- usually will be rendered during each mission, cal information during the conduct of the mis- unless the tactical situation warrants radio si- sion, the aircrew must be able to make in-flight lence. Composition and format for in-flight re- reports to the requesting unit and other inter- ports are discussed in chapter 10. ested elements by means of radio, message

Section IV. TECHNIQUES OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS

8-16. Visual/Photographic Missions fire, the flight team method of employment fa- Aerial visual/photographic missions are dis- cilitates rapid recovery of the aircrew. cussed jointly as aerial camera systems are or- d. The surveillance aircraft are equipped ganic to all surveillance aircraft in the avia- with a photographic surveillance system em- tion aerial surveillance company. Significant ploying aerial cameras that can be positioned visual sightings normally will be confirmed by in flight to provide vertical (with 20% to 80% photography. forward overlap) or side oblique (15° to 30° a. The purpose of visual/photographic and depression angle) photographs of the terrain. surveillance reconnaissance is to obtain infor- Some surveillance aircraft are equipped with a mation of the enemy and the terrain and to de- fixed-mounted nose camera that provides for- tect targets. Some of the factors influencing ward panoramic, horizon-to-horizon photogra- these missions are weather, visibility, altitude, phy specifically designed to be taken from speed of observation, type of aircraft, terrain low-flying aircraft. This camera takes forward conditions, type of camera employed, hostile oblique photographs of the ground from for- ground fire, and proficiency of the pilot-ob- ward of the aircraft position out to the appar- server team. ent horizon with a 180° coverage forward. b. Visual and surveillance reconnaissance e. Visual aerial surveillance with confirma- missions are conducted at an appropriate alti- tory photography becomes especially valuable tude to permit accurate observation of the area when the aircrew is familiar with the terrain of interest. Usually the aircraft will fly at an in the target area. Whenever possible, crews altitude of 1,000 to 1,500 feet above the should operate over the same area repeatedly ground; however, the specific area of interest to allow them to become completely familiar may require low-level observation at nap-of- with the area so they can recognize and iden- the-earth altitudes. If low-level observation is tify changes that take place. In the conduct of required, the aircraft should make one pass repetitive aerial surveillance over areas of in- over the area utilizing any natural terrain fea- terest, however, care must be taken to insure tures to conceal the approach of the aircraft. If that future tactical operations scheduled for additional passes over the target area are re- these areas are not compromised by an exces- quired, they should be made from random di- sive number of missions over the samé loca- rections. tion. c. Visual/photographic surveillance missions /. Techniques used in the accomplishment of may be accomplished by employing flight visual/photographic missions vary with the teams of two aircraft. This method of employ- tactical situation, enemy strength and disposi- ment permits the two aircraft to mutually sup- tion, weather and terrain, and are limited only port each other in their visual observation by the imagination of the pilot-observer team. techniques. One aircraft can perform a photo- Techniques considered appropriate for the ac- graphic mission while the other aircraft main- complishment of visual/photographic missions tains visual observation over the area of inter- are described in (1) through (4) below. est. In case an aircraft is downed by ground (1) Reconnaissance of a point target may

AGO 7076A 8-9 FM 30-20 be accomplished by a flight team of two air- side looking airborne radar (SLAR) system. A craft. The aircraft approach the target area in detailed discussion of SLAR sensor capabilities a loose echelon formation so positioned that is contained in paragraph 4-9d. the target area is on the observer’s side of the b. Generally SLAR is employed for a large aircraft. Altitude usually will be 1,000 to 1,500 area coverage as in an area search mission or feet above the terrain during the initial obser- in surveillance of linear distances such as traf- vation; if a close reconnaissance of the target fic arteries, coastlines, and international is required, the aircraft will fly past the target boundaries. During the conduct of SLAR mis- and then make a descending turn and execute a sions, it is essential that the aircraft be flown low-level, high-speed pass over the target area in a straight and level altitude. Air turbulence from a different direction (fig. 8-4). If photo- will degrade the quality of the imagery pro- graphs are required, one aircraft will overfly duced. All missions should be flown at the opti- the target at the appropriate photo altitude. mum flight altitude for the recording of SLAR (2) The offset technique can be employed imagery. frequently when a single low pass over a tar- c. The following are examples of typical get can accomplish the mission (fig. 8-5). The SLAR missions: aircraft approach the target at an altitude of (1) Area search. Flight paths are 1,000 to 1,500 feet, and as soon as the target is planned to insure that the target area is contin- located in the distance, the aircraft turn away uously being mapped by the SLAR. This can be from the target and descend toward a readily accomplished by using either a triangular or identifiable initial point (IP). The route from rectangular pattern as illustrated in figure 8-7. the IP to the target will be made at nap-of- (2) Coastal or border surveillance. This the-earth altitudes, virtually insuring surprise mission is executed by flying a course parallel in the target area. to, and at a standoff distance from, the area of (3) Route reconnaissance of a railroad, interest. Standoff distances can be varied up to highway, or waterway can best be accom- 60 kilometers from the flight path in incre- plished by a flight team of two aircraft. The ments of 10 kilometers. Throughout the con- aircraft fly in a loose echelon formation at an duct of these missions, in-flight spot reports altitude sufficient to clear terrain obstacles, can be based on target readout from the in- each aircraft positioning itself over opposite flight processor in the aircraft. Examples of sides of the route to be surveyed (fig. 8-6). typical SLAR missions are shown in figure This permits observation across the route and 8-8. under any foliage that might conceal the peri- phery of the route. 8-TIS. Äorlb@irira® flirafoOTeeä M5§s5©ira§ (4) Aerial cameras organic to the surveil- a. Additional surveillance aircraft of the lance aircraft have a limited area coverage ca- aerial surveillance company are equipped with pability and should be employed only for small the infrared (IR) set. A detailed discussion of target area coverage. The requesting unit IR sensors is contained in paragraph 4-9c. should furnish their G2 Air accurate six-digit b. The aerial infrared sensor generally is coordinates of the four corner points of the employed to provide air-to-ground infrared area from a 1:50,000 tactical map. Upon re- coverage of routes, small areas, and suspected ceipt of these coordinates, the aviation unit can enemy locations or installations. The IR sys- plot the flight traces considering all the factors tem has a day and night as well as a limited affecting the mission. Using the doppler navi- poor weather capability, but will not record gation system and the aircraft's autopilot, ac- heat emissions through thick cloud layers, curate parallel flight paths can be flown to dense jungle canopies, or other similar heat ab- produce the required imagery. sorbing environments. IR missions usually are 8—Ü 7. ASirb@m@ ISesdlesir Miss5@m executed during the hours of darkness as the a. Some surveillance aircraftnatural of the cooling aerial of the ground permits a larger surveillance company are also equipped with a heat emission differential between “hot” ob-

AGO 7075A AGO 7076A

TARGET

<

Figure 8-4. Visual/photo point target reconnaissance. DESCENDING TURN

m 30-20r 8—12 AGO 7075A RIVER Ö Q < k/ U «o k/ C IP *1 Figure 8-5. Visual/photo offset technique. iV

m 30-20 AGO 7075A 8—13 FLIGHT LINE FLIGHT LINE RIVER Mt« : ;: i-.: '.••••, ::.■s: r.--:' ! !''!i ■ " ''ir Figure 8—6. Visual/photo route reconnaissance.

m 30-20 FM 30-20

TARGET i AREA ;

TARGET v AREA ;

Figure 8-7. SLAR area search.

AGO 707BA 8-14 FM 30-20

> FLIGHT- -PATH >

WM «HW IT^IT COAST LINE 2®?^ jit__ . ■.'%., jï!« ^ '® _ '^' iíi . Ji¿ vin «üï_ ... ii, "Xt_ At-. jl'<- J¿». AL. JíJí.__ 4liu.. .jkn_ ji. îtiL-._ VK. JJT.’ j!± COAST LINE SEARCH -- ’ï- J

iW^. Ml/ .. ...Jld.. Jili.. ^ Jjj^ ill/ ¿II/ .¿._ 'IÍ ik-B iii' *K._ AL. ^ !(*_. A/ A ¿*.. ii/,..

.-. _ J^,... _ * » «¿^ ^ A.-_. ^ jw TC BORDER«^ i^i ^ ji ÎÜ.^. _viïLi._. 4uÀ:.-., -ilu.* “JC... '‘" J'"-. 'ilL. V'ÍL_._ ¿ _ _ i»!..._ ÿ; iC. BORDER SEARCH'.-, ét.-.-.^. At'-l^2!"'«A::'.'"it“;.*'’

> FLIGHT- -PATH- »

Figure 8-8. SLAR linear coverage. jects on the ground and the surrounding ter- tional computer just prior to the imagery run. rain. Utilizing the doppler navigational computer, the pilot can execute the infrared mission by c. The success of night infrared missions is contingent upon accurate navigation to the tar- employing parallel passes over an area ; or ran- get area. Consequently, flight planning prior to dom passes to minimize his exposure to ground fire. an infrared mission must be accurate, detailed, and complete. Optimum results from night in- 8-19. Multiple Sensor Operations frared missions can be achieved by using the The surveillance and reconnaissance re- doppler navigational system. The coordinates of sources within the aviation aerial surveillance a readily identifiable terrain feature or man- company can be most efficiently employed if made feature in proximity to the target area is the unit is multisensor tasked. This permits essential for updating of the doppler naviga- primary and secondary sensors to be incorpo-

AGO 707 5A 8-15 ßßft 30-2® rated in the mission requirements where feasi- use. The addition of a grid reference normally ble to permit target coverage by the secondary will be necessary. In this case, six figure grid sensors should target conditions preclude use references must not be used when four figures of the selected primary sensors. Thus the G2 are sufficient. In certain areas for which map- Air representative at the company, image in- ping material does not allow the use of coordi- terpretation personnel, and the operations nates, latitude designations will be used in- officer of the company will be able to plan stead. jointly the exploitation of the most efficient (2) When a grid reference code is used, combination of sensors to accomplish the mis- the names of places which it indicates must not sion within the required time frame. be shown in clear in the same message. d. Locations and Points on the Ground. (1) Locations and points on the ground UUVSMlU®/ ir^dl/ 'ö'yjJDf SUIUUVwJ U'»» may be described either : It is essential that all imagery be correctly (a) By grid coordinates, or ; referenced. In order to negate errors and con- (5) By giving the distance and direc- fusion, a standard method of describing tion from a simple reference point; e.g., ground locations, areas and boundaries has been “Cross-roads 1000 yards (or 1000 meters) established. This standard method has been Southwest of church tower of NAPERVILLE agreed to by all NATO nations. (Square 6235).” a. Use of Maps. In order to avoid confusion(2) In written orders and reports, grid in the designation of place names when there coordinates will always be used the first time are various editions of a map relating to the the designation of a point or location is given. same area, the following will be shown at the Thereafter, coordinates will be given only top of the document: when such repetition insures greater clarity. (1) Map Series Number (and country or e. Directions. A direction can be indicated geographic area, if required). either by two points or by angular measure- (2) Sheet Number (and name, if re- ment reading clockwise from a reference direc- quired). tion. In the latter case, directions will be given (3) Edition. as from true, magnetic, or grid north and the (4) Scale (if required). type used will always be specified. The unit of Example : This information can be angular measurement used, i.e., mils or degrees shown as follows : normally are specified, but may be omitted Map Series M 501 EUROPE when there is no probability of misunderstan- Number ding: Sheet NM 32-1 (ESSEN) /. Roads, Tracks, and Railways. Edition 1-DMG (1) Roads, tracks, and railways will be Scale 1:250,000 described by the names of places to make sure that the right road can be identified. The word b. Security. The location of headquarters, units, depots, and other installations will only “road,” “track,” or “railway” will precede, not be mentioned in a communication or document follow, the place names; e.g., “road LAPRAIR- if this communication or document can be IE-DELSON,” NOT “LAPRAIRIE-DELSON transmitted to the addressee by a method in- road.” suring the appropriate security. Location of (2) When movement is involved, the headquarters, units, depots, and other installa- route will be designated by a sequence of tions will not be included in addresses unless points on the route named in the direction of necessary to insure correct delivery. movement. When no movehient is involved, the c. Names of Places. sequence of points named will be from left to (1) Names of places will be written in right or rear to front, assuming that the per- block capitals exactly as spelled on the maps in son designating the route is facing the enemy. Cardinal points may be added, if required.

ID-11 <3 AGO 707BA FM 30-20

g. Boundaries.ically to which unit or formation an area or a (1) Boundaries will be designated by eas- point in inclusive or exclusive. ily distinguishable terrain features in the se- h. River Bank. River banks are described quence in which they occur on the ground. as right or left from the point of view of an They will be described from rear to front dur- observer facing downstream, or if this cannot ing an advance, and from front to rear in de- be done, by using cardinal points. fense and withdrawal. If generally parallel to i. Areas. An area normally will be described the front e.g., rear boundaries, they will be de- by taking the northernmost point first and giv- scribed from left to right, facing the enemy. ing the remaining points in clockwise order. Cardinal points may be added, if required. j. Positions. Positions will be described from (2) When describing boundaries between left to right and front to rear facing the units and formations, the words “inclusive” or enemy. To avoid confusion, cardinal points “exclusive” will be used. These words should may be used to describe flanks, rather than be used before the place to which they refer. “right” or “left.” The description of a boundary will state specif-

1

AGO 7075A 8-17

FM 30-20

CHAPTER 9 IMAGERY INTERPRETATION STANAG 2102, 3377

Section I. GENERAL

9-1. Image Interpreters /. Assisting the G2 Air in planning aerial re- Image interpreters are intelligence special- connaissance and surveillance missions. ists trained in the techniques of extracting in- formation from imagery produced by airborne 9-3. Effectiveness sensors. The image interpreter must know the The effectiveness of an image interpreter is intelligence requirements of the command in increased by his experience and the amount of order to quickly identify, locate, and report in- background knowledge he possesses about the formation obtained from the imagery. Inter- enemy and the area of operations. The inter- preters generally are employed as a group. preter’s time and effort are also more effec- Normally they are located so as to have imme- tively expended when he is made aware of ex- diate access to the film processing facilities actly what information is requested or desired. serving the various units employing airborne Effectiveness is enhanced when the interpreter sensors. This assures the availability of ade- has available to him— quate interpretation effort at all times, the a. Area studies, other background material, elimination of administrative dead time in and selected intelligence reports that deal with transmitting imagery, and the economical use the enemy and the area of operations. of processing and interpretation equipment. b. Operation orders, commander’s EEI, and OIR that identify intelligence requirements 9-2. Duties and the area of interest. The specific duties of image interpreters in- c. Knowledge of the capabilities and limita- clude the following: tions of the supporting aircraft and sensors, and the interpretation equipment available to a. Interpreting imagery and reporting intel- him. ligence information regarding the enemy—his d. Knowledge of current enemy tactics, operations and activities, disposition, supplies, equipment, and order of battle. communications, and installations—and civil- e. Prior imagery of the area of interest for ian activity related to military operations such comparative analysis. as population concentrations, industrial pro- /. Intelligence information received from duction concentrations, industrial production other sources that will assist in confirming or facilities, and traffic networks. denying his suspicions. b. Analyzing terrain. c. Evaluating targets for attack by all avail- 9-4. Imagery Interpretation Support able weapons systems; preparing target fold- a. Field Army. In addition to the imagery in- ers and performing damage assessments. terpretation support furnished by the Military d. Updating maps from current imagery; Intelligence battalion. Air Reconnaissance sup- preparing map supplements from photography. port, field army, the Military Intelligence bat- e. Preparing mosaics, panoramics, and ter- talion, field army (TOE 30-25) provides an im- rain models for operations. agery interpretation section to the field army

AGO 7075A 9-1 FM 30-20 G2 Air. The primary mission of this section is GST imagery produced in support of their to support field army operational planning and headquarters. It also assists in operational targeting. planning and targeting for division weapon systems. b. Corps. The Corps Military Intelligence d. Other Units. Other units having an aerial Detachment (TOE 30-18) provides an imagery surveillance or target acquisition capability are interpretation section to the corps G2 Air. Its provided imagery interpretation support. major mission is similar to that of the imagery (1) Armored cavalry regiments and sepa- interpretation section supporting the field rate brigades are provided imagery interpreta- army G2 Air. tion support from their attached MI detach- c. Division. Each division has an imagery in- ments (TOE 30-14). terpretation section which is part of the MI (2) Missile commands contain organic Detachment, Division (TOE 30-17). This sec-' image interpreters. tion supports the division G2 Air. Its major (3) The field artillery target acquisition mission is immediate interpretation of imagery battalion is provided imagery interpretation received from the surveillance aircraft of the support from within the resources of the MI corps aerial surveillance company as well as- detachment at corps.

Section II. TACTICAL USES OF IMAGERY

9-5. General Ion where the imagery interpretation report a. The value of imagery is largely dependent was rendered and then destroyed (para upon the timeliness of the information ex- 9-15d). tracted from it. Items cf immediate tactical value can be extracted and furnished to the 9-6. Specific Tactical Uses of Imagery requester in a relatively short period of time a. Imagery is used to— since only a minimum of detailed interpreta- (1) Provide information in response to tion and analysis is usually required. Special the commander's EEI and OIR. intelligence studies require a great deal of (2) Identify items of immediate tactical preparation, research, and detailed interpreta- significance. tion. While the tactical application of imagery (3) Assist in operational planning. is similar at all echelons of the field army, em- (4) Provide a current, accurate display of phasis on its tactical usage will vary with the an area of interest to the commander to assist echelon at which it is used, the tactical situa- him in the tactical employment of his combat tion, and the speed with which the information troops and his tactical weapons. is required. b. In providing this assistance, the imagery b. The primary role of imagery is to provide interpreter utilizes imagery to provide the fol- intelligence information to the commander. lowing types of information: Normally this information is provided by the (1) The locations of enemy installations. reports furnished by imagery interpretation These include such installations as missile, ar- personnel from the imagery at hand. Because tillery, mortar, and automatic weapons em- the imagery itself is bulky, requires special placements; minefields, barbed wire, obstacles, storage and protection, and does not lend itself and strong points. to proper interpretation by untrained person- (2) Enemy supply installations. These in- nel, normally it is not furnished to the request- clude the locations of enemy supply installa- ing agency unless there is a particular purpose tions and lines of communication. These in- to be served by doing so. Instead, imagery nor- clude forward area supply depots, rear area mally is kept for a specified period of time by supply depots, railheads, transshipment points, the imagery interpretation section at the eche- and main supply routes.

9-2 AGO 7076A FM 30-20

(3) Enemy personnel. The location of target folders and target information sheets on enemy personnel and equipment concentra- selected targets. Target folders may be supple- tions. mented by detailed and special imagery intel- (4) The analyses of terrain. These in- ligence reports or by selected imagery. clude trafficability analyses of terrain for all (7) Damage assessment. Image interpret- types of military units and operations to in- ers determine the type and extent of damage. clude road and brigade studies. This use of im- (8) Mosaics and panoramas. Mosaics and agery should not be confused with the detailed panoramas may be used for planning and terrain studies prepared by Army Engineer briefing purposes and for locating and desig- units. nating targets. Preparation of mosaics and (5) Intelligence information. The confir- panoramas is time consuming and should be re- mation or denial of intelligence information sorted to only when an imagery report or cur- obtained from other sources or agencies such rent map coverage will not suffice. as order of battle personnel, interrogation of (9) Map correction and supplement. Dis- prisoner of war personnel, technical intelli- crepancies occur between what is shown on gence teams, and clandestine sources. maps and what actually exists as shown by (6) The preparation of target folders. aerial imagery. These discrepancies are noted Image interpreters assist in the preparation of and reported.

Section III. IMAGERY INTERPRETATION REPORTS

9-7. General general imagery interpretation report. Imag- ery interpretation reports serve two parallel a. The imageryobjectives; interpretation they insurereport the for- maximum exploita- mats contained in this manual are compatible tion of information and its timely dissemina- with those established in NATO Standardiza- tion to the user. The requirements, prepara- tion Agreements. NATO titles have been tions, and dissemination of these reports are changed as indicated below to make them com- discussed below and shown in figure 9-1. While patible with current U.S. Armed Forces sensor the mission report is designated as an imagery capabilities; however, when these formats are interpretation report, normally it is transmit- used in operations involving NATO organiza- ted by the ARLO or G2 Air representatives tions, the original NATO title should be substi- who debrief flying crews upon completion of tuted for ease of international understanding. their missions. Mission reports are discussed in Format title for Format title chapter 10. NATO use outside NATO c. All imagery interpretation reports except Mission Report No change. the general imagery interpretation report fol- (MISREP). low a prescribed format as to content and or- Hot Photo Report Hot Report ganization. This facilitates electronic transmis- (HOTPHOTOREP) (HOTREP). sion and insures that the information trans- Immediate Photo Inter- Immediate Imagery mitted is complete and understandable to the pretation Report Interpretation Re- recipient. The general imagery interpretation' (IPIR). port (IHR). report normally is too voluminous to permit General Photo Inter- General Imagery In- radio transmission. All other imagery interpre- pretation Report terpretation Re- tation reports normally are transmitted by (GPIR). port (GIIR). electrical means. This requires the use of the standard joint message form heading as pre- b. The basic typesscribed of imageryin AR interpretation105-31. Following this pre- reports are the mission report, hot report, im- scribed heading is the standardized body of the mediate imagery interpretation report, and the report as shown in figure 9-2.

AGO 70T5A 9-3 AGO 7075A TO TRANSMITTED REQUESTOR INCLUDE ALL AGENCIES AGENCIES INTERESTED MISREP INTERESTED REQUESTOR AGENCIES TO ADDRESSEES OTHER INTERESTED REQUESTOR AND REQUESTOR OTHER REQUESTOR BY RADIO, RADIO, TELEPHONE, TWX RADIO TELEPHONE, TWX RADIO, OR FACSIMILE TELEPHONE, TWX TRANSMITTED TELETYPE,COURIER BY PREPARED PILOT IMAGERY IMAGERY INTERPRETER IMAGERY DEBRIEFER INTERPRETER; INTERPRETER READOUT STATEMENT AND POSSIBLE SENSOR ON PILOT DEBRIEFER BASED PREPARED WHEN INFO NOT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED MAY BE SUBMITTED Figure 9-1. Imagery interpretation reports. HOWEVER, IF LATER STUDY REVEALS WITHIN 4 HOURS PILOT ADDITIONAL INFO ANOTHER HOTREF AS REQUESTED WITHIN 1 HOUR AFTER A/C LANDS; ADDITIONAL IMAGERY STUDY REVEALS WHEN REOUESTEDOR WHEN WITHIN 30 MINUTES AFTER A/C LANDS OF THE AS ORDERED OR AT DISCRETION PURPOSE FOR PLANNING FUTURE OPERATIONS THAN THE HOTREP PROVIDE DETAILED INFO; PRIMARILY TO PRIVIDE MORE DETAILED INFO TO SUPPLEMENT OR AMEND MISREP NOT BEEN REPORTED IN MISREP-USED INFORM REQUESTOR OF RESULTS OF INFORM THE REQUESTOR OF MISSION QUICK SENSOR READOUT IF INFO HAS AIRCRAFT INFO TO SEND FROM THE RESULTS GAINED WHILE IN FLIGHT

MIR GIIR TYPE MISREP HOTREP IN-FLIGHT î FM 30-20 FM 30-20

HEADING

ALL REPORTS USE STANDARD MESSAGE FORM HEADINGS FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSIONS

TYPE OF REPORT

THE TYPE OF REPORT IS ALWAYS THE FIRST ITEM IN THE MESSAGE, FOLLOWED BY THE MISSION NUMBER

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION

TYPE OF REPORT

PARA INFLIGHT REPT MISREP HOTREP IHR GIIR

A. LOCATION IDENTIFIER SAME SAME SAME HAS NO PRESCRIBED FOR MAT. B. TIME OVER TARGET SAME SAME SAME

C. RESULTS SAME SAME SAME

D. NOT USED PHOTO CONFIRMATION TYPE PHOTO A SAME EXPOSURE NO. E. NOT USED OTHER INFORMATION QUALITY A SCALE OF SAME IMAGERY F. NOT USED NOT USED PERCENT OF TARGET SAME COVERAGE

1 TITLE CHANGES TO HOTPHOTOREP FOR USE IN NATO OPERATIONS. 2 TITLE CHANGES TO IPIR FOR USE IN NATO OPERATIONS. 3 TITLE CHANGES TO GPIR FOR USE IN NATO OPERATIONS.

Figure 9-2. Format for imagery interpretation reports.

9-8. Hot Report (HOTREP) or immediately upon discovery of a significant A HOTREP is rendered at the earliest possi- item. The report is disseminated to the reques- ble time after imagery has been received for ter and other interested agencies by the most interpretation. It is confined to a short, concise rapid means available. A HOTREP is not fur- answer for which the mission was flown. It nished if the ARLO or G2 Air representative’s also can report a sighting of significant intel- mission report has already been sent and no ligence value. The report is rendered as soon as additional information has been discovered on the imagery has been inspected the first time, the imagery. The initial HOTREP should be

AGO 7076A 9-5 AGO 7076A EXAMPLE MESSAGE F. 100 PER CENT. A. LC. 725355. E. GOOD, LARGE. D. P0001-0003. 2/A255. B. 23I150Z C. FROGMEN IDENTIFIED IN TARGET VICINITY. HOTREP Figure 9S. Hot report. (CLASSIFICATION) (CLASSIFICATION) MESSAGE FORM HEADING USE STANDARD USE IN NATO OPERATIONS 1. TITLE CHANGES TO HOTPHOTOREP FOR TO BE TRANSMiniD) FORMAT (NOT

F. PERCENTAGE OF PHOTO/SENSOR COVERAGE. ON NO. AIR TASK/MI SSI NO. , COORDINATES, LINE SEARCH NO. •♦*. A. LOCATION IDENTIFIER SUCH AS: TARGET B. TIME PHOTOS TAKEN (DATE-TIME GROUP). IMAGE/APPROXIMATE SCALE E. QUALITY OF PHOTOORAPHY/SENSOR C. RESULTS START OF MESSAGE. H OT RE P ALWAYS D. TYPE OF PHOTOGRAPHY EXPOSURE NO.

FM 30-20 r FM 30-20

(CLASSIFICATION)

USE STANDARD MESSAGE FORM HEADING

FORMAT (NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED) EXAMPLE MESSAGE

IIIR ALWAYS START OF MESSAGE. MIR

AIR TASK/MISSION NO. 2/A603.

A. LOCATION IDENTIFIER. SUCH AS: TARGET NO./GRID A. HWY BRIDGE AT NA41B384. REFERENCE. •»<. B. TIME PHOTOS TAKEN (DATE-TIME GROUP). B. I2I050Z AUG

C. RESULTS C. THIS BRIDGE IS A SIX SPAN MASONRY ARCH STRUCTURE LENGTH 200 METERS WIDTH 10 METERS IT IS BASED ON 5 CONCRETE PIERS AND TWO CONCRETE ABUTMENTS. AT TIME OF PHOTORAPHY THE BRIDGE WAS FULLY USABLE. D. TYPE OF PHOTOORAPHY/EXPOSURE NUMBERS. D. P 0012-0014.

E. QUALITY OF PHOTOORAPHY/SENSOR E. GOOD, LARGE. IMAGE/APPROXIMATE SCALE. F. PERCENTAGE OF PHOTO/SENSOR COVERAGE. F. 100 PER CENT.

1. TITLE CHANGES TO IPIR FOR USE IN NATO OPERATIONS.

(CLASSIFICATION)

Figure 9-4. Immediate imagery interpretation report. submitted within one hour after the mission asked for by the mission requester or when the aircraft has landed. If during subsequent inter- full interpretation of the imagery reveals addi- pretation a significant finding is made, an addi- tional intelligence information not previously tional HOTREP may be forwarded on an im- reported on the HOTREP or the mission re- mediate basis. Format for a HOTREP is port. The IIIR normally is completed within shown in figure 9-3. four hours after mission aircraft have re- turned. An IIIR deals with only one imagery mission and includes an evaluation of the qual- 9-9. Immediate Imagery Interpretation Re- ity of the imagery and area coverage accom- port (IHR) plished. Format for an IIIR is shown in figure The IIIR is furnished only when specifically 9-4.

AGO 7075A 9-7

S' FM 30-20

9-10. General Imagery Interpretation Re- specifically flown for the requirement or from port (GIIR) existing coverage. No special format is used; The GIIR is designed to provide detailed in- the content will vary according to the require- telligence information in response to a specific ments of the information being reported. Re- request, primarily to assist in planning future ports are submitted to meet the time limita- operations. It may be made from a new mission tions imposed by the requester.

Section IV. TARGET FOLDERS

9-11. General 9-13. Contents of Target Folder Supervision of the aerial surveillance and A target folder should be maintained on all reconnaissance aspects in support of the target potential targets. The composition of the folder program is the responsibility of the G2 Air. To will vary with the type of target but should assist him in this function, imagery interpreta- contain as a minimum— tion personnel provide intelligence information a. A target folder index of items contained taken from aerial imagery that can be used in therein. compiling target folders. Once a potential tar- get has developed to the point where it is a b. A target worksheet which includes a tar- suitable target for employment of a weapons get designation, description, location, and any delivery system, the G2 Air will recommend its other special intelligence information. It inclusion among those targets selected for at- should also include the source and evaluation tack. of the information, the date of confirmation, and all agencies who have been, or will be, fur- 9-12. Target Folders nished the information. Before a target can be selected for attack, c. A target information sheet which contains the type of target must be determined—its a detailed listing of physical characteristics of composition, strength, vulnerabilities, and per- the target to include separate elements of large manency—to allow for the selection of an ap- or “hard” targets such as large supply facili- propriate weapons system to be employed. A ties or multiple building complexes, the signifi- target study requires the collection and evalua- cance of the area as a military target, obstruc- tion of many items of information all of which tions to low-flying aircraft in the area, and de- ultimately will add up to the identification or fenses around the area to include air defense elimination of an actual target. The G2 Air measures. and image interpreter use the target folder to d. A target illustration sheet which normally compile the necessary information. A major consists of an annotated photograph of the tar- prerequisite for starting a target folder is the get area. relative degree of permanence of the potential e. Any additional target information not in- target. Transitory targets must be selected for cluded elsewhere. attack by employing methods other than the target folder.

Section V. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF AERIAL IMAGERY

9-14. General sification selected is the responsibility of the Aerial imagery is classified according to the commander of the area over which the imagery degree of classified information that it contains has been taken. In actual practice, the area or according to the methods by which it was commander will designate the classification obtained. The determination to classify imag- procedures ; however, the unit that controls the ery according to content and the degree of clas- sensor equipment will be responsible for mark-

9-8 AGO 7076A FM 30-20 ing the imagery produced. Security classifica- a need-to-know. Receipt and registration re- tion of imagery always will be accomplished in quirements are the same as for other docu- accordance with AR 380-5 and AR 380-6. In ments. accordance with AR 380-5, electronic trans- d. Destruction of classified imagery is the mission of aerial imagery except for secure same as for other classified documents. With means is prohibited. imagery, bulk destruction is a normal but a time-consuming process. To facilitate destruc- 9-15. Marking, Storage, Control, and De- tion procedures and eliminate keeping excess struction of Classified Imagery imagery on hand, all echelons should establish a periodic imagery review program to identify a. Actual marking of imagery is governed by imagery no longer required so that it may be the method in which it is handled and stored. destroyed or furnished to other interested (1) Negatives and prints in uncut rolls agencies. Local SOP will establish imagery re- need only be marked with the classification at tention periods; however, the tactical value of the beginning and end of each strip. imagery normally will have been ' fully ex- (2) Negatives and prints that are cut ploited within 90 days after acquisition. This must be marked individually. Individual nega- period will be shortened or lengthened depen- tives and prints must be marked top and bot- dent upon the degree of tactical movement tak- tom on each copy. In addition, the classification ing place in the combat area and the echelon of should be placed beneath the legend, (title command at which the imagery is being re- block) of each negative and in the center of tained. the reverse side of each print. Negatives must be marked so that the classification will repro- duce clearly on all copies made. 9-16. Derivative Classification b. In addition to marking negatives and Reports and special studies developed from prints, all containers and wrappers used to classified imagery and referring directly to store classified imagery must be conspicuously that imagery will require a derivative classifi- marked in compliance with AR 380-5. The cation at least equal to the classification of the storage of classified imagery is no less impor- imagery itself. Individual items of information tant than for other classified documents. Under contained in the report which would require a conditions of 24-hour operations, large volumes factor in the final selection of the overall clas- of classified imagery can be secured by keeping sification of the report or study. When the final it under the physical control of the duty team. classification is made on a derivative basis c. Classified imagery will be furnished only only, group markings must correspond to the to those who possess proper clearance and have group markings on the imagery.

AGO 7075A 9-9

FM 30-20

CHAPTER 10 BRIEFINGS AND DEBRIEFINGS STANAG 2102, 3377; SEASTAG 3377

Section I. GENERAL 10-1. Purpose intelligence value which they have acquired Briefings and debriefings are conducted for during the course of their mission. This infor- all aviators, aerial observers, and airborne sen- mation may be in addition to that which they sor operators as a means of insuring the most have collected by an airborne sensor means, or effective utilization of available aerial surveil- it may confirm or refute information indicated lance and reconnaissance means. on their sensor returns. Debriefings are con- ducted immediately upon return of a flying 10-2. Briefings crew. Many times items of significant interest Briefings serve the purpose of furnishing will be identified through debriefing long be- flying crews a thorough understanding of cur- fore the sensor results have been processed and rent enemy and friendly situations, the terrain interpreted. and weather, the requirements of the assigned missions, and other administrative instructions that facilitate the successful accomplishment 10-4. Conduct of Briefings and Debriefings of their tasks. Briefings by Army ARLO or G2 All briefings and debriefings discussed in Air representatives may be given separately or this chapter are limited to those presented by as a part of a unit briefing presented by the the attached ARLO or G2 Air representative commander of the Army or Air Force unit present with a flying unit. When possible, de- providing the supporting aircraft. briefings are conducted by the same person who conducted the briefings. These briefings 10-3. Debriefings and debriefings do not replace unit briefings Debriefings of flying crews are conducted to conducted at the discretion of the commander obtain from crewmembers any information of of the flying unit.

Section II. BRIEFINGS

10-5. General Briefing sonnel with the current (next 24 hours) opera- a. The ARLO or G2 Air representative gen- tions, the enemy and friendly situation, terrain eral briefing normally is given on a daily, pre- and weather, and administrative instructions. planned basis to all flying crews of the flying This general briefing aids in reducing the unit. Usually it is presented as part of the amount of information which must be pre- flying unit’s daily briefing. The unit’s daily sented at a preflight briefing. briefing includes presentations by the unit b. The information presented by the ARLO commander, the operations officer, the intelli- or G2 Air representative in the general brief- gence officer, the weather officer, and other spe- ing follows the format of a standard operation cialists and technicians as directed by the unit order (fig. 10-1). Items in an operation order commander. The general briefing of the G2 Air such as weather, administration, or logistics representative or ARLO acquaints flying per- can be eliminated by the ARLO or G2 Air rep-

AGO 7076A 10-1 FM 30-20

BRIEFING GUIDE

SITUATION... ENEMY FORCES FRIENDLY FORCES WEATHER

MISSION... SUPPORTED UNIT FLYING ORGANIZATION

EXECUTION... PLAN FOR FLIGHT SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT PICK-UP POINTS

ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS... PETROLEUM, OILS, LUBRICANTS MAINTENANCE FACILITIES SPECIAL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

COMMAND... CHAIN OF COMMAND AIRCRAFT CONTROL

SIGNAL... SIGNAL OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS AIR GROUND SIGNALS

Figure 10-1. Briefing guide.

resentative when covered by other briefers. As (c) Current estimate of enemy’s capa- a minimum, subjects which should be covered bilities. in the general briefing include— (d) Identification of enemy lines of (1) Current summary of the situation. communication and possible traffic choke (a) Current friendly and enemy activ- points. ity. (e) Location of suspected or possible (&) Resume of enemy order of battle. enemy assembly or activity areas.

10-2 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

(/) EEI or OIR—General and specific (8) Coordinating instructions, unit call elements relative to zone in which mission is signs, preplanned fires, and rendezvous instruc- planned and the specific requirements of the tions. mission. (9) Frequencies and call signs for lifting (2) Terrain in the area of operations. supporting fires. (a) Location of critical terrain features. (10) Requirement for confirmatory photog- (b) Specific terrain and target area en- raphy, when appropriate. vironmental characteristics and their impact to (11) Requirement for in-flight reporting, the assigned task (mission). when appropriate. (c) Environmental/Target Characteris- (12) An authentication system should be tics and their effects or impact to selected used when communicating. sensor acquisition. b. Changes in friendly and enemy disposi- (3) Plan. Discussion of the supported tions since last general briefing. unit’s aerial surveillance and reconnaissance c. Special checkpoints and other naviga- plan. tional aids. d. Possible enemy countermeasures en route 10-6. Preflight Briefings to, from, and in the target area. A thorough understanding of the aerial sur- veillance or reconnaissance mission to be per- 10-7. Briefing Materials formed enhances mission accomplishment by a. Current information required to present the aircraft crew. The ARLO or G2 Air repre- accurate ARLO or G2 Air representative brief- sentative preflight briefing is conducted to ings is received through Army channels. provide flight crews with the latest informa- ARLO normally receive their briefing material tion concerning the purpose and importance of through their parent MIBARS organizations. their mission, problems which may be encoun- This material consists usually of an ARLO tered, and specific information desired by the packet developed by the field army G2 Air duty requester. The preflight briefing is more spe- team and delivered through the MIBARS oper- cific than the general briefing. Time allotted ations and intelligence section by the battal- for the preflight briefing will vary from a few ion’s organic delivery platoon or over the MI- minutes for an immediate mission to as much BARS operations net. G2 Air representatives as 30 minutes for a preplanned mission. The receive current information from their own G2 briefing may be by the ARLO or G2 Air repre- Air section. This information normally is sentative alone, or it may be given in conjunc- transmitted by signal communications means tion with the preflight briefing presented by as discussed in chapter 6, or is delivered by members of the flying unit. It may even be nec- scheduled courier runs. In addition, opera- essary to provide preflight-type briefing infor- tional traffic on the MIBARS operations net or mation to an aircraft crew in flight, should an command intelligence net will furnish current adjustment be made to their current mission or information of briefing value. an actual diversion be made to another mis- b. To provide a rapid means of presenting sion. Items covered include— preflight briefings on the most current infor- a. Mission requirements.mation readily at hand, the briefing officer will (1) Identification of requesting unit. require various briefing aids. The major aids to (2) Mission priority. be maintained include— (3) Type of mission. (1) Situation maps to present both the (4) Location and description of target and enemy and friendly situations and show the target area. areas for specific missions. (5) Time on target (TOT). (2) Aerial photographs to familiarize air- (6) Specific intelligence requirements. crews with terrain features, the target area, (7) If a photomission, type of coverage and possible target locations. and desired scale. (3) Files and records for ready reference,

AGO 7076A 10-3 FM 30-20 to include intelligence reports, operation or- crease the flying crews’ recognition and reten- ders, order of battle, and special studies. tion capabilities. Examples of these graphic (4) Identification keys to orient flying aids are terrain models, special photographs, personnel on new equipment or to assist in de- sketches, and models of various types of equip- briefings by identifying objects sighted. ment. (5) Any other graphic aid which will in-

Section III. DEBRIEFINGS 10-8. Purpose ordination with the flying unit’s intelligence Debriefings are an important part of the officer. They are conducted informally and ARLO and G2 Air representatives’ duties. The with due consideration for the physical and purpose of debriefings is to insure the collec- mental fatigue of the flight crew. Each crew- tion of the maximum amount of usable infor- member normally is debriefed individually. De- mation and to allow the dissemination of this briefings generally are conducted without in- information in the minimum amount of time terruption. Items developed that have signifi- after aircraft touch down. If the flying crew cant value immediately should be transmitted makes an in-flight transmission of information as a HOTREP. When possible, debriefings via the spot report receiver system or over a should be recorded to assist in developing the prearranged frequency direct to the requesting complete mission report after the debriefing is unit, it should also be discussed in the debrief- completed. ing for possible additional information. In- flight reports are included as part of the de- b. In the debriefing, each crewmember de- briefer’s mission report. scribes, in his own words, the mission and his observations or findings. The debriefer asks 10-9. Planning Debriefings questions to clarify statements or guide the To facilitate accomplishment of a debriefing, crewman in his narrative. The debriefer must the use of aids should be preplanned. Items establish rapport with the crewmember to be such as maps, special photography, models, effective. He must rely upon his own personal- and other aids which will assist flight crews in ity and acquaintances with the personnel of recalling observations should be made availa- the flying unit to put the crewmember being ble. A debriefing checklist of a format similar interrogated at ease. Before the debriefing is to figure 10-2 is used to keep a debriefing mov- terminated, both the crewmember and the de- ing smoothly and to eliminate gaps in the in- briefer should review the notes for complete- formation given or needless duplication of ness and accuracy. The debriefer should not— comments. When required for specific intelli- (1) Ask leading questions. gence purposes, debriefers must plan to bring in (2) Discredit the crewman’s observations specialists or technicians, such as image inter- or beliefs. preters, technical intelligence specialists, and (3) Be overly insistent in questioning. other qualified intelligence specialists, to assist in debriefing by asking questions within their (4) Argue or introduce needless discus- sion. specialized areas. (5) Keep a briefing going longer than is 10-10. Conduct of Debriefings necessary. a. Debriefings normally are conducted in co-

Section IV. RECORDS AND REPORTS

10-11. Records operations and periodic resumes of operational All ARLO and G2 Air representatives main- accomplishments. The minimum records main- tain records to assist in the performance of tained include— their duties and serve as references for future a. Daily Journal (reference FM 101-5).

10-4 AGO T076A FM 30-20

DEBRIEFING CHECKLIST

DATE

MISSION NUMBER PILOT OBSERVER

ELEMENT DESIGNATION

TYPE OF MISSION

AIRCRAFT

TARGET DESCRIPTION

INFLIGHT REPORTS MADE

CONTACTS MADE DURING FLIGHT

ANY DEVIATIONS MADE FROM PLAN SIGHTINGS LOCATION DESCRIPTION TIME

INSTALLATIONS MOVEMENTS

COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS

WEAPONS DEFENSES

OBSTACLES

MISCELLANEOUS DEBRIEFERS NAME AND ORGANIZATION

Figure 10-2. Debriefing checklist.

b. Aircraft and sensor equipment status re- f. Completed reports and action summariza- cord. tions. c. Current planned, in-flight, and completed missions. 10-12. Reports d. Operation orders and intelligence reports. o. In-Flight Report. The in-flight report is e. Current briefing notes and aids. transmitted by an aircraft crew during the

AGO 7075A 10-5 FM 30-20

TRANSMITTED BY VOICE RADIO

FORMAT (NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED) EXAMPLE MESSAGE

INFLIGHT REPORT: ALWAYS START OF INFLIGHT REPORT. MESSAGE. AIR TASK/MISSION NO. 3/A501.

A. LOCATION IDENTIFIER (ONLY IF NECESSARY FOR A. LC 7354. CLARIFICATION) B. TIME ON TAROET/TIME OF SIGHTINO. B. TARGET SIGHTED 1610Z.

C. RESULTS. RESULTS OF MISSION, BRIEF C. OBSERVED FIVE TANKS IN WOODLINE. FIVE DESCRIPTION OF OBSERVATION, ADDITIONAL TANKS WITH TROOPS SEEN MOVING RECOMMENDATION FOR ATTACK/REATTACK IF WEST OUT OF HOF AT 1615Z. NECESSARY.

Figure 10-3. In-flight report.

conduct of a mission as soon as they are able to ing a debriefing. The HOTREP format is stand- report the results of their mission or to report ardized and is as shown in figure 9-3. tactical information of such importance and (2) Mission report (MISREP). A mission urgency that delay in reporting would render report is submitted at the conclusion of each the information useless. The report is trans- mission. It is based on the notes and observa- mitted by voice radio, in the clear, unless tions made during the debriefing and includes prearranged codes have been established. The any in-flight report made by the aircraft crew format for the in-flight report is standardized and any HOTREP sent by the debriefer while and shown in figure 10-3. conducting the debriefing. Preparation and dis- b. ARLO and G2 Air Representative Re- semination of mission reports are accomplished ports. Three types of reports normally are sub- as rapidly as possible after completion of the mitted by ARLO and G2 Air representatives. mission and normally not later than 30 min- utes after aircraft touchdown. The format for Additional reports may be required by the sup- a mission report is standardized and is shown ported G2 Air or the MIBARS elements com- in figure 10-4. mander as the situation dictates. The three common reports are— (3) Summary report. The summary re- port is a consolidation of information on se- (1) Hot report lected(HOTREP). enemy Thisactivity report and is submitted to the is a short, concise report covering significant G2 Air according to the schedule which he es- information of immediate tactical value (para tablishes. These reports are used by the G2 Air 9-8). Normally it is disseminated as a result of to analyze the enemy situation, the effective- receipt of significant items of information dur- ness of the aerial reconnaissance and surveil-

10-6 AGO 7075A FM 30-20 lance effort, and to assist in planning future the G2 Air in the same manner. Copies of all operations. Format will vary with the require- ARLO reports at detachment level are fur- ments of the report. nished to the detachment commander for his c. Dissemination of ARLO and G2 Air Rep- information and to assist the detachment’s resentative Reports. imagery interpreters in the accomplishment of their mission. His reports may be transmitted (1) The normal dissemination of ARLO in conjunction with imagery interpretation re- reports is through the MIBARS headquar- ports on the same mission if no time delay will ters to the G2 Air. The ARLO transmits be involved. his HOTREP and mission reports over the (2) The G2 Air Representative normally MIBARS operations net or uses the delivery will use either radio, telephone, or courier to platoon to the Operations and Intelligence Sec- send his reports directly to the G2 Air. Copies tion of the MIBARS. At the MIBARS the re- of his reports are furnished to the flying unit port is simultaneously disseminated to the G2 and imagery interpretation personnel concern- Air duty team and other interested agencies as ed with interpreting the imagery obtained as a directed. The summary report is transmitted to result of the same mission.

(CLASSIFICATION)

USE STANDARD MESSAGE FORM HEADING

FORMAT (NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED) EXAMPLE MESSAGE

MISREP: ALWAYS START OF MESSAGE. MISREP. AIR TASK/MISSION NO. 2/A55

A. LOCATION IDENTIFIER, SUCH AS: TARGET NO. A. LC 7253S5. COORDINATES B. TIME ON TARGET/TIME OF SIGHTING. B. 23II50Z.

C. RESULTS C. BRIDGE OVER RIVER U/C

D. PHOTO CONFIRMATION D. YES.

E. OTHER INFORMATION E. CONCENTRATED LIGHT ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY AT TARGET, 8/8 CEILING 500 FT.

(CLASSIFICATION)

Figure 10-4. Mission report.

AGO 70T6A 10-7 1 FM 30-20

CHAPTER 11 AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE IN STABILITY OPERATIONS

Section I. GENERAL 11-1. Introduction flage and concealment techniques make dumps, Doctrine for aerial surveillance and recon- way stations, fortifications and supply routes naissance in stability operations is the same hard to detect. doctrine as applied to other types of warfare. b. The problem is definition; to detect indi- Methods and techniques of employment remain cators of enemy activity, versus natural civil- the same only varying by application to the ian activity, which are generally blended in an scope of surveillance and reconnaissance re- environmental situation to present a status of quirements unique to the insurgency situation normalcy. and environment. However, the difficulty en- c. The prerequisite to success is a thorough countered in intelligence acquisition is greatly understanding of the total sum of the natural increased due to the nature of insurgency con- and human factors involved in the area of op- cepts, force structure, tactics, and practices. erations. These factors include detailed knowl- The insurgent forces in their areas of opera- edge of enemy forces and methods of opera- tion as well as in the field do not present or gen- tion, coupled with physical geography stress- erate those indications of their existence in an ing vegetation, and cultural aspects as well as environ that are easily detectable or identifia- the sociological and economical aspects of ble. This differs considerably from the relative rural and urban configurations and activities, ease enjoyed in detecting conventional enemy agriculture, industry, transportation, and com- forces in the conventional types of warfare. munications. The success of aerial surveillance and recon- d. Insurgents can be detected through indi- naissance efforts in counterinsurgency and rect, as well as direct, evidence of their pres- stability operations will be relative to the de- ence. Direct evidence—such as easily recog- gree of environmental acclimation of all parti- nized uniforms, equipment, military type vehi- cipants beginning with the information reques- cles, deliberate field fortifications, logistical fa- ters and continuing through to the image inter- cilities, and large troop movements—normally preters. is difficult to gather in stability operations. In- direct evidences of insurgent presence are most 11-2. Special Considerations probably the indictors which will be first dis- a. Stability operationscovered. Examples encompass of indirect the ter- evidences are : rain of an entire country with attendant prob- lems of seacoasts and ill-defined international (1) Ostensible civilian activity in isolated boundaries. The insurgent enemy is compara- areas or in areas where activity normally has tively difficult to find. The terrain on which he not been observed. organizes sanctuaries may be remote, sparsely (2) Unexplained increases in the dwelling populated and may have high local relief and density of a village or hamlet. poor lines of communication. His security prac- (3) Built-up areas not shown on official tices and his habit of blending into existing maps or which are first detected as a result of cultural activities and features make his areas comparative photography of the area. of habitation difficult to identify. His camou- (4) Unexplained movement of local in-

AGO 7075A 11-1 FRfl 3®—20 habitants from one location to another or required throughout all phases of insurgency. across international boundaries. Requirements differ at each level—national, (5) Unexplained abandonment of villages, subnational, and tactical unit—according to cultivated areas, equipment, or food sources. the particular phase of insurgency involved. (6) Isolated open areas being prepared b. The intelligence officer, by close liaison, for, or under cultivation with, food crops or coordination and cooperation, must make cer- small areas of forest being cleared of under- tain that aerial surveillance and reconnaiss- brush and thick foliage for no apparent rea- ance is integrated into the overall collection son. plan supporting the stability operation. Fur- (7) Logging, charcoal, and other rural- ther, he must coordinate closely with sources type production in areas previously unworked of information other than intelligence collec- or not easily accessible to people of the area. tion agencies. This includes host country civil- (8) Roads, cart trails, and footpaths that ian, paramilitary, and military agencies and are inconsistent with population centers and U.S. and allied military and civilian organiza- the agricultural practices of the area. tions in-country. (9) Other unexplained disturbances to the normal vegetative cover of the area. c. Maximum use must be made of compara- (10) Fires in remote areas or burned out tive cover. This includes integration of all sen- areas that have not been caused by local sors and sensor modes available to include ver- ground clearing operations or indigenous culti- tical and oblique photography, color and cam- vation. ouflage detection photography, visual observa- (11) Fish nets located in isolated areas or tion, and infrared (IR) and side looking air- areas previously unfîshed. borne radar (SLAR) imagery. Employment of (12) Abnormal increase in traffic on estab- sensors to detect enemy activity must be based lishment roads or waterways. upon a knowledge and analysis of all available (13) Unidentified or suspicious activity de- intelligence information. tected by IR, radar, or other sensory devices at d. Special consideration should be given to night or during bad weather. obtaining information from collateral sources to enlarge imagery interpretation key mate- 1 U—3. Ke^owemeiriitts fer Efffeeîôve Aerosil Syir= rials. veil Dei rose sand Kesonnsaosssane© a. Aerial surveillance and reconnaissance is

Seeîo®ini DL AERIAL SUMVEDIÜLAINICE AINHD) I§EC©INI1N1A0SSAINI(SE

1111—4. ©emeraO By looking at the same topography, the same General considerations in planning, opera- manmade objects contained there, and the tions, and coordination of aerial surveillance same human activities that take place day and reconnaissance as described in this manual after day, personnel familiar with the area remain valid for stability operations. However, will more readily detect changes which indi- due to the necessity of search for minute de- cate enemy activity. “Low and slow” type air- tail, the following amplification of methods craft are the most suitable platforms because and techniques is provided. they afford a closer view of the terrain for a longer period of time than high performance H‘H—S. VosMfial Aerial SyirveiDDainiee aircraft. a. Insurgent activity may be better identified b. A special employment of visual aerial sur- by repetitive visual area search, by assigning veillance in stability operations is the use of pilot and observer personnel to search the continuous day-night visual observation over same area on a daily basis as long as possible. friendly installations. Insurgent attacks in-2 AGO 7076A FM 30-20

against installations may involve the use of friendly MTI radair will record friendly or mortars, rockets, and recoilless rifles as well as neutral indicators with the same degree of demolitions and individual weapons. The em- “truth” as it reports enemy indicators. Addi- ployment of crew-served weapons requires the tionally, many indirect indicators of insurgent selection and preparation of weapons positions, activity are not recordable on present aerial fields of fire, and the stock piling of ammuni- imagery. As a general rule, radar surveillance tion in advance of the attack. To accomplish should be established where insurgent move- this preparation, the insurgent must infiltrate ment is expected to occur in the degree neces- undercover into the selected areas which sur- sary to be detected and register on the sensor round the installation. Continuous, visual aer- equipment. This is best accomplished by tar- ial surveillance out to the maximum effective geting areas or lines of communication gener- range of the weapons available to the insur- ally restricted to enemy occupation or by seces- gent may disclose any unusual movement tak- sion of civilian movement under governmental ing place within the area, or even the actual curfew control. preparation of firing positions. d. Infrared Imagery. Infrared (IR) imagery 11-6. Permanent Record Imagery and photographic imagery are complementary and for best results the two should be utilized a. Hand-Held Camera Photography. When together when possible. IR coverage can be used with trained observers on organic obser- used effectively particularly where the develop- vation type aircraft particularly with self-de- ment of comparative covers allows an inter- veloping film, provides an effective supplement preter to detect changes of patterns by relative to other aerial imagery in recording visual heat emissions, within suspect areas. However, sightings and providing quick reaction photog- as with camouflage discipline, emissions sources raphy of selected areas or objects of interest. can be removed from troop concentration or b. Conventional Photographic Imagery, sufficiently attenuated either by dense natural Scale of Coverage. overhead canopy or preparation of earth works. (1) The scale of coverage, as a general Therefore, the information interpreted from IR rule, should be the largest possible consistent imagery must be correlated with intensive col- with the type of coverage desired, intended lateral information and a thorough knowledge use, size of area to be recorded, time allocated of the practices of insurgent forces and their for the mission, type of aircraft and systems methods of operation. available and the degree of urgency of the de- sired information. The following recommended 11-7. Reports scales vary from those in chapter 4 due to the While hot reports and immediate imagery special factors inherent in stability operations : interpretation reports continue to serve specific Initial record 1:10,000—1:25,000, general in- intelligence requirements in stability opera- telligence record: 1:5,000—1:10,000, and de- tions, there is concurrently an increased need tailed intelligence record 1:5,000 or larger. for the more detailed general imagery inter- (2) Larger scales are required to aid in pretation reports. These reports are of greatest the search for individual activity such as one value to the requester who needs information or two foxholes or a single weapons emplace- on terrain characteristics, trafficability, road ment, camouflaged objects to include cave en- and trail reports, landing and drop zones, or trances and supply caches, mockups in training other items unique to the situation/environ areas, hut or lean-to and elevated OP construc- which require extensive interpretation, evalua- tion, charcoal making and the use of pack ani- tion, and photogrammetric measurements. In mals, wagons, and handcarts. many instances, these reports include the prep- c. Radar Imagery. Unlike photography or vi- aration of overlays and other graphic displays sual sightings which can more readily permit such as photomosaics, annotated photography, identification of an indicator as insurgent or and target surveillance folders.

AGO 7075A 11-3 m 30-20

HH-S. Oevelopmenî ©IF Draîeïpreîssiîan Cespss» nishes much information for target acquisi- bSlüîies tion, but because of the many difficulties in fixing the enemy, all means of target develop- a. In order to obtain the greatest value from ment including intelligence information from imagery, interpreters must be oriented and ac- all available sources must be used in concert climated toward a specific area of stability op- and maintained in detail by the G2 staff. erations. All sources of germane background a. Target Folders. Individual targets range information on the area, its people, and the from the smallest and most rudimentary to the way they live, should be furnished the inter- relatively large and complex. To facilitate preter to help him better understand those planning, when an area or object has been se- things and related indications he must detect, identify, and interpret. Maximum assistance lected as a potential target by the G2 Target Officer, a target folder is developed on it. The must be made of host country military and ci- vilian personnel, and in-country U.S. agencies target folder includes all available intelligence that have background and experience on-the- about the target. The collection effort is di- ground in the areas of interest,' to identify and rected toward acquiring the specific additional interpret new or unusual items discovered on information to verify, refute, identify, or lo- imagery. cate the suspect target. All acquisition means b. During early phases of insurgency, the in- are considered for the collection effort, particu- terpreters’ efforts are directed primarily to ac- larly long range reconnaissance patrols, aerial quiring and cataloging initial record imagery, observers, and aerial imagery. b. Pattern Analysis. Because of the difficulty assembling basic data and reference material, in obtaining substantive targeting information establishing localized imagery interpretation the technique of pattern analysis may be re- keys and procuring maps required for in-coun- try use. Terrain and trafficability studies, and quired to pinpoint enemy locations. This tech- nique requires detailed plotting of all informa- support to military and civilian activities in in- tion obtained on enemy activity within a speci- ternal development and relocation operations may be initiated on an as required basis. fied area to include order of battle information, c. The continuing development of local imag- enemy movements, enemy initiated incidents, ery interpretation keys on site becomes a ne- trail and road activity, construction and the cessity throughout subsequent phases of stabil- readout from airborne sensors. The base for plotting can be 1:50,000 scale maps or mosaics ity operations. These “local keys” are invalua- at larger scales. All information, plotted over a ble for keeping pace with changes in insurgent techniques and surveillance and reconnaissance period of time, forms patterns of activity which when interrelated during analysis as- countermeasures introduced in the environ or developed during the course of the insurgent sists in locating major enemy areas such as headquarters, troop concentrations, supply operations. The urgency of intelligence needs bases, and training areas, etc. coupled with the fleeting nature of insurgent c. Aids in Support of Quick Reaction Attack. forces and activities demands that local keys Airborne sensors which provide an immediate provide the timely means of making the initial readout capability may be employed in surveil- detection breakthroughs in time to be of value lance roles in much the same manner as for- to the local ground commanders. ward air controllers (FAC) or airborne artil- lery observers. That is, information obtained H11-9. ïsnrsjefl' Âeqyîsôfeini on a near real-time basis either by cockpit or Target acquisition involves the detection, lo- data link readout can be immediately passed to cation, and identification of ground targets in tactical ground and air units for exploitation. sufficient detail to permit the effective employ- Such a program involves close coordination ment of weapons. It is discussed generally in and good communications between air-to-air FM 30-5 and more specifically in FM 6-121. In and air-to-ground elements and other services stability operations, combat surveillance fur- _ as applicable. Most suitable areas of operations

HH-4 AGO 7075A Ä)

1 FM 30-20 are those areas or lines of communications gen- considered an indication of insurgent activity erally restricted to enemy movement or other and, depending on the degree of identification activity either by general enemy occupation or achieved, either further investigated or at- curfew imposition on civilian activity. Disrup- tacked by friendly elements immediately upon tion to the normal patterns in the area may be detection.

AGO 7075A 11-5 ( FM 30-20

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES

(C) AR 10-122 United States Army Security Agency (U). AR 95-51 Aerial Observer Training. AR 310-31 Organization and Equipment Authorization Tables, Tables of Organization and Equipment. AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes. AR 380-series Military Security and Classification. AR 600-106 Aeronautical Designations and Flying Status for Army Personnel. AR 604-series Personnel Security Clearance. AR 750-1 Maintenance Concepts. AR 750-2 National Maintenance Points. DA Pam 310-series Military Publications Indexes. DA Pam 750-1 Preventive Maintenance Guide for Commanders. FM 1-series Army Aviation. FM 3-10 Employment of Chemical and Biological Agents. (S) FM3-10A Employment of Biological Agents (U). (C) FM3-10B Employment of Chemical Agents (U). FM 5-20 Camouflage. FM 5-30 Engineer Intelligence. FM 5-34 Engineer Field Data. FM 5-36 Route Reconnaissance and Classification. FM 6-20-1 Field Artillery Tactics. FM 6-121 Field Artillery Target Acquisition. FM 6-135 Adjustment of Artillery Fire by the Combat Soldier. FM 7-30 Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized Division Brigades. FM 11-20 Signal Operations, Theater of Operations. FM 11-21 Tactical Signal Communications Systems, Army, Corps, and Division. FM 11-40 Signal Corps Pictorial Operations. FM 11-50 Signal Battalion, Armored, Infantry, and Infantry (Mechanized) Divisions. FM 11-57 Signal Battalion, Airborne Division. FM 11-86 Combat Area Signal Battalion, Army. FM 11-92 Corps Signal Battalion and Airborne Corps Signal Battalion.

AGO 7075A A-l FM 30-20

FM 11-95 Army Command Signal Operations Battalion. FM 17-30 The Armored Division Brigade. FM 17-36 Divisional Armored and Air Cavalry Units. FM 17-95 The Armored Cavalry Regiment. FM 19-30 Physical Security. FM 21-26 Map Reading. FM 21-30 Military Symbols. FM 21-31 Topographic Symbols. FM 21-60 Visual Signals. FM 24-1 Tactical Communications Doctrine. FM 24-18 Field Radio Techniques. FM 24-21 Field Radio Relay Techniques. FM 29-22 Maintenance Battalion and Company Operations (nondivisional). FM 30-series Military Intelligence. FM 31-16 Counterguerrilla Operations. FM 31-21 Special Forces Operations. (S) FM 31-21A Special Forces Operations—U.S. Army Doc- trine (U). FM 31-22 U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Forces. FM 31-30 Jungle Training and Operations. (C) FM 31-40 Tactical Cover and Deception (U). FM 31-71 Northern Operations. FM 31-72 Mountain Operations. (C) FM 32-5 Signal Security (U). (S) FM 32-10 United States Army Security Agency in Sup- port of a Field Army (U). (S) FM 32-20A Electronic Warfare (Ground Based) (U). FM 44-1 U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Employment. FM 57-35 Airmobile Operations. FM 61-100 The Division. FM 100-5 Operations of Army Forces in the Field. FM 101-5 SOFM, Staff Organization and Procedure. FM 101-10-series SOFM Organization, Technical and Logistical Data. JCS Pub 1 Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage. JCS Pub 2 Unified Action Armed Forces. ST AN AG No. 2029 Methods of Describing Ground Locations, (Edition No. 2) Areas, and Boundaries. ST AN AG No. 2102 Offensive Air Support Operations Message Formats. STANAG No. 3189 Titling of Air Reconnaissance, Air Survey, (Edition No. 2) and Mapping Photography. STANAG No. 3277 Air Reconnaissance Request Form. (Edition No. 4) STANAG No. 3377 Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Report Forms. TOE 1-128T Aerial Surveillance Company. TOE 30-series Intelligence Organizations.

A-2 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

TM 5-545 Geology. (C) TM 11-5850-203-12 Organizational Maintenance Manual : Detecting Set, Infrared AN/AAS-14; Transmitting Set, Radio AN/ART-41 (Air- borne Components of Surveillance System, Infrared AN/UAS-4) and Cable Assembly Sets, Test MX-4078/AAS-14 and MX 4079/ART-4KU). (C) TM 11-5850-218-12 Organizational Maintenance Manual: Detect- ing Set, Infrared AN/AAS-14 A and Trans- mitter, Radio AN/ART-41A (Airborne Components of Surveillance System, Infra- red AN/UAS-4A) and Cable Assembly Sets, Electrical MX-7268/AAS-14A and MX-7270/UAS—4A (U). TM 30-245 Image Interpretation Handbook. TM 30-246 Tactical Interpretation of Air Photos. TM 38-750 Army Equipment Record Procedures.

AGO 707BA A-3

FM 30-20

APPENDIX B

ABBREVIATIONS

ACE Airspace Control Element. ARLO Air Reconnaissance Liaison Officer. ARS Air Reconnaissance Support. CTOC Corps Tactical Operations Center. DASC Direct Air Support Center. DTOC Division Tactical Operations Center. ECM Electronic Countermeasures. EEI Essential Elements of Information. FAC Forward Air Controllers. FATOC Field Army Tactical Operations Center. FERA Forward Edge of the Battle Area. FSE Fire Support Element. FTI Fixed Target Information. GIIR General Imagery Interpretation Report. GPIR General Photo Interpretation Report. GST Ground Sensor Terminals. HOTPHOTOREP Hot Photo Report. HOTREP Hot Report. II Imagery Interpretation. IHR Initial Imagery Interpretation Report. INTSUM Intelligence Summary. IP Initial Point. IPIR Initial Photo Interpretation Report. IR Infrared. MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group. MTI Moving Target Indicator. MIBARS Military Intelligence Battalion Air Reconnais- sance Support. MISREP Mission Report. OIR Other Information Requirements. RATT Radio Teletype. SEASTAG SEATO Standardization Agreement. SLAR Side Looking Airborne Radar. SOLOG Standardization of Certain Aspects of Operations and Logistics. SSB Single Side Band. STANAG NATO Standardization Agreement. TACC Tactical Air Control Center. TACP Tactical Air Control Party. TAF Tactical Air Force. TASE Tactical Air Support Element.

AGO 7075A B-l FM 30-20

THF Tactical Imagery Interpretation Facility. TOC Tactical Operations Center. TWE Technical Warfare Element.

B—2 AGO 707 5A FM 30-20

APPENDIX C EXAMPLE OF AG2 AIR COLLECTION PLAN (Located in back of manual)

c-i AGO 7076A / FM 30-20

APPENDIX D EXAMPLE OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE APPENDIX, FIELD ARMY

Copy No. 9 Thirtieth Army HEIMERSHEIM, (595120) GERMANY 100930 July 19 XR 273 Appendix II (Aerial Surveillance and Reconnaissance) to Annex A (In- telligence) to Operation Order 6. Map : GERMANY, 1:250000, AMS Series 508, Sheets K51, K52, K53, L51, L52, L53, M51, M52, M53. 1. Situation a. Enemy. Annex A (Intelligence) to OPORD 6. b. Friendly Forces. 373 Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, Ninth Tactical Air Force supports Thirtieth Army. 2. Mission Reconnaissance elements of Ninth Tactical Air Force supports Thir- tieth Army with 60 day, 15 night, and 4 electronic sorites per day from 170600 to 231800 May. 3. Execution a. Concept. Maximum use will be made of Army aircraft for visual, photo, and electronic missions. TAF reconnaissance will be used for photo and visual missions beyond organic capabilities. Target program to receive priority of support. Priority of Support : Army artillery, 3 Corps, 1 Corps, 2 Corps. b. Immediate Missions. Request via air request net as required. Use TAB A (Routes) TAB B (Areas), and TAB C (Point) overlays for visual requests. c. Preplanned Missions. Thirteenth Army SOP. d. 205th MIBARS. Plot all TAF photography, furnish daily master cover traces to army, corps, division; perform immediate interpretation of imagery flown in support of Army ; conduct three flights daily between TAF recon bases, MIBARS, corps, divisions; other tasks as approved this HQ. e. Imagery Interpretation Responsibilities. (1) Divisions. All imagery produced organically; TAF imagery as requested. (2) Corps. Same as division. 4. Administration a. Distribution of imagery—Thirtieth Army SOP. b. Procedures for submission of mission requests—SOP. c. Other Imagery. Negatives of all photo, SLAR, and IR imagery pro- duced at corps and division forwarded to this headquarters only on direction.

AGO 707 BA D-l FM 30-20

5. Command and Signal a. Army Command Net to be used for submission of preplanned re quests only. b. Divisions monitor MIBARS Operations Net, if possible. c. All units having capability monitor TAF in-flight report net. d. Base plan index, frequencies, and call signs—current SOI. Acknowledge. CALLAN LT GEN Tabs: A (Routes) B (Areas) C (Points) D (Preplanned Missions) DISTRIBUTION: C OFFICIAL /s/ Jones JONES G2

0-2 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

57—863 APPENDIX E

MINIMUM SCALES FOR INTERPRETATION AND IDENTIFICATION

E-l. This table is designed to indicate mini- E-2. Column I indicates the minimum scale re- mum acceptable photographic scales for inter- quired for recognition of an object class (e.g., pretation purposes. These minimum scales are motor vehicle, artillery piece, multiengine air- the conclusions of a qualified panel of inter- craft, etc.). Column II indicates the minimum preters. It is not expected that they will be scale necessary for a detailed analysis of spe- valid for every situation or that they will be in cific objects within an object class (e.g., to dis- complete accord with the opinions or experi- tinguish 21/2-ton trucks from 5-ton trucks; ences of all who refer to them. They will, how- 105-mm Howitzer from a 155-mm Howitzer). ever, serve as a guide to the minimum scales The scales in Column II are presented for guid- at which object-images can be identified and ance of aerial surveillance and reconnaissance analyzed. The many variables in equipment personnel in planning missions designed to capabilities, atmospheric conditions, and film photograph specific installations for detailed processing which affect an aerial photograph technical analysis, while those in Column I are will tend to alter these scales. These scales are the minimum scales for normal intelligence re- based on average quality photography. Im- quirements. All scales refer to vertical stereo provements in such factors as image-motion photo coverage. Low-level oblique photography compensation, film resolution, optics, and cam- or continuous-strip photography, when indi- era mount vibration, will permit the use of cated, may also prove extremely helpful in con- smaller scales. ducting detailed analyses.

Minimum scale Minimum scale Subject Breakdown identiftcation technical analysis Industry Industries which lend themselves to in- terpretation; e.g., coke, iron, and steel, petroleum, aluminum, etc. (Typical) - 1/30,000 1/12,000. (Atypical) - 1/15,000 1/8,000. (Petroleum and chemical plants require 1/6,000 for technical analysis.) Industries which do not lend themselves 1/10,000 1/6,000 & low-level oblique to interpretation ; e.g., ball-bearing, continuous strip. instrument electronics, etc. Defenses Coastal defenses guns 1/20,000 1/5,000 & low-level oblique. Heavy AA 1/15,000 1/3,000 & low-level oblique. Light AA 1/10,000 1/2,000 & low-level oblique. Artillery All types 1/10,000 1/2,000 & low-level oblique. Vehicles Motor vehicles 1/10,000 1/2,000. Transportation Rail 1/30,000 1/8,000. Road 1/30,000 1/5,000. (Reliable road surface conditions can- not be given from aerial photography.) Inland waterways 1/30,000 1/10,000. Bridges (over 1007) 1/30,000 1/10,000 oblique.

E-l AGO 7076A FM 30-20

Minimum scale Subject Minimum scale Breakdown identification technical analysis

Utilities Sewage 1/20,000 1/10,000. Water purification 1/20,000 1/10,000. Gas plants 1/20,000 1/8,000. Municipal thermal powerplant (typical) 1/30,000 1/10,000. Industrial thermal powerplant (typical) 1/15,000 1/8,000. Central heating plant (typical) 1/15,000 1/6,000. Hydroelectric powerplant 1/30,000 1/10,000. Powerlines (to trace) 1/6,000. Terrain .. Major landforms No limit 1/20,000. Minor landforms 1/20,000 1/8,000. Vegetation (Scales given are applicable to optimum 1/20,000 1/8,000 & low-level oblique, season only.) continuous-strip. Shipping - Naval vessels—BB, CV, CA, CL (or units 1/25,000 1/12,000. larger than DD). DD and minor combatant craft 1/15,000 1/7,000. SS 1/25,000 1/5,000 & low-level oblique. Merchant vessels: Units above 200' 1/25,000 1/12,000. Units below 200' 1/15,000 1/5,000. Shipping facilities Ports 1/25,000 1/12,000. Docking facilities (piers, wharves, etc.) . 1/20,000 1/8,000. Services (cranes, wharf trackage, etc.) _ _ 1/12,000 1/8,000. Electronics Radar: Fixed 1/10,000 1/5,000. Mobile 1/8,000 _ 1/5,000. Fire control 1/5,000 _ 1/2,000. Communications : Lattice masts 1/15,000 1/8,000. Stick masts 1/10,000 1/5,000. D/F: Open adcock 1/18,000 1/11,000. Portable or unusual types 1/8,000 _ 1/3,000. Navigation aids 1/18,000 1/11,000. Airports Major (with facilities and surfaced land- No limit 1/10,000. ing area). Auxiliary (surfaced landing area—no 1/30,000 1/10,000. facilities). Auxiliary (unsurfaced landing area—no 1/10,000 1/10,000. facilities). Aircraft Wing span: Under 40 ft 1/10,000 1/2,000. 40 to 60 ft 1/12,000 . 1/3,000. 60 to 100 ft 1/15,000 . 1/4,000. over 100 ft 1/20,000 . 1/5,000. Personnel Personnel activity Unknown 1/5,000 comparative cover essential. Low-level oblique. Continuous-strip (along travel routes in- cluding trails). Individual personnel Unknown 1/1,000 & low-level oblique continuous-strip. Structures Structural analysis - 1/12,500 Urban area analysis 1/12,500

E-2 AGO 7075A FM 30-20

Minimum scale Minimum scale Subject Breakdown identification technical analysis Photogrammetry Tri-met (for air navigation charts) 1/60,000 Vertical (for mapping) 1/40,000 Supplemental (for air navigation charts 1/20,000 and mapping).

AGO 7076A E-3

FM 30-20

APPENDIX F

TITLING OF AIR RECONNAISSANCE, AIR SURVEY, AND MAPPING PHOTOGRAPHY

F-l. General camera not titled more than 5° from the verti- Each end of each roll of air reconnaissance, cal. air survey, and mapping photography shall be Note. To indicate the first of more than one titled. This detailed information will be placed vertical, the symbol VI shall be used, and V2 to immediately before the first negative and im- indicate the second vertical. The cameras shall be numbered from nose to tail and where two are side by mediately after the last negative and will in- side, the left or port camera shall be numbered first. clude complete details of each run over each separate target. The different items of infor- (2) F-Fan—The single letter F shall indi- mation shall be arranged in the order shown cate a fan of two or more cameras. The F shall below. be followed by two digits ; the first to indicate the number of cameras in the fan; the second to indicate the camera number. F-2. Titling Sequence (3) C-Convergent Camera Installation— In order to prevent errors and false informa- The single letter C shall indicate two cameras, tion the following format will be used for ti- installed in separate mounts, in the same tling of air reconnaissance photography. Ex- mount, or 2 cones in the same camera body, the ample: 121 F21 408 (R) USAF 109 15 Jun 68 photography from which is used as a unit for = 1630Z 36IN 12,000FT 4032N7607W mapping purposes. Normally, the cameras WYLAM ATC 68-1 SECRET. shall be disposed so that their principal plane a. Item No. 1 (Negative Number) “121”— is in the direction of flight with one camera denotes the 121st exposure of a consecutive se- pointing forward and the other rearward. The quence of exposures. Exposures from each C shall be followed by a single digit; 1 to indi- magazine shall be numbered consecutively. If cate the forward looking camera and 2 to indi- more than one magazine of a single camera is cate the rearward looking camera, e.g., Cl, C2 exposed on a mission or sortie, the exposures e.g„ Cl, C2 shall be numbered consecutively from exposure (4) Oblique. one (1) of the first magazine to the last expo- P—Port (left)—A port facing ob- sure of the last magazine. Simultaneous expo- lique camera sures on trimetrogen, split vertical, and con- S—Starboard (right)—A starboard vergent installations shall have their adjoining facing oblique camera exposures matched and numbered identically. N—Nose—A forward facing oblique b. Item No. 2 (Camera Position) “F21”— camera The following symbols shall be used to indicate T—Tail—A rear facing oblique cam- camera position. Cameras will be numbered era from port to starboard relative to the position H—Handheld photographed on the ground along the line of (5) Depression Angle—When oblique flight. photography is titled, the depression angle in (1) Vdegrees-Vertical measured—The from single the letter horizontal V shall plane of indicate a single vertical installation of one the aircraft shall be noted, between brackets,

AGO 7076A F-l m 30-20 immediately following the camera position. kind of photography, other than reconnais- (Not applicable for handheld obliques.) sance: (6) When cameras with an odd number of R—Infrared. mirrors are used, the letter “M” shall be in- C—Charting. serted immediately after the camera position S—Survey and mapping (1st or highest to indicate that the film must be reversed when order of accuracy). printing. This is only to be shown with the ti- C—Survey and mapping (2nd order of ac- tling information at the beginning and end of a curacy or below—Charting). roll. *SH—Survey and mapping horizontally c. Item No. 3 (Taking Unit) “408(R)”—de- controlled electronically. notes No. 408 Reconnaissance Squadron. Units *SV—Survey and mapping vertically con- shall utilize their official identifying symbol to trolled electronically. identify their particular unit. The squadron de- ’‘‘SHY—Survey and mapping horizontally tachment letter or number shall follow the and vertically controlled electronically squadron number. When a letter is used, the H—Historical letter shall be separated from the “Service” X—Experimental symbol by a single hyphen, e.g., “58A-DAF.” When a number is used, it shall be separated *Note. The appropriate electronic positioning data symbol shall be placed on each Survey and Map- from the squadron number by a single hyphen, ping negative that is acceptable controlled, as deter- e.g., “58—15 USAR.” mined by the taking unit. d. Item No. U (Service) “USAF”—denotes photographs made by the U.S. Air Force. k. Item No. 11 (Geographical Coordinates) Other services shall utilize appropriate sym- —“4032N7607W.” Coordinates given shall bols. apply to the center of the photograph and be e. Item No. 5 (Sortie or Mission Number) recorded to the nearest minute of latitude and “109” longitude (based on Greenwich). The coordi- /. Item No. 6 (Date) “15 JUN 68”—denotes nates listed above indicate the geographic loca- the date photography is accomplished in the tion of the first exposure of the roll or run used immediate area photographed. to photograph the target. Similarly, the coordi- g. Item No. 7 (Time Group and Zone letter) nates shall be indicated for the last exposure of “1630Z.”—Greenwich Mean time (Z) shall be a roll or the last exposure of a run over each used in every case. separate target. When coordinates are recorded h. Item No. 8 (Focal Length) “36IN” (Focal on each individual negative or print, they shall length of lens in inches (IN) or Centimeters always represent the center of the negative or (CM)—denotes equivalent focal length of lens print. If other coordinate systems are used, this indicated in inches or centimeters, except that fact shall be clearly stated. all photography produced by calibrated cam- eras shall show the focal length in millimeters l. Item No. 12 (Descriptive Title) “Wylam” to the number of significant figures available —denotes the appropriate place or subject of data provide. Calibrated focal length shall be the photograph. preceded by the letter C when the certificate of m. Item No. 13 (Project Number, year as- calibration is current, e.g., “C153.52MM” (Cal- signed, code name) “TAC 68-1”—denotes the ibrated focal length of lens in millimeters year (1968) and the first project assigned by (MM)). the highest echelon directing the project. i. Item No. 9 (Altitude) “1200FT”—denotes altitude above Mean Sea Level in feet (FT) or n. Last Item (Security Classification) “SE- meters (M). CRET”—denotes the security classification as- j. Item No. 10 (Kind of Photography)—The signed to the photography in accordance with following symbols shall be used to indicate the existing regulations or directives.

AGO 7076A FM 30-20

F-3. Titling of Air Survey and Mapping negative/frame reference and shall be followed Photography by a double hyphen ( = ). When operational fac- tors prevent addition of the full titling data, the In addition to the information contained in following obsolete minimums will apply : paragraph F-2 above, all air survey and map- (1) Frame Number. ping photography will have additional items of (2) Sortie/Mission Number. information included. This information will (3) Date Time Group (Z) DTG (Z). follow item 13 (para F-2m). a. Item lb. Camera type and serial number. b. Items 1 through 9 shall be the minimum b. Item 15. Cone serial number. titling on each reconnaissance photograph. c. Item 16. Lens type and serial number. Item 10 shall appear on each survey and map- d. Item 17. Magazine type and serial num- ping negative, accompanied by acceptable elec- ber. tronic positioning data. e. Item 18. Type and manufacture of photo- c. The appropriate security classification graphic film and type of photographic filter shall be shown on all material produced from used. the original role of film. f. Item 19. Mean terrain elevation above d. If additional data must be inserted, it Mean Sea Level (MSL). shall immediately precede the security classifi- cation which shall be the last item listed. e. All titling shall be permanently marked in F—4. Special Instructions clearly legible capital letters and in such a po- a. Items sition1 through as to obscure6 shall minimum form detail.the

AGO 7075A F-3 *

f

J FM 30-20

INDEX

Paragraph Page Paragraph Page Aerial imagery security Stability operations: classification . 9-14 9-8 Factors affecting 11-3 11-2 Aerial surveillance and Operations 11-4 11-2 reconnaissance : Permanent records Communications 6-2— 6-1— imagery 11-6 11-3 6-4 6-6 Requirements for Employment 3-1— 3-1— effective use 11-3 11-2 3- 5 3- Visual aerial surveillance _ 11-5 11-2 2 Missions 4- 4- 21, 4-3 Airborne infrared missions 5-12 c, 5-12 Operational aids: 8-18 8-10 Annex to unit intelligence Airborne radar missions 5- 126, 5-10, SOP 5-15 5-12 8-17 8-10 Appendix to intelligence Air Force air request net 6- 2c 6-1 annex of unit Air Force command net 6-2 e 6-3 operations order 5-17 5-13, Aircraft capabilities 5-11 5-10 App D, D-l Aircraft maintenance section, Area overlay (fig. 5-8) aerial surveillance company 8-3/ 8-4 Base plans 5—19flr 5-15 Airfield service section, aerial General 5-13 5-12 surveillance company 8-3/ 8-4 G2 Air collection plan App C C-l G2 Air situation map 5-16 5-12 Air reconnaissance liaison officer Master cover trace 5-20 5-16 (ARLO) : ARLO/G2 Air representative Point overlay (fig. 5-9) - 5-19/ 5-15 Reports _ 7- 9d, 7-5, Route overlay (figs. 5-6, 10-4, 10-1, 5-7) 5- 5-13 19d 10-56 10-4, Section SOP 6- 5-12 14 Planning: 10-11, 10-6 10-126 Daily planning Allied support 3- 4 3-2 conference 2- 2-2 Annex to unit intelligence SOP -. 45-15 5-12 a(2) Day-to-day 5-7 5-4 Appendix to intelligence annex of Factors (fig. 5-1) 5-3 5-3 unit operations order 5-17, 5-13, General concept 5-1 5-1 App D D-l Long-range 5-6 5-4 Area overlay (fig. 5-8) __ Phases 5-4 5-3 5- 19 5-13 Principles 5-2 5-1 Area search (fig. 8-7) 4- 8a(l) 4-2 Sequence 5-5 5-3 Area studies 9-3 9-1 Army air request net 6- 2a 6-1 Request: Army aviation support — 3- 5 3-2 Control 3- 3- Army Security Agency 65- 26(1) 30 5-22 Form 5-21 5-16 Artillery adjustment 4— 8a(4) 4-3 General 5-21 5-16 Aviation aerial surveillance Immediate 5-4 5-3 company : Overlay 5-22 5-17 Capabilities 8- 5 8-4 Preplanned 4- 4- 52 Priorities 5- 5- Control _ 28-9 8-5 1d Employment 8-4, 8—4, Procedure, immediate 5-9 5-6 Procedure, preplanned 5-8 5-6 8-13 8-5

AGO 7076A lndex-1 FM 30-20

Paragraph Page Paragraph Pase Company headquarters section : General planning 8-11 8-5 Aerial surveillance company 8-36 8-1 Limitations 8-6 8-4 MIBARS 7-6/ 7-4 Mission 8-2 8-1 Concealment analysis 4-llc(3) 4-6 Mission assignments 8-12 8-5 Concept of aerial surveillance and Avionics repair section, aerial reconnaissance employment : surveillance company 8-3/(3) 8—4 Allied support 3-4 3-2 Army aviation support 3-5 3-2 Base plans 5-19flr 5-15 General 3-1 3-1 Battalion HHC, MIBARS 7-6 7-3 Navy and Marine Corps Border surveillance 8-17c(2) 8-10 support 3-3 3-1 Briefings : Tactical Air Force 3-2 3-1 Aerial surveillance company _ 8-14 8-8 Concept of employment, aerial Conduct 10-4 10-1 surveillance company 8-13 8-5 General briefing (fig. 10-1) _ 10-5 10-1 Concept of employment, Materials 10-7 10-3 MIBARS: Preflight 10-6 10-3 Battalion HHC - - 7-6 7-3 Communications 7-8 7-5 Camera repair section, aerial General 7—4 7-8 surveillance company 8-3e(5) 8-3 Location 7-5 7-3 Capabilities, aerial surveillance MI Detachment 7-7 7-4 company 8-5 8-4 Operations 7-10 7-5 Capabilities of aircraft - - 5-11 5-10 Planning 7-9 7-5 Capabilities of sensors 5-12 5-10 Conduct of briefing and Categories of permanent record debriefings 10—4 10-1 imagery 4-11 4-5 Confirmatory photography 8-16e 8- 9 Classification : Contact reconnaissance 4-8a(3) 4-3 Aerial imagery 9-14 9-8 Contents of target folder 9-12 9- 8 Aerial surveillance requests _ 4—4 4-1 Continuous strip photography 4—96(2) (e) 4-4 Derivative classification 9-16 9-9 Control, aerial surveillance Marking, storage, control, company 8-9 8-5 and destruction of Control, aerial surveillance and classified imagery 9-15 9-9 reconnaissance requests 3-66(1) 3-2 Coastal surveillance 8-17c(2) 8-10 Control and destruction of Collection means 1—4a, 1-2 classified imagery 9-15 9-9 4-7 4-2 Coordination : Collection Plan, G2 Air . App C C-l Army Security Agencies 5-30 5-22 Collection responsibility 2-16 2-1 Corps — -- 2-46, 2-2 Command, aerial surveillance 5-29 5-21 company 8-8 8-4 Division - 2—4c, 2-2, 5-21 Communications : 5-29 2-2, Aerial surveillance company Field Army 2-4a, 5-28 5-21 (fig. 8-3) 8-10 8-5 5-21 Air Force air request net — 6-2c 6-1 General 5-27 2- 3 Air Force command net 6-2e 6-1 Other agencies - 2-4d Army air request net 6-2a 6-1 Corps aerial surveillance 3- 4 Corps G2 Air/aerial intelligence cycle 3-6c 5-21 surveillance company Corps and division coordination - - 5-29 operations net (fig. 6-3) -- 6-36 6-3 Corps G2 Air : 2-1 Division air request net 6-26 6-1 General functions 2-3 2-1 General 6-1 6-1 Location 2-2c 2-1 MIBARS operations net (fig. Organization 2-26 9-2 6-2) 6-3a 6-3 Corps imagery interpretation - .. 9—46 5-3 New communications nets 6-3 6-3 Cover and deception 5—2e 7-9 Other systems 6-4 6-6 Cover traces 7—1 Op 6-2 Spot report receiver system. 6-2d Daily aerial surveillance plan 6-18 5-13 Communications section, aerial Daily journal 10-lla 10-4 surveillance company 8-5a(2) 8-4 Daily planning conference 2-4a(2) 2-2

AGO T0T6A Index-2 FM 30-20

Paragraph Page Paragraph Page Damage assessment 9-66(7) 9-3 General imagery interpretation Day-to-day planning 5-7 5-4 report 9-10 9-8 Debriefing: General intelligence record 4-116 4-5 Checklist (fig. 10-2) Ground sensor terminal and Conduct - - — 10-10 10-4 terminal teams - 8-3d(4) 8-3 Planning 10-9 10-4 G2 Air: Purpose - 10—8 10-4 Communications 6-2, 6-1, Reports 10-12 10-6 6-3 6-3 Coordination : Deception analysis 4-llc 4-5 Army Security Agency 5-30 5-22 Deception and cover 5-2e 5-3 Corps and division - 5-29 5-21 Delivery platoon, MIBARS 7-6c(2) 7-3 Field army 5-28 5-21 Deployment of MIBARS detachments 7-9d 7-5 General : 5-27 5-21 General : Derivative classification 9-16 9-9 Description, method 8-20 8-16 Aerial reconnaissance Destruction of classified request — 5-21 5-16 imagery — 9-15d 9-9 Aerial surveillance Detailed image interpretation intelligence report 9-7a 9—3 cycle 3-6 3-2 Detailed intelligence record 4-llc 4—5 Development of interpretation General functions 2-3 2-1 capabilities in stability Location and organization 2-2 2-1 operations 11-8 11-4 Mission status Dissemination means 1-46 1-2 board 5-23 5-21 Division : Specific functions — 2-4 2-2 Aerial surveillance Staff responsibilities _ 2-1 2-1 intelligence cycle 3-66 3-2 Planning : Aerial surveillance log Day-to-day 5-7 5-4 (fig. 5-2) Factors 5-3 5-3 Air request nets 6-26 6-1 Long-range 5-6 5-4 Image interpretation support . 9—4« 9-2 Phases 5-4 5-3 New communications nets 7-9« 7-5 Principles 5-2 5-1 Division and corps coordination -- 6-29 5-21 Sequence 5-5 5-3 Division G2 Air: Situation map 5-16 5-12 Location 2-26 2-1 Organization 2-2« 2-1 Hand-held camera photography .. 11-6 11-3 Personnel augmentation 2-2d 2-1 Headquarters, aerial surveillance Duties of image interpreters 9-2 9-1 company 8-36 8-1 Headquarters and headquarters Economy of effort 5-26 5-1 company, MIBARS 7-36 7-1 Effectiveness of imagery Hot report (fig. 9-3) 9-8 9-5 interpretation 9-3 9-1 Enemy situation 6-3o 5-3 Image interpreter: Essential elements of information _ 5-2a 5-1 Duties 9-2 9-1 General - - 9-1 9-1 Ferreting 4-10 4-5 Imagery : Field Army: Classification : Aerial surveillance Derivative — 9-16 9-9 intelligence cycle 3-66 3-2 General 9-14 9-8 Coordination 5-28 5-21 Marking, storage, control, Field Army G2 Air : and destruction of Functions 2-4a 2-2 classified imagery 9-15 9-9 Image interpretation support - 9-4a 9-1 Interpretation : Location and organization — 2-2 2-1 Effectiveness 9-3 9-1 Flexibility 5-2« 5-1 Support __ 9-4 9-1 Friendly and enemy situation 5-3® 5-3 Permanent record : Categories 4-11 4-5 General briefing 10-5 10-1 Types 4-9 4-3

AGO 707BA Index-3 FM 30-20

Paragraph Page Paragraph Page Tactical use : Detachment 7-7 7-4 General 9_5 9-2 General ._ 1-46(2) 1-2 Specific 9-6 9_2 Location 7-5 7-3 Imagery interpretation: Mission 7-2 7-1 Section : Operations — 7-10 7-5 Aerial surveillance Organization and functions . 7-3 7-1 company 8-3c(2) 8-1 Planning 7- 9 7-5 MIBARS 7-6c(l) 7-3 Mission : Reports : Aerial surveillance company . 8- 2 8-1 Format (fig. 9-2) ... 9-76 9-3 Accomplishment 3- 66(2) 3-2 General (fig. 9-1) .. 9-7a 9-3 Assignments 8-12 8-5 General report 9-10 9-8 Folders 5-24 5-21 Hot report (fig. 9-3) . 9-8 9-5 Numbers 5Sd 5-6 Immediate report Operating techniques : (fig. 9-4) 9-9 9-7 Inflight reports 8-15 8-9 Immediate missions 4-6 4-2 Multiple sensor 8-19 8-15 Independent corps G2 Air 2-4a 2-2 SLAR 8-17 8-10 Inflight report (fig. 10-3) 10-12 10-6 Visual/photographic Infrared : (fig. 8-4) 8-16 8-9 General 5_12c 5-12 Report (fig. 10—4) 10-126(2) 10-6 Imagery 4_9C 4.4 Status board (figs. 5-3, 7-4) _ 5- 23 5-21 In stability operations ll-6d 11-13 Support personnel briefing 8-14 8-8 Missions 8-18 8-10 Missions, aerial surveillance Independent operations 2-2d 2-1 and reconnaissance : Initial record imagery 4—lia 4—5 Aerial reconnaissance 4- 3 4-1 Initiation of requests 5-21 5-16 Aerial surveillance 4-2 4-1 Intelligence : General 4-1 4-1 Cycle for aerial surveillance Immediate 4-6 4-2 (fig. 3-1) 3-6 3-2 Preplanned 4-5 4-2 Production 3-65(3) 3-2 Multiple sensor operations 8-19 8-15 Record 4-11 4-5 Navy support 3- 3 3-1 Liaison officer (see ARLO/G2 Nets: Air representative) Current (fig. 6-1) 6- 2 6-1 Library and reports section New 6-3 6-3 (MIBARS) 7-6c(4) 7-4 Limitations, aerial surveillance Oblique analysis 4- llc(2) 4-6 company 8-6 8-4 Oblique photography 4-96(1)(6) 4-3 Limitations, visual aerial Operational aids, G2 Air (fig. surveillance 4-86 4-3 5-5) : Location and organization, G2 Aerial surveillance and Air 2-2 2-1 reconnaissance annex to Long-range planning 5-6 5-4 unit intelligence SOP 5-15 5-12 Aerial surveillance and Mapping photography 4-96(2) (e) 4-4 reconnaissance appendix Marine Corps support 3-3 3-1 to the intelligence annex of Marking, storage, control and unit operations order 5-17, 5-13, destruction of classified App D D-l imagery g_15 9.9 Aerial surveillance routes, Master cover trace 5_20 5-16 areas, and point overlays ._ 5-19 5-13 Materials for briefing 10-7 lo_3 Aerial reconnaissance Means of collecting and requests 5-21 5-16 processing imagery 1-4 i_2 Daily aerial surveillance Military intelligence battalion, plan — 5-18 5-13 aerial reconnaissance support General 5-13 5-12 (MIBARS) (fig. 7-1) : G2 Air situation map 5-16 5-12 Battalion HHC 7-6 7-3 Imagery interpretation Communications (fig. 6-2) ... 7-8 7-5 reports 5-26 5-21

Index—4 AGO 7076A i I

FM 30-20

ParaGraph Paffe Paragraph Paffe Priorities, aerial surveillance Master cover trace 5-20 5-16 requests - - 5-2d 6-1 Mission folders 5-22 5-17 Processing and disseminating Mission status board (figs. means 1-46 1-2 5-3, 7-4) 5-21 5-16 Purpose of briefing and J Pilot trace 5-25 5-21 debriefings 10-1, 10-1, Request overlay 5-22 5-17 10-8 10-4 Section SOP 5-14 5-12 « Operations, MIR ARS - - 7-10 7-5 Radar (see SLAR) Operations platoon, aerial Radio, aerial surveillance surveillance company 8-3c 8-1 company (fig. 8-3) 8- lOc 8-5 Operations and intelligence Reconnaissance missions 4- 3 4-1 section, MIBARS 7-6e 7-3 Records, ARLO/G2 Air Organic Army aerial collection representative 10-11 10-4 means l—4a(l) 1-2 Reports, ARLO/G2 Air Organization, aerial surveillance representative 10- 12 10-5 company (fig. 8-1) — 8-3 8-1 Reports, image interpretation Organization, G2 Air 2-2c 2-1 (fig. 9-1) : I Organization, MIBARS 7-3 7-1 Format (fig. 9-2) 9- 7o 9-3 General 9-7 9-3 Panoramic photography 4-95(1) (c) 4-3 Hot report (fig. 9-3) 9-8 9-5 Peculiarities of battalion staff, Immediate report (fig. 9-4) .. 9-9 9-7 MIBARS 7-6 7-3 Reports and library sections, Permanent record imagery: MIBARS - - 7-6e(4) 7-4 Categories 4-11 4-5 Reproduction section, additional, Stability operations 11-6 11-3 MIBARS 7-6ff 7-4 Types 4-9 4-3 Reproduction section, MIBARS 7-6c 7-3 Personnel augmentation, G2 Air - 2-2d 2-1 Request overlay 5- 22 5-17 Personnel briefing, mission support 8-14c 8-8 Request procedures : Immediate 5-9 5-6 Photographic interpretation Preplanned 5-8 5-6 reports : Requests, types: Hot report 9-8 9-5 General - - 4-4 4-1 General report 9-9 9-7 Immediate 4-6 4-2 Immediate report 9-10 9-8 Preplanned 4- 5 4-2 Photographic reproduction equipment, MIBARS 7-9c 7-5 Requirements for effective Photography, types, classification - 4-96 4—3 aerial surveillance and Photolab, aerial surveillance reconnaissance in stability operations 11- 3 11-2 i company 8-3e(4) 8-3 Pilot trace 5-25 5-21 Responsibility, aerial surveillance Plan, daily aerial surveillance 5-18 5-13 and reconnaissance 1-3 1-2 Planning, aerial- surveillance Responsibility, daily aerial and reconnaissance: surveillance plan 5- 19c 5-13 Day-to-day - 5-7 5-4 Route overlays (figs. 5-6, 5-7) 5-19d 5-13 Factors (fig. 5-1) 5-3 5-3 Route reconnaissance (fig. 8-6) __ 4- 8a(3) 4-3 Long-range ' 5-6 5-4 Scale minimums for interpretation Mission assignment 8-12 8-5 and identification App E E-l Phases 5-4 5-3 Principles -, 5-2 5-1 Scale of coverage, stability Sequence - 5-5 5-3 operations 11-66 11-3 Planning of debriefings 10-9 10—4 Section SOP, G2 Air - 5- 14 5-12 Planning, MIBARS 7-9 7-5 Security classification of aerial Platforms 5-11 5-10 imagery : Point overlay (fig. 5-9) 5-19/ 5-15 Derivative classification 9-16 9-9 Preflight briefing 10-6 10-3 General 9-14 9-8 Preplanned missions 4-5 4-2 Marking, storage, control, Preplanned request procedures 5-8 5-6 and destruction . _ 9-15 9-9

AGO 707 BA Index—5 i FM 30-20

Paragraph Page Paragraph Page Sensor: Surveillance missions 4-2 4-1 Capabilities : Surveillance platoon, aerial Platforms 5-11 5-10 surveillance company 8-3d 8-3 Sensors 5-12 5-10 3- 1 Collection means : Tactical Air Force support 3-2 Electronic intelligence Tactical imagery interpretation 4- 5 reconnaissance 4-10 4-5 facility (THF) 4-11 General - 4-7 4-2 Tactical uses of imagery : Permanent record General - 9-5 9-2 imagery 4-9 4- Specific 9-6 9-2 3 Operations, multiple 8-19 8-15 Target acquisition 11-9 11-4 Selection guide (fig. 5-4) 5-11 Target folders 9-11, 9-8, 11-4 Separate armored, mechanized, 9-13, and infantry brigades 2-Ad 2-3 ll-9o Sequence of planning, aerial Techniques of aerial surveillance surveillance company 5-5 5- and reconnaissance operations : 3 Service platoon, aerial surveil- Infrared 8-18 8-10 lance company 8-3/ 8-4 Multiple sensor 8-19 8-15 Side-looking airborne radar SLAR 8-17 8-10 (SLAR) : Visual photographic 8-16 8-9 General 4- 4-4 Terrain 9 5-3c 5-3 d Planning 5- 5-10 Type of mission and/or sensor1 25 Techniques 8-17 8-10 collection means : Signal intelligence (SIGINT) -- 5-30a 5-22 General 4-7 4-2 Signal platoon, aerial surveillance Permanent record imagery — 4-9 4-3 company 8- 8- Visual aerial surveillance3 — 4-8 4-2 3a Situation map, G2 Air 5-16 5-12 Type of requests : Specific duties, imagery General ^ 4-4 4-1 4-2 interpreters 9- 9- Immediate 2 4-6 1 Preplanned 4-5 4-2 Specific planning, aerial surveillance and Unit capabilities, aerial reconnaissance : surveillance company 8-5 8-4 Day-to-day 5-7 5-4 Unit limitations, aerial Long-range 5- 5- surveillance company 6 8-6 8-4 4 4-2 Specific search 4-8« 4-6 Specific tactical uses of imagery - 9-6 9-2 Vertical analysis - 4-lle(l) Vertical pinpoint 4-96(2) (a) 4-3 Spot report receiver system 6- 6- 22d Visual aerial surveillance 4-8 4- 2 Staff responsibilities, G2 and G2 Visual aerial surveillance in Air 2-1 2-1 stability operations 11-5 11-2 Strip photography 4-96(2)(c) 4-4 Visual/photographic mission Summary report 10-126(3) 10-6 techniques - - - 8-16 8-9 Support : Allied 3-4 3-2 Weather 5-3d 5- 3 Army aviation 3-5 3-2 Weather reconnaissance 4-10 4-5 Navy and Marine Corps — 3-3 3-1 Wire communications, aerial Tactical Air Force 3-2 3-1 surveillance company (fig. 8-2). 8-106 8-5

Index-6 AGO 7076A FM 30-20

By Order of the Secretary of the Army :

W. C. WESTMORELAND, General, United States Army, OFFICIAL : Chief of Staff. KENNETH G. WICKHAM, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General.

Distribution : To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12—11 requirements for Aerial Surveillance-Reconnaissance, Field Army. 1

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\ APPENDIX C EXAMPLE OF A G2 AIR COLLECTION PLAN

12 JULY 13 JULY 14 JULY

Army Army Army Type Recon Frequency Scale Photo Hot Type Recon Frequency Scale Photo Hot Type Recon Frequency Scale Photo Hat Remarks TOT Req TOT Req TOT Req INDICATIONS BASIS FOR SPECIFIC ORDERSOR REQUESTS & Sensor of Recon & Nr Prints Reports 8> Sensor of Recon & Nr Prints Reports & Sensor of Recon 8. Nr Prints Reports With confirming photography EEI Nr Nr Nr

Photo^ & Visual^ P-One time P-1000 1:5,000 No Visual ** 2 hr 0600- 1:7,500 Yes Visual 1 hr 0600 Yes 1. Defense overlay DR097540, DR155571, DR150582, DR900550 1. What are enemy a. Location & est strength (1) Report location, strength, and activities of troops NYSTAD-THORN Ridge (Div Obj) V-4 hrs V-0600- 2 sets Yes 1800 1 set Obj sec 2. Subsequent visual — confirmatory photo of major changes dispositions? of enemy in contact, reserves, 1600 Special Attn arty Yes Visual (2) Rpt loc and str occ strong pts vie Hill 609 Photo^Si Visu al 4 P-One time P-1103 1:5,000 No Visual ** 1 hr 0600 1:7,500 Contir 0500 until Yes 3. Defense overlay of area (1551) & Hill 406 (1151) V-2 hrs V-0600- 2 sets Yes 2000 1 set Obj sec 4. Subsequent visual; confirming photo significant changes 2000 /

>vV- ■'Vj/vy - VyVr Continuous all Yes Visual ’* Yes Visual Continuous all Yes (10) Rpt loc arty & mortar psns in zone - incl Visual ** 1:7,500 Continuous • 1:7,500 5. Points for specific search developed in coordination missions spec ,. 1 set missions spec 1 set missions spec r w/chief, FSCE unoc and number pcs. emphasis. See3 emphasis. See^ emphasis. See3 Visual ** 4 hrs 0940- 1:7,500 Yes Visual '* 4 hrs 0940- 1:7,500 Yes Visual 1 hr 0500 until Yes b. Presence of obstacles (11) Rpt loc & extent obstacles & road blocks along N-S rds DR1247-1156 & DR1647-1456. 1630 1 set 1940 1 set obj sec No Photo One time 1300 1:10,000 No Photo One time 1000 1:10,000 c. Dumping, ammunition & (12) Rpt evid fortifications bldg in zone, emphasis 7 sets 1 set engr supplies St ELM (DR1351) & PRUTH (DR 1454). 4

Visual T* 0600- Yes Visual 2 hrs Yes (13) Rpt loc CPs, supply and evac instls in div Visual ** 4 hrs 0600- 1:7,500 Yes 4 hr 1:7,500 0500 until zone N of St ELM (DR1351) depth 'me 2000 1 set 2000 1 set obj sec DRO9580215 J ■Wir Mr 4hr -M/v- Visual 1 hr 0600- Over 10 Visual 1 hr 0600- Over 10 Visual Contir 0500 un- Over 5 a. Movement hostile units (16) Rpt volume & type traffic across HOST Canal and 2. Will enemy attack 2000 vehicles 2000 veh. til obj sec veh prior 140430 forward rds Idg S from NYSTAD & THORN. 1 Visual 2 hrs 0000 Yes Visual 1 hr 0000- Yes (17) Rpt mvt tnk unit (est div) vie DR 1273. Visual ^ 4 hrs 0600- Yes 6. Air Reconnaissance — special emphasis possible air strike; 2400 2400 keep close contact 2400 7 No SLAR 2 hrs 2000- No SLAR 2 hrs 2000- Yes 7. Coverage shifts to area North Line DR 0958, DR 2158 (18) Night and inclement weather coverage (same SLAR 2 hrs 2000- 0600 items as 16 & 19) 0600 0600 b. Increased air reconnaissance (19) Rpt amount & type air activity in zone All Flights 8 8 1 hr 0600- Over 10 Visual 1 hr 0600 Over 10 Visual 1 hr 0500- Over 8 Combine w/item 16; after objective token coverage shifts c. Replacement or reinforcement (20) Rpt mvt on roads North FEBA Visual 2000 veh. 2000 veh. 2000 5 veh to area N line DR 0958, DR 2158

■W One time 1400 1:10,000 No Visual ** 2 hrs 0600 1:10,000 Yes Visual 1 hr 0500 un- Yes* 9. Hot rpts on attempts to repair or cross canal- a. condition bridges & alternate (26) Rpt alt crossing points HOST Canal & condition Photo 3. Can enemy w/draw over 2 sets 1 set til obj sec probable lucreative arty or close air support tgt HOST Canal crossing points bridges DR 1157 and DR 1657 3000017383 (i

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