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Orchids of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (West Bank, Palestine) Julius Pahl1,2 & Mazin B

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Orchids of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (West Bank, Palestine) Julius Pahl1,2 & Mazin B BOTANICAL CHECKLISTS Mediterranean Botany ISSNe 2603-9109 https://doi.org/10.5209/mbot.72120 Orchids of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (West Bank, Palestine) Julius Pahl1,2 & Mazin B. Qumsiyeh2 Received: 16 October 2020 / Accepted: 29 December 2020 / Published online: 8 March 2021 Abstract. Literature data and new records of members of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) in the Occupied Palestinian Territories were reviewed and updated with field data. Using data from the Palestine Museum of Natural History (PMNH), data from fellow botanists, and the Biodiversity databases (BioGIS and GBIF), the distribution patterns were analyzed with the QGIS package. Twenty-three taxa of eight genera were found in this preliminary study. For two species, no recent data from the last 20 years were available and in some cases likely declined due to human activity. Most species are from the Mediterranean phytogeographical zone, Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen was found in the Sudanian-Ethiopian zone (Dead Sea valley). The majority of the species found prefer semi-open shrublands (garrigue). Nine species had fewer than 20 records overall. Trends observed from the historical data, and current spatial data revealed major threats, including habitat fragmentation, urbanization, intensification of agricultural land use, afforestation and reduced precipitation due to global warming. We noted the proximity to thorny shrubs in many species indicating pressure by grazing animals during field visits. As recent data is scarce, surveys of sites where rare species have been encountered in the past are recommended, and measures to protect vulnerable populations are discussed. Keywords. Biodiversity; Conservation; Orchidaceae. How to cite: Pahl, J. & Qumsiyeh, M.B. 2021. Orchids of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (West Bank, Palestine). Mediterr. Bot. 42, e72120. https://doi.org/10.5209/mbot.72120 Introduction (Dafni et al., 1987; Al Sheikh & Mahassneh, 2017), the most comprehensive work on the flora of the region, The Mediterranean region is one of the 25 global the “Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina biodiversity hotspots with many endemic species Area” by Danin (2004) has not included any updates (Cuttelod et al., 2009). Situated at the nexus of in orchid distribution for the West Bank (Palestinian continents, the small geographic area of Palestine Occupied territories) since the previous edition from includes Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Saharo- 1985. Shifman just published a book (translated from Arabian, Coastal, and Ethiopian Sudanese flora and Hebrew to English in 2019) on Orchids of the region fauna (Soto-Berelov et al., 2015). Many aspects of the but was mostly reviewing work within the Green Line Palestinian flora remain unstudied, including updating (little on the West Bank). Due to the paucity of recent the status of many families and groups. There are also data, especially from many key areas, rapid changes due many areas rarely visited by botanists such as the to urbanization, and the importance to gather data for northern West Bank (see maps in Levin & Shmida, environmental monitoring, this study aims to provide an 2007). In recent decades, Palestine has been and still overview of the current status of orchids in the areas of is undergoing drastic change due to urbanisation, the West Bank. intensification or abandonment of agriculture, changes in land use (military zones, firing zones), changes in water management, intensified tourism, and climate Methods change (Qumsiyeh et al., 2014; Qumsiyeh & Amr, 2017). Orchidaceae can serve as an environmental The study area is the Palestinian Occupied Territories indicator locally because of: a) the presence of specific of the West Bank specifically focusing on protected and mycorrhiza to germinate; b) need for specialized threatened areas from mostly Mediterranean habitats. pollinators; c) narrow climatic and habitat tolerance; The area is basically the mountainous regions of Historic and d) sensitivity to human-induced activities such as Palestine formed geologically by uplift from the friction tourism, collection, and habitat changes (Vereecken et of the Arabian and African tectonic plates that also al., 2010; Barman & Devadas, 2013; Akhalkatsi et al., formed the Great Rift Valley (lowest point on earth 2014; Newman et al., 2015; Wraith & Pickering, 2017). being the Dead Sea). This resulted in varied topography While some orchids were studied before in Palestine consisting of high mountains that receive more rain on 1 Science Faculty, Zittau Görlitz University of Applied Sciences. Zittau, Germany 2 Palestine Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Bethlehem University. Bethlehem, State of Palestine. Email: [email protected] Mediterranean Botany 42, e72120, 2021 1 2 Pahl, J. & Qumsiyeh, M.B. Mediterranean Botany 42, e72120, 2021 their western side (from the Mediterranean Sea) and local governance platform GeoMolg), phytogeographic more arid regions on their eastern side. Thus, rainfall in zones (from the Applied Research Institute Jerusalem, the West Bank varies by region from 1000 mm to less received May 14th 2020) and elevation data (from the than 50 mm per year and temperatures can dip below NASA Digital Elevation Model), using an open source freezing in the mountains and can reach 40ºC in Jericho. Geographic Information System package (QGIS). Data The distribution of Orchidaceae in these areas was were analyzed in regards to distribution, habitats and studied based on collections from the Palestine Museum conservation needs. To screen for potentially threatened of Natural History (PMNH) from twelve locations species, two criteria have been checked. The risk of (Figure 1, Table 1, localities nº 9, 19, 30, 39, 46, 50, 51, decline for species is discussed for many localities. In 52, 55, 56, 58, 60), the Global Biodiversity Information contrast, a broader, more general risk assessment, such Facility (GBIF) and the records of Banan Alsheikh who as dependency on pollinators and current land use trends, worked as botanist in the area for more than 15 years. is discussed. Taxonomy, especially in the genera Orchis Where not otherwise specified, the localities refer to and Ophrys is debated and subject to changes and even the GBIF (downloaded from GBIF.org on May 14th “taxonomic inflation” (Pillon & Chase 2007). To ensure 2020). Where records exist for the same area from short uniformity in this project, the current names from the distances up to 3 km, they are pooled as one locality. To International Plant Names Index were adopted (IPNI analyze the habitats, the 61 localities were matched with 2020). Flora Palaestina by Danin (2004) and Delforge’s geospatial data covering mean annual rainfall, average third edition (2006) were also used for the description temperature, land cover, soil (from the Ministry of of the taxa. Figure 1. Map of localities in the West Bank. See Table 1. Pahl, J. & Qumsiyeh, M.B. Mediterranean Botany 42, e72120, 2021 3 Table 1. List of localities by ID number also referred to in Figure 1. Datum WGS84. ID Locality Longitude (N) Latitude (E) N. records 1 Abu Soda (Khallet Afana) 31°38’42” 35°7’58.8” 12 2 Ad-Dhahiriya 31°25’12” 34°58’12” 1 3 Al-Mughayer 32°0’57.6” 35°20’42” 2 4 Al-Kanoub 31°32’38.4” 35°13’19.2” 1 5 Al-Qarn 31°37’12” 35°7’37.2” 9 6 Banyas (hill near Nahalin) 31°41’31.2” 35°7’48” 2 7 Beit Hanina 31°49’30” 35°14’52.8” 24 8 Beit Lid 32°15’0” 35°7’4.8” 4 9 Beit Skarya 31°39’54” 35°6’46.8” 9 10 Bethlehem 31°43’26.4” 35°12’0” 2 11 Bidia 32°6’0” 35°3’39.6” 1 12 Bir Yan’bu (Tell) 32°11’16.8” 35°12’28.8” 5 13 Deir Abu Masha Deir Ammar/Zarqa 31°59’16.8” 35°5’27.6” 16 14 East Jerusalem (incl. Abu Dis) 31°47’2.4” 35°14’20.4” 10 15 East of Albireh 31°54’54” 35°13’40.8” 7 16 Ein Gedi - Dead sear area (NR) 31°37’19.2” 35°24’50.4” 8 17 Ein Siniyaa 31°57’43.2” 35°14’56.4” 2 18 El Jabel Elkabeiir (Al-Badhan) 32°15’3.6” 35°19’51.6” 9 19 Ertas 31°41’2.4” 35°10’44.4” 3 20 Falamiyeh 32°14’24” 35°00’00.0” 2 21 Faqqua’ 32°28’44.4” 35°23’49.2” 9 22 Hebron 31°30’54” 35°4’44.4” 2 23 Jabel Abu Ghneim 31°43’51.6” 35°12’36” 12 24 Jalazone RC 31°56’56.4” 35°13’22.8” 5 25 Jayyous 32°11’52.8” 35°2’31.2” 1 26 Jit 32°12’57.6” 35°9’50.4” 6 27 Kafr Zibad 32°13’26.4” 35°3’28.8” 2 28 Khirbet Tana 32°9’10.8” 35°24’25.2” 2 29 Khirbit Ein Nabi (Har Amasa) 31°21’14.4” 35°6’36” 1 30 Kufer Malik 31°56’52.8” 35°21’10.8” 10 31 Mt. Afner (Al Mughayer) 32°26’16.8” 35°25’12” 5 32 Nabi Samuel 31°49’26.4” 35°11’2.4” 15 33 Nablus 32°13’55.2” 35°13’19.2” 5 34 Osarin 32°7’19.2” 35°18’14.4” 10 35 Qalqilya 32°11’27.6” 34°58’19.2” 1 36 Biddu (Radar Mt.) 31°49’37.2” 35°8’9.6” 11 37 Ras Tira 32°9’43.2” 35°0’32.4” 13 38 Sahl Arraba 32°26’6” 35°9’25.2” 1 39 Salfit - Harris 32°5’34.8” 35°9’14.4” 15 40 Sartava 32°2’2.4” 35°23’27.6” 3 41 Sebastia 32°13’37.2” 35°11’49.2” 2 42 Tal al Khashabe 32°6’0” 35°20’27.6” 3 43 Tammoun (Jebel) 32°15’57.6” 35°23’42” 1 44 Tarama 31°28’8.4” 35°1’33.6” 1 45 Tayasir 32°17’6” 35°25’12” 7 46 Um Safa 32°0’54” 35°8’9.6” 123 47 Umm ar Rihan 32°28’33.6” 35°8’27.6” 20 48 Wadi al Far’a 32°16’48” 35°17’42” 1 49 Wadi Al-Dileb (Ein Qinia) 31°55’51.6” 35°8’42” 19 50 Wadi Al-Makhrour 32°49’48” 35°9’0” 12 4 Pahl, J.
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