Analyse De Dix Ans De Déformation Du Rift De Corinthe (Grèce) Par Géodésie Spatiale Antonio Avallone

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Analyse De Dix Ans De Déformation Du Rift De Corinthe (Grèce) Par Géodésie Spatiale Antonio Avallone Analyse de dix ans de déformation du rift de Corinthe (Grèce) par géodésie spatiale Antonio Avallone To cite this version: Antonio Avallone. Analyse de dix ans de déformation du rift de Corinthe (Grèce) par géodésie spatiale. Sciences de la Terre. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 2003. Français. tel-01576320 HAL Id: tel-01576320 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01576320 Submitted on 22 Aug 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS Département de Sismologie, UMR CNRS 7580 Laboratoire de Sismologie Thèse pour obtenir le diplôme de DOCTEUR EN GEOPHYSIQUE Spécialité: Sismogenèse présentée par Antonio Avallone Le vendredi 27 Juin 2003, à 10h, en salle bleue. Analyse de dix ans de déformation du rift de Corinthe (Grèce) par géodésie spatiale Thèse soutenue publiquement devant le jury composé de: M. Alexis Rigo …………………………………………………………… Rapporteur M. Christophe Vigny ………………………………………………………Rapporteur M. Pascal Bernard …………………………………………………………Examinateur M. Dimitris Paradissis.……………………………………………………..Examinateur M. Haris Kontoes…………………………………………………………..Examinateur M. Pierre Briole ……………………………………………………………Directeur de Thèse Tables des matières Tables des matières .................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 Chapitre 1 Cadre géodynamique.......................................................................................... 5 1.1 A l’échelle de la Méditerranée ................................................................................... 5 1.2 A l'échelle de la Grèce.............................................................................................. 15 1.3 Le Golfe de Corinthe................................................................................................ 17 1.4 Les modèles de déformation proposés ..................................................................... 26 Chapitre 2 La déformation ................................................................................................. 31 2.1 Les réseaux géodésiques en Grèce ........................................................................... 31 2.2 Les campagnes de mesure dans le Golfe de Corinthe.............................................. 34 2.3 Le traitement des données........................................................................................ 44 2.4 Le problème de la composante verticale .................................................................. 46 2.5 Stratégie des calculs des réseaux de 1er et 2ème ordre ............................................... 55 2.6 Analyse du bruit sur les résultats.................................................................................... 56 2.6.1 La précision sur le court-terme......................................................................... 56 2.6.2 La précision sur le long-terme.......................................................................... 60 2.7 Le champ de vitesse ................................................................................................. 68 2.8 La déformation à l'échelle de la Grèce centrale ....................................................... 75 2.9 Interprétations des résultats...................................................................................... 82 2.10 Le réseau de 2ème ordre du Golfe de Corinthe.......................................................... 85 2.11 Le GPS cinématique................................................................................................. 96 2.12 ANNEXE 2.A......................................................................................................... 101 2.12.1 Article soumis au CRAS, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Edition Spéciale Golfe de Corinthe): .......................................................................................... 101 2.13 ANNEXE 2.B......................................................................................................... 103 Exemple de fiche descriptive d'un point GPS ................................................................ 103 2.14 ANNEXE 2.C......................................................................................................... 107 2.14.1 Exemple de fiche de campagne...................................................................... 107 Chapitre 3 Interférométrie radar ...................................................................................... 111 3.1 Caractéristiques du radar et de ses prises de vue ................................................... 111 3.2 Rappel du principe de l’interférométrie radar ........................................................ 115 3.3 Description de la base de données.......................................................................... 116 3.4 Traitement interférométrique ................................................................................. 122 3.5 Les interférogrammes produits............................................................................... 127 3.6 La cohérence et les évidences des effets troposphériques...................................... 132 3.7 Etude troposphérique.............................................................................................. 138 3.7.1 Carte de cohérence et Réflecteurs Potentiellement Permanents (RPP).......... 138 3.7.2 Les Réflecteurs Permanents (RP)................................................................... 141 3.7.3 Chaîne complète de traitement....................................................................... 144 3.7.4 Filtrage ........................................................................................................... 145 3.7.5 Correction troposphérique globale et leur validation..................................... 145 3.7.7 Détection et corrections des effets troposphériques locales........................... 150 3.7.8 Cartes de déformation moyenne..................................................................... 153 3.8 Le modèle du séisme d'Aigion ............................................................................... 158 1 3.9 ANNEXE 3.A......................................................................................................... 163 3.9.1 Les interférogrammes bruts............................................................................ 163 3.10 ANNEXE 3.B......................................................................................................... 179 3.10.1 Proceeding to EUSAR (European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar), 2002, Cologne: ............................................................................................................... 179 3.11 ANNEXE 3.C......................................................................................................... 181 3.11.1 Proceeding to IGARSS'03 (International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium), Toulouse: .................................................................................................. 181 Chapitre 4 Conclusion et Perspectives ............................................................................... 183 4.1 Le GPS ................................................................................................................... 183 4.2 L'interférométrie radar............................................................................................ 188 Bibliographie.......................................................................................................................... 193 2 Introduction Le Golfe de Corinthe, situé entre la Grèce centrale et le Péloponnèse, est un des rifts les plus actives de la mer Egée. Il apparaît comme une structure principalement asymétrique, dans laquelle les évidences géologiques et géodésiques suggèrent des taux de glissement de 1 mm/an sur les failles majeures orientées E-W bordant le golfe. Cette région est caractérisée par un niveau de sismicité très important et elle a été touchée plusieurs fois dans le passé par des tremblements de terre modérés et forts (Ms=5-6.7). La finalité de cette étude est de contribuer à la compréhension générale du rift du Golfe de Corinthe et du cycle sismique sur les failles majeures qui le bordent. Ceci a été fait en essayant de détecter, estimer et interpréter les mouvements inter-sismiques horizontaux et verticaux grâce à l'utilisation de techniques de géodésie spatiale, telles que le GPS et l'interférométrie radar. Ce mémoire est organisé en quatre chapitres: 1) Le premier chapitre décrit le cadre géodynamique dans lequel s'inscrit le Golfe de Corinthe. Cette introduction permettra de familiariser le lecteur avec le contexte tectonique de la région à diverses échelles: celle de la Méditerranée orientale, puis de la Grèce, pour ensuite se focaliser sur le rift du Golfe de Corinthe. 2) Le deuxième chapitre décrit en détail le réseau GPS du 1er et 2ème ordre du
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