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The First Known Chinese Calendar: a Reconstruction by the Synchronic Evidential Approach

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The First Known Chinese Calendar: a Reconstruction by the Synchronic Evidential Approach THE FIRST KNOWN CHINESE CALENDAR: A RECONSTRUCTION BY THE SYNCHRONIC EVIDENTIAL APPROACH by Xueshun Liu M.A., The University of Zhengzhou, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2005 © Xueshun Liu, 2005 ABSTRACT The first known Chinese calendar refers to the calendar embodied in the Yin oracle-bone inscriptions (OBI). Since 1925, the two-layered evidential method has been the standard approach to interpreting them. This method combines primary inscriptional evidence with secondary materials, resulting in inconclusiveness and inaccuracy in previous studies. By adopting the synchronic evidential approach, the present dissertation aims at accurately reconstructing the system by which the Yin divided time into fixed periods. Chapter 1 deals with background issues: it justifies the assertion that the Yin calendar was the first known Chinese calendar, presents inscriptional evidence indicating the existence of a prescriptive Yin calendar, proposes absolute dates for this calendar and justifies the adoption of the synchronic evidential approach. Chapter 2 focuses on time divisions in the Yin day. The two criteria for determining a time division in the OBI are defined as: 1) a word's usage as a time division in early Chinese texts, and 2) suitableness of this usage in inscriptional contexts. The order of the twelve time divisions shows that su WK is the first division of the Yin day. Su is thus the start of the Yin day. Chapter 3 analyzes the lunation in the Yin calendar. Inscriptional evidence confirms that the Yin month is either 30 or 29 days long. There is no proof of a long Yin month of 31 days or longer, or for a short one of 25 days. Long and short Yin months occur alternately. The Yin employed both year-end intercalation and in-year intercalation. By late periods, in-year intercalation replaced year-end intercalation. Chapter 4 addresses issues concerning the Yin year. A normal Yin year consists of 12 months, a leap year 13 months. The designation for the Yin year is TE. Reconstructions show the commencement of the Yin year is the second month before the month containing the winter solstice. Chapter 5 takes issue with a problematic attitude in the field. It is inappropriate to deny conclusions drawn from inscriptions. Rather, a researcher should give priority to inscriptional evidence over all other secondary materials. It is time to replace the two-layered evidential method with the synchronic evidential approach. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of contents iii List of tables v Acknowledgements vi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Yin Calendar as the First Known Chinese Calendar 1 1.2 The Existence of a Prescriptive Yin Calendar 4 1.3 The Absolute Dates of the Yin Calendar 12 1.4 The Synchronic Evidential Approach 14 1.5 Aims of this Study 20 CHAPTER TWO "THE DAY" IN THE YIN CALENDAR 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 How to Determine Words of Time Divisions 23 2.2.1 Lexical Meaning 24 2.2.2 Inscriptional Context 25 2.2.3 Lexical Meaning and Inscriptional Context 27 2.3 Time Divisions of the Yin Day 29 2.3.1 Ri 29 2.3.1.1 Sub-divisions ofRi in Period III 30 2.3.1.2 Sub-divisions of Ri in Period 1 58 2.3.1.3 Sub-divisions of Ri in Period II 67 2.3.1.4 Sub-divisions of Ri in Period IV 70 2.3.1.5 Sub-divisions of Ri in Period V 71 2.3.2 Xi 73 2.3.2.1 Zhuo: a Time Division? 80 2.3.3 Order of Time Divisions of the Yin Day 82 2.3.3.1 Ri before Xi 82 2.3.3.2 Order of Time Divisions of Ri 84 2.3.4 Characteristics of Yin Time Divisions 88 2.4 The Start of the Yin Day 90 2.4.1 Evaluation of Previous Theories 91 2.4.1.1 The Midnight Theory 91 2.4.1.2 The Cockcrow Theory 93 2.4.1.3 The Dawn Theory 94 2.4.2 Su: the Start of the Yin Day 94 2.4.2.1 From Dacai to Xi: No Start of the Yin Day 94 2.4.2.2 Su before Dan 95 2.4.2.3 Su: the Beginning of the Yin Day 98 CHAPTER THREE "THE MONTH" IN THE YIN CALENDAR 99 3.1 Introduction 99 3.2 The Number of the Month in a Yin Year 99 3.3 The Length of the Yin Month 104 3.3.1 Yin Month Not Always 30 Days Long 104 3.3.2 No Yin Month of 40 or 50 Days 109 iii 3.3.3 No Yin Month of 31 Days '. 109 3.3.4 No Yin Month as Short as 25 Days 122 3.3.5 Yin Month is 29 Days or 30 Days Long 125 3.3.6 No Reference to Dayue or Xiaoyue 142 3.4 The Commencement of the Yin Month 145 3.5 The Arrangement of Yin Months 149 3.5.1 Consecutive Long Yin Months 150 3.5.2 Consecutive Short Yin Months 151 3.5.3 Intercalation in the Yin Calendar 153 3.5.3.1 The Existence of Intercalation of the Yin Calendar 153 3.5.3.2 Year-end Intercalation 154 3.5.3.3 In-year Intercalation 154 3.5.3.4 Conclusion with Regard to In-year Intercalation 178 CHAPTER FOUR "THE YEAR" IN THE YIN CALENDAR 180 4.1 Introduction 180 4.2 The Designation for the Yin Year 180 4.2.1 Criteria 180 4.2.2 Si 181 4.2.3 Sui 190 4.2.4 Nian 193 4.2.5 Zai .' 197 4.3 The Commencement of the Yin Year 199 4.3.1 Evaluation of Previous Studies 200 4.3.1.1 Evaluation of Inscriptions about Huo 202 4.3.1.2 Inscriptions about Lunar Eclipses 207 4.3.1.3 Inscriptions about Weather 214 4.3.1.4 Inscriptions about Agriculture 221 4.3.2 Reconstruction of the Start of the Yin Year 226 4.3.2.1 Absolute Dates for Lunar Eclipses in the OBI 226 4.3.2.2 Reconstruction of Calendars for Two Lunar Eclipses 232 4.3.3.3 Conclusion 238 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUDING REMARKS 240 Bibliography 253 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Order of Time Divisions of the Yin Day 89 2. Reconstruction of the Calendar for Heji 22404 116 3. Reconstruction of the Calendar for Heji 11546 127 4. Reconstruction of the Calendar for Heji 11485 131 5. Reconstruction of the Calendar for Heji 339 140 6. New Moons in 1228 BC and 1227 BC 148 7. Intercalary Months in the Yin OBI 174 8. Reconstruction of the Calendar and Five-Ritual Cycle for Three Sis 187 9. Opinions about the Start of the Yin Year 201 10. Winter of the Yin Year 217 11. Reconstruction of the Calendar for 1228 BC - 1227 BC 234 12. Reconstruction of the Calendar for 1227 BC 235 13a. Reconstruction of the Calendar for 1167 BC - 1166 BC 236 13b. Reconstruction of the Calendar for 1167 BC - 1166 BC 237 14a. Reconstruction of the Calendar for 1166 BC 237 14b. Reconstruction of the Calendar for 1166 BC 238 15. In-Year Intercalation in Late Spring and Autumn Period 247 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have finally managed to make this dissertation ready for defence after numerous revisions that include expanding both scope and depth, as well as adding major and fine details. The result of these revisions, which I consider as improvement over my previous versions, could not have been made without the help of many individuals. To each of them, I want to express my deepest gratitude. Allow me now to credit them. I naturally want to express my gratitude first and foremost to my academic advisor, Professor Ken-ichi Takashima, whose unsurpassed tutelage throughout my graduate work has not only taught me the knowledge of Chinese palaeography, but also trained me in how to conduct research by the distinctive and productive synchronic evidential approach. Moreover, his insightful and detailed criticisms, suggestions and corrections on numerous passages, all of which were given during his careful and tireless reading of drafts of this dissertation, have definitely made the content of this work more accurate and the flow of the main points more logical. To him, I express my sincere and everlasting gratitude. I also want to express my gratitude to my committee member Professor Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Even though he retired many years ago, he has been conducting graduate seminars at the University of British Columbia on a regular basis, in response to the interest of Professor Takashima who believes that knowledge of Chinese historical phonology and linguistics is essential in doing research on ancient Chinese civilization. Professor Takashima's graduate students also wanted to get first-hand tutelage from such an eminent scholar as Professor Pulleyblank. I consider myself lucky to have been one of those students who have taken a comprehensive examination for a PhD in the field of historical Chinese phonology from Professor Pulleyblank. As is well known, Professor Pulleyblank is a rare linguist who also does active work in the field of Chinese history. Although the period of his interest is later than the Yin Dynasty, Professor Pulleyblank has given me numerous valuable comments on the draft of this dissertation. I knew they came from the eyes of a keen historian.
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