IC-HUSO 2017
Panel 8 : Social Development
1. Urban Gardening: Individual Homes Perspective 370 Towards Square Foot Gardening Hassanal M. Ampang, Kent E. Barcelo, Rochell Mae N. Rojero, Michael Joseph F. Boniao, Michael Art R. Napoles
2. Impact of External Environmental Factors on Green Supply Chain 381 Management: An Empirical Study in Fast Moving Consumer Goods Industry in Vietnam Duong Van Bay
3. Education for All: The Analysis of Multi-Actor Relation on Implementing 394 Education System in LPKA Wonosari, DI. Yogyakarta Maria Angelica Christy Aka, Farahita Nandini, M. Dimas Ponco Wirianto
4. Becoming Ajarn: Narratives of the Filipino Teachers in Thailand 403 Eunice Barbara C. Novio, Nancy Guigue Catane
5. Developing Hi-tech Applied Agriculture towards Sustainability 420 and Efficiency: A Case Study in Thai Nguyen Province Ta Thi Thanh Huyen
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Urban Gardening: Individual Homes Perspective Towards Square Foot Gardening
Hassanal M. Ampang, Kent E. Barcelo, Rochell Mae N. Rojero, Michael Joseph F. Boniao and Dr. Michael Art R. Napoles
Department of Technology Teacher Education, College of Education, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Philippines [email protected]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to determine the level of awareness of the residence of Purok Mabination in Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City on the square foot gardening. Thirty-two (32) residences were randomly selected with the use of sloven formula in getting the sample size.
The result shows that majority of the respondents are aware that square foot gardening on their individuals’ homes have a significant contribution as an alternative source of food for their daily consumption . There is no significant relationship also between the socio economic status of the respondents and their level of awareness towards the square foot gardening. This implies also that the age, gender, monthly income, area’ s space, family members, and livelihood has no relationship on the perception of the respondents towards the square foot gardening.
Keywords: Gardening, Square foot gardening, Urban Gardening
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Introduction Now a day in urban areas, urban gardening is a process of growing plants of all types and variety in an urban area. This guarantees the consumers that the plant that they are going to eat is fresh, more natural and healthier than any saleable product from the market. Urban gardening as defined by Jen Wallace (2014). Urban gardening and farming are mishmashes of techniques and approaches to growing and raising food in densely populated urban centers. Because of the very nature of cities, there’s not a one-size-fits-all approach, but rather a plethora of solutions and practices that are undertaken by individuals, communities, cooperatives and businesses alike. A restaurant may grow their own herbs in an indoor garden, a neighbourhood may take over a vacant lot for a raised bed garden, a cooperative may keep bees for honey on the roof, or a family may plan a container garden for a patio–all are examples of urban gardening. Instead of the long-standing practice of trucking in the food to cities, city dwellers are taking matters into their own hands to produce local and sustainable food. Due to the exponentially increase of the population in a single country, the demands of the people in consuming good vegetable are also growing but the supply of this products cannot meet the demands of the total population of the country. Because of this, there are common rural farmer suppliers are also found some solutions to this problem by using alternative ways to produce sufficient amount of supply by spraying chemicals like synthetic pesticides that can damage our brain and nervous system, disrupt our hormones and contribute to cancer and even washing the vegetables does not completely remove the pesticide residues. Aside from that, urban gardening is not a big deal for some people who are very dependable on market products; they have forgotten the essence of good well-being and healthier body. Due to ignorance and lack of experience, the people of the society suffers nutrient deficiency, despite of consuming some food products that have some preservative ingredients this are not enough to provide the right amount of vitamins. Due to chemical dependent product from the markets give no advantage to the consumers. This problem should not be tolerated for any reasons that’s why dweller must decide whether what is needed to be done or what is not. The importance of this study is it gives insights and realization to the future researcher and readers and to encourage the people to be somehow dependent in urban gardening as it can also help to sustain enough amount of vitamins and minerals that human needs. Some urban dwellers grow their own food for health benefits, by eating fresh harvest and spending more time outside doing physical work with soil (Ross & Haynes, 1988; Scully et al. 1998). Hence, urban vegetable gardening has the potential to improve well-being of gardeners along a variety of dimensions. In addition, urban agriculture provides social benefits due to the emergence of opportunities to cooperate with other individuals, exchanging their produce with others, and by meeting new people who have common interests. Urban agriculture contributes to local economic development, poverty alleviation, the social inclusion of the urban poor and women, as well as to the greening of the city and the productive reuse of urban wastes (World Bank s and know-how of food production and impacts of food production on the natural environment.
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The study only aims to determine the level of awareness of urban gardening and its contribution to the urban society, the immeasurable reliance of market products that is exclusively for and enough to sustain the demands of the urban vegetarian residents. Theoretical Framework The underpinning theoretical framework of this study is Demographic Theories. These theories were proposed by Carl Sauer (1889-1975), an American geographer. These theories postulate that the increase in human population is hampered by the carrying capacity of the natural environment in supplying food. With further increase in population, the food that the wild naturally supplies became too insignificant. Marxist theory, capitalist try to corrupt the minds of the toiling masses and poison them with their reactionary “values”, they want to “convince” workers that gardening is a great pleasure and thereby to keep them busy in their leisure time and to prevent them from making the proletarian revolution. To garden is therefore to participate in the great plot aiming at the ideological deception of the masses, do not garden. String Theory for Plants,(2006), Many climbing plants use barbs, tendrils, or rootlets to attach themselves to the structures they ascend, but so-called twining plants simply wind themselves around a support and stay there without any adhesive tricks. In the 3 November PRL, researchers offer a mechanical model of how the free tip of a twining stem can hold onto a smooth support, allowing the plant to grow upward. The model also explains why these vines cannot grow on supports of too large a diameter. A twining plant can’t hold up its own weight, so it wraps around a vertical support. As the vine pulls itself up, it generates tension along its stem, as in the taut rope of a mountain climber scaling a cliff. But botanists haven’t explained how, if the growing tip is not attached, the vine can sustain tension, allowing a “pulling” force with respect to the roots. Another puzzle, noted by botanists dating back to Charles Darwin, is that these plants can’t wrap around supports that are too fat, like a large tree trunk.
Schematic Diagram
Dependent Variable Urban residents’ level of awareness
Independent variables • Availability • Area’s space
• Monthly income • Number of family • Level of interest • Livelihood
Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the Study
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Statement of the Problem This study aims to know the significant effect and importance of urban gardening in every individual resident, with respect to the following questions: 1. What are the profiles of the respondents according to the said variable? 1.1 Availability (respondents time) 1.2 Area’s Space 1.3 Monthly income 1.4 Number of family members 1.5 Livelihood 2. What is the perception of the respondents in terms of putting up a garden? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the socio economic profile of the respondents and their level of awareness towards the square foot gardening?
Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between the socio economic profile of the respondents and their level of awareness towards the square foot gardening.
Method
This chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It contains the research design, population and sample, research locale, respondents of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatments that were used to analyze the data. Research Design This study used the descriptive research design. According to Glass & Hopkins (2001), the term descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. One of the instruments that were being used to obtain data in a descriptive study is a survey. Sample
Figure 1.0 Design of a Square Foot Garden This figure shows our design in square foot garden. The length of this square foot is 12 inches and there is no division in planting the vegetables. Camote tops and Alugbate are
373 Proceeding of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017) 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |
IC-HUSO 2017 374 the vegetables that we planted in this square foot garden. This kind of square foot garden is only for small spaces. Here’s the step in creating/making a square foot garden: • First is gather all the materials needed. *pencil *saw *hammer (claw hammer) *nails *pull push rule *try square *1x1 stick *ply wood *sack (rice) Procedures: 1) Cut 4 stick with a length of 12 inches (1 foot) using a saw. 2) Form it into a perfect square using nails in every corner. 3) Then, cut 4 stick with a length of 5 inches tall and nailed it into the corner of the square foot right inside the 90 degrees. 4) Use sack as a soil holder then cover both sides with ply wood. 5) Lastly, paint it with design and put it wherever you want.
Figure 2.0 Panel of Square Foot Garden This figure shows the original design of a square foot garden which is divided into small square sections for the growing area of the plants. In each small squares has a different plants/vegetables planted. This kind of square foot garden is for big spaces.
Good quality of a square foot garden: Square foot gardening is very useful in designing your house. It is very effective idea to set up a garden if you don’t have enough space or backyard in your house. It is also very effective for stress reliever.
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Research Locale The researchers conducted the study in Purok Mabination, Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City. Iligan City is a highly urbanized city in the Northern Mindanao region, Philippines. It is geographically within the province of Lanao del Norte but administered independently from the province. These places are populated with different types of people.
Respondents of the Study There were 32 households in Purok Mabination, Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City was randomly chosen as the respondents of the study through the use of sloven formula. The researchers selected them with the considering that they will supply the best data required in the study considering their own experience and training.
Results and Discussion
This chapter describes the analysis and interpretation of data followed by a discussion of the research findings. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study. Data were analyzed to identify, describe and explore the significance of the square foot gardening in urban areas.
Table 7. Summary of the evaluation on the responses of the respondents as to the Questions of the Survey. Criteria Mean Degree of Quality Responses Description Questions 1. Square foot gardening is advisable in every house. 3.75 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 2. I prefer harvesting any of the food from square foot garden. 3.50 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 3. Having a square foot garden is very good idea. 3.53 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 4. I think it is necessary to give extra time and effort in having a square foot garden. 3.81 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 5. The square foot garden vegetable is a good alternative source of food. 3.63 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 6. I do not have time to grow food. 3.50 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 7. Having a square foot garden could minimize your food budget. 3.34 Agree Good Perceptions 8. Having a square foot garden could be a source of income. 3.41 Agree Good Perceptions
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9. Harvested vegetables could be used for small business. 3.25 Agree Good Perceptions 10. Growing food in the city makes the city more beautiful. 3.47 Agree Good Perceptions 11. Square foot garden vegetables are more reliable to eat rather than market products. 3.72 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 12. Square foot garden could help the family members to ingest sufficient nutrients. 3.38 Agree Good Perceptions 13. Square foot garden is much better if it has a bigger space consumed. 3.75 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 14. Square foot is intended for urban residences only. 3.16 Agree Good Perceptions 15. Square foot as a habit, not a time consuming. 3.34 Agree Good Perceptions 16. Home grown vegetables taste better. 3.66 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 17. This square foot gardening should be implemented along all the cities around the 3.69 Strongly Agree Very Good world. Perceptions 18. Growing your own food is cheaper than buying it. 3.72 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions 19. Investing for a square foot garden is a better idea for healthy vegetables. 3.47 Agree Good Perceptions 20. Square foot garden can sustain sufficient amount of nutritious vegetables for your 3.28 Agree Good demands. Perceptions Total 70.37 Strongly Agree Very Good Perceptions Sum of mean over the number of questions is equal to 70.37/20 = 3.5185 or 3.52 Table 7 presents the summary of the evaluation on the responses of the respondents as to the Questions of the Survey. The statement number 1 (Square foot gardening is advisable in every house.) has a mean of 3.75 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 2 (I prefer harvesting any of the food from square foot garden.) has a mean of 3.50 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 3 (Having a square foot garden is very good idea.) has a mean of 3.53 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions.
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The statement number 4 (I think it is necessary to give extra time and effort in having a square foot garden.) has a mean of 3.81 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 5 (The square foot garden vegetable is a good alternative source of food.) has a mean of 3.63 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 6 (I do not have time to grow food.) has a mean of 3.50 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 7 (Having a square foot garden could minimize your food budget.) has a mean of 3.34 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 8 (Having a square foot garden could be a source of income.) has a mean of 3.41and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 9 (Harvested vegetables could be used for small business.) has a mean of 3.25 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 10 (Growing food in the city makes the city more beautiful.) has a mean of 3.47 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 11 (Square foot garden vegetables are more reliable to eat rather than market products.) has a mean of 3.72 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 12 (Square foot garden could help the family members to ingest sufficient nutrients.) has a mean of 3.38 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 13 (Square foot garden is much better if it has a bigger space consumed.) has a mean of 3.75 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 14 (Square foot is intended for urban residences only.) has a mean of 3.16 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 15 (Square foot as a habit, not a time consuming.) has a mean of 3.34 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. The statement number 16 (Home grown vegetables taste better.) has a mean of 3.66 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 17 (This square foot gardening should be implemented along all the cities around the world.) has a mean of 3.69 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 18 (Growing your own food is cheaper than buying It.) has a mean of 3.72 and responded as strongly agree by the respondents which have a very good perceptions. The statement number 19 (Investing for a square foot garden is a better idea for healthy vegetables.) has a mean of 3.47 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions.
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The statement number 20 (Square foot garden can sustain sufficient amount of nutritious vegetables for your demands.) has a mean of 3.28 and responded as agree by the respondents which have a good perceptions. This data have proven that all of the respondents have agreed and having a positive perception about the square foot gardening in their home as the result of their respond to the researcher’s survey questionnaire. The sum of mean of this table over the number of questions is equal to 3.52. According to Vicki Been and Ioan Voicu (2006), “We find that gardens have the greatest impact in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. Higher quality gardens have the greatest positive impact.” According to the Northscaping ITDS (2012), “We always hear about the negative impact humans have on the environment, but by gardening we can truly "go green" to benefit the earth. Plants act as highly effective air cleaners, absorbing carbon dioxide, plus many air pollutants, while releasing clean oxygen and fragrance. Also, a dense cover of plants and mulch holds soil in place, reducing erosion and keeping sediment out of streams, storm drains and roads. By planting new gardens, such as rain gardens, we can make use of the rain water run-off and help prevent harmful pollutants from making it in our streams and lakes.”
Table 8. Results of the Pearson Moment Correlation on the significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their perception towards the square foot gardening. Variables N Correlatio Sig. Decision Interpretation n
Age 32 0.196 0.283 Not Accepted No relationship significant Gender 32 -0.074 0.686 Not Accepted No relationship significant Monthly Income 32 0.288 0.110 Not Accepted No relationship significant Area’s space 32 -0.182 0.319 Not Accepted No relationship significant Family members 32 0.197 0.279 Not Accepted No relationship significant Livelihood 32 0.123 0.502 Not Accepted No relationship significant Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Table 8 presents the results of the Pearson Moment Correlation on the significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their perception towards the square foot gardening. There were 6 variables as the profile of the respondents correlate to their perception towards the square foot gardening. The correlation value as shown in the table has signified a no relationship on the perceptions of the respondents with the correlation value of 0.196, -0.074, 0.288, -0.182, 0.197, and 0.123. The result shown also on the level of significant is higher than 0.05 (2 tailed) which means the null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it concluded that there is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their perception towards the square foot gardening. This implies also that the age, gender, monthly income, area’s space, family members, and livelihood has no relationship on the perception of the respondents towards the square foot gardening.
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Conclusion and Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The profiles of the respondents that effect on their interest on having the square foot urban gardening are availability, area’s space, monthly income, family members and livelihood. 2. Majority of the respondents have a very good perception in putting up square foot garden in their homes. The respondents have their desires but there were factors that could affect their interest on the urban gardening. 3. There is no significant relationship between the perception of the respondents towards the square foot gardening and the profiles of the respondents.
Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following recommendation is presented: 1. The researchers recommend that the residents in Purok Mabination, Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City or any urban area should have a little amount of time in taking care of the square foot garden in order to meet the desired results. In every house, the researchers recommend that the small unused space can be utilized in having a square foot garden. If the respondents have a high monthly income the researchers recommends investment for their square foot garden. 2. The researchers recommend that the residents in urban area should have a square foot garden in their homes since some of the products in the square foot garden can be sold which can add up to their income and it can provide sufficient vegetable foods. 3. The researchers recommend that the future researchers should focus only in one Barangay to achieve the maximum accuracy in gathering the data.
Bibliography
Haynes (2000). Black Families at the Crossroads. San Francisco: p. 162.
Pearson, Philippa (2014). Small Space Garden Ideas. New York: p.11 and page 236.
Raymond, Francine (2010). Lady gardening pioneers in a man’s world. p.2.
Wendin, Lori (2002). Gardening in Small Spaces. USA: p. 3.
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Online References
Angielski, Dezyk (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of having a big family. Retrieved from https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fsciaga.pl%2Ftekst%2F15588-16- advantages_and_disadvantages_of_having_a_big_family&h=ATP-UuAqt9W- jRbGTp_xtjrZxehgBM3ZElLh5X4SXrX2rQEUh2P2nIi- YY5WnUKflivB9tR8Dv9J0g8djohEO1tb5Hc4zQtAcvzI38gr_OLPYv3Na2Xepva4oA- EVdrgrudE4xYF Been and Voicu (2006). The Effect of Community Gardens on Neighboring Property Values. Retrieved from http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_lewp/46/ Derbyshire, David (2011). If you want a great garden, hand her the gloves. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1377513/Women-better-gardening-reveals- survey.html Derbyshire, David (2009). Why gardening boosts men’s performance in the bedrooms. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1117563/Why-gardening-boosts- mens-performance-bedroom.html Griswold, Dr. Lincoln (2015). Why gardening is great for seniors? Retrieved from http://www.griswoldhomecare.com/blog/real-story-why-gardening-is-great-for-seniors/ Guinness, Bunny (2015). Profit from your plot: 10 ways to make money from your garden. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/11655370/Profit-from-your-plot-10- ways-to-make-money-from-your-garden.html Letts, Quentin (2011). Yes, it’s true; women are better gardeners than men, who are only useful for moving manure and hiding in the shed. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1380195/Yes-true-Women-ARE-better-gardeners- men-useful-moving-manure-hiding-shed.html Neave, Dr. Nick (2000). When it comes to the garden, women are better. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/when-it-comes-to-the-garden-women-are-better-280547.html Northscaping ITDS (2012). The Benefits of Gardening. Retrieved from http://www.schultesgreenhouse.com/Benefits.html Northwest Flower and Garden Show (2017). Big benefits to gardening in small spaces. Retrieved from http://www.seattletimes.com/sponsored/big-benefits-to-gardening-in-small-spaces/ Norton, Cherry (2000). When it comes to the garden, women are better. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/when-it-comes-to-the-garden-women-are-better-280547.html Weldon, Cecille (2017). Gardening in Small Spaces. Australia: Retrieved from https://liveability.com.au/liveabilityguides/gardening-small-spaces/ Xcel, Roi (2013). Human Development. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/roislecx/human-development-16300389
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Impact of External Environmental Factors on Green Supply Chain Management: An Empirical Study in Fast Moving Consumer Goods Industry in Vietnam
Duong Van Bay International School of Management and Economics, National Economics University, Hanoi, Vietnam E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The study is aimed at exploring the external environmental factors that affect green supply chain management. The official study was conducted with 479 fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) businesses through direct and online surveys. Collected data is used for scale re- measure, factor analysis and strutural equation modelling with the support of SPSS and AMOS statistical software. The study identifíes four external environmental factors that influence green supply chain management, including (i) Environmental regulation, (ii) Supplier and community pressure, (iii) Competitive pressure and (iv) Buyer pressure. In addition, it also finds that green supply chain management consists of three main practices, including (i) Environmental Management, (ii) Reverse Logistics, and (iii) Investment recovery.
Keywords: External factor, environmental management, green supply chain management
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1. Introduction Green supply chain management is a new innovative management tool that can be used to enhance competitiveness and promote the environmental and financial performance of businesses. The previous studies have shown that there are various factors driving the adoption of green initiatives and standards in businesses’ operations. These factors include internal strategic motivation and exterrnal pressure. External factors are mainly related to pressure from stakeholders while internal factors are related to specific business strategies. The effects of supply chain management on economic and environmental performance can be differentiated on the basis of the origin of these pressures (Zhu et al., 2007). Businesses’ commitments to environmental issues can improve the adoption of green supply chain management (Drumwright, 1994). Although research on green management has increased, only a few ones have focused on the drivers to motivate organizations to adopt green supply chain management. Most previous studies have simply attempted to find a relationship between green supply chain management and economic and environmental performance. In addition, these studies have been conducted mainly in the developed countries and very few done in emerging-market countries. Vietnam is one of the developing economies. After joining the World Trade Organization, Vietnamese businesses have paid more attention to environmental issues. This is one of the significant contributions to the sustainable development of businesses in the general economy. In practice, Vietnamese businesses have relatively few supply relationships with foreign businesses. One of the main reasons for this situation is that the products of Vietnamese busineses do not meet the quality and environmental requirements of foreign companies. In addition, the lack of interest in environmental management from businesses has led to an increase in the pollution of land, air and water resources (Nguyen Thi Viet Anh et al., 2013). In the context of increasing environmental degradation, businesses are forced to pay more attention to the "eco-footprint" by changing their strategic stance and adopting green initiatives. With the increase of competition in the global market, busineses must adopt modern strategies to build themselves sustainable and gain competitive advantage. Thus, this study is an empirical investigation of the relationship between external environmental factors and green supply chain management. In which, the author selected manufacturers and suppliers of FMCG for supermarkets, convenience stores and food stores for research. The study on FMCG businesses would draws valuable experience for other businesses to adopt green supply chain management in the process of international economic integration. Based on the above reasons, the research topic on "The impact of external environmental factors on green supply chain management" was selected for study.
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2. Literature review and theoretical framework 2.1. Green supply chain management Green supply chain management is the process of integrating environmental ideas into supply chain management (Zhu & Sarkis, 2004). Vachon (2007) argued that green supply chain management is the integration of environmental management and supply chain management, or green supply chain management is a well-thought-out design of environmental elements in the decision making process. By adding "green" ingredients to supply chain management practices, Lee (2012), Huang (2010); Zhu & Sarkis (2004), Min & Galle (2001) and Carter & Ellram (1998) showed that green supply chain management practices were implemented to improve environmental performance through internal environmental management, green purchasing, eco- design, reverse logistics and investment recovery. Rao (2002) argued that green supply chain management practices were quite diverse, including participants and practices in supply chain management. 2.2. External environmental factors affecting green supply chain management 2.2.1. Environmental regulations Environmental regulations play an important role in the implementation of environmental management in businesses and serve as one of the key drivers of eco-innovation. Environmental regulations include domestic environmental regulations, government environmental policies, and international environmental agreements (Zhu and Sarkis, 1998 and 2006). Domestic environmental regulations require businesses to adopt strategies and take measures to improve environmental performance. Domestic regulations and corporate environmental mandates are two major pressures (Zhu and Sakis, 2006). Moreover, the main drivers on environmental perceptions of businesses increase the role of government regulations (Handfield et al., 1999). Communities are increasingly conscious to environment, mandatory requirements imposed by government policies, regulations and pressures from organizations are seen as factors that drive businesses towards adoption of green production or environmental management policies. Environmental policy on air emissions remains one of the most important factors in saving environmental strategies. Domestic environmental regulations have a direct and significant impact on eco-design. Many governments and businesses are also affected by international environmental agreements, such as the Kyoto Agreements, the Climate Change Treaty, and the Montreal Protocol. Hypothesis H1: Environmental regulation has a positive impact on green supply chain management. 2.2.2. Buyer pressure Buyers, especially the buyers who are the manufacturers of the products for the end consumers in the supply chain are the most important and influential people to suppliers. As a result, changes in buyers' purchasing policies and practices have a direct impact on suppliers’ behavior. The fact that large buyers have a significant influence on changes in the entire supply
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chain. In addition, suppliers who receive technical and managerial support from buyers when increasing environmental performance can participate in environmental initiatives alongside business partners. Suppliers can feel positive about changes because they can benefit from reduced costs, improved operational performace, and increased value for customers when participating in green supply chain initiatives with buyers (Lippman, 1999, 2001) Hypothesis H2: Buyer pressure has a positive impact on green supply chain management. 2.2.3. Competitive pressure Successful large businesses in an industry are closely monitored by competitors and outside environmentalists (Zhu and Sarkis, 2007). Therefore, many organizations operating under competitive pressures are often required to adopt green initiatives to compete and gain competitive advantage (Carter and Ellram, 1998). A business can gain competitive advantage over its competitors by acquiring products. Taking advantage of market agility and corporate reputation, manufacturers can purchase and resell refurbished products to increase revenue (Zhu et al., 2008). Businesses cooperate for green initiatives to achieve sustainable competitive advantage (Hart, 1995). Moreover, collaborative orientation in pollution prevention, product management, and sustainable development strategies are essential to achieving sustainable competitive advantage (Hart, 2000). Hypothesis H3: Competitive pressure has a positive impact on green supply chain management. 2.2.4. Public pressure Environmental awareness of consumers is increasing due to rapid environmental degradation (Min and Galle, 1997). Consequently, consumer perceptions of environmental protection and energy conservation can raise the society’s awareness on social issues as one of the most influential pressures on businesses starting adoption of green supply chain management. Purchasing behavior is changing due to environmental awareness of the society (Skrentny, 1993). As a result, many younger consumers are becoming more aware of environment and are starting to favor greener products, using less packaging, less pollution and less energy consumption (Greenan and et al, 1997). In fact, increasing awareness of environment can be seen as an opportunity for businesses to acquire new consumers by providing more environmentally friendly products or services (Walker et al, 2008). The environmental considerations of businesses are not only due to requirements from global criteria but also from consumer pressure in the society (Rao, 2007). The products impact on human health so sustainable solutions are always of full attention and awareness to the community so it has an impact on the businesses’ decision-making. Most experts say that the community of stakeholders is likely to influence and change the attitudes and behavior of the businesses. Hypothesis H4: Community pressure has a positive impact on green supply chain management.
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2.3. Research model and hypothesis Based on the findings of the literature review and the theoretical background presented above, the author proposes a model of research on the relationship between external environmental factors and green supply chain management of FMGC suppliers (as Figure 4). Accordingly, the study shows four external environmental factors that influence on green supply chain management, including (i) Environmental regulation, (ii) Buyer pressure, (iii) Competitive pressure, (iv) Community pressure. Green supply chain management consists of five main practices, including (i) Environmental Management, (ii) Green purchasing, (iii) Eco-Design, (iv) Reverse logistics and (v) Investment recovery. Figure 1: Research model
Environmental regulation
Green supply chain management Buyer pressure a. Environmental regulation Competitive pressure b. Green purchasing c. Eco-design External factors External d. Reverse logistics e. Investment recovery Public pressure
- Hypothesis H1: Environmental regulation has a positive impact on supply chain management. - Hypothesis H2: Buyer pressure has a positive impact on green supply chain management. - Hypothesis H3: Competitive pressure has a positive impact on green supply chain management. - Hypothesis H4: Public pressure has a positive impact on green supply chain management. 3. Methodology 3.1. Research process The study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research in two phases, preliminary research and formal study. Qualitative research was conducted by in-depth interview method with 10 FMCG busineses. The interview results helped the author adjust the model and the scales before conducting quantitative research and formal verification of model. Preliminary quantitative research was conducted with 120 FMCG businesses through direct survey.
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Quantitative research was conducted with 479 FMCG busineses through direct survey and online survey. Data collection was used to re-measure the scale, to analyze the exploratory factor, confirmatory factor and to test the models and hypothese with SEM with the support of SPSS and AMOS version 23.0. 3.2. Data colletion method The population of research is the FMCG businesses in Vietnam. To achieve the research objectives, the author selected non-probability sampling method. Samples were selected by stratified random sampling and the 479 samples were obtained in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The survey questionnaire was developed based on the studies by Lee (2012), Huang (2010) Zhu & Sarkis (2004, 2005), Min & Galle (2001), Carter & Ellram (1998), which focused on evaluating the influence of external environmental factors on green supply chain management. Specifically, the survey was designed in three parts. The first part covers questions about green supply chain management practices. The second part contains questions about the external environmental factors affecting green supply chain management. The questions were answered with a five-point Likert scale. And the third part is the personal information of the interviewee. 4. Research findings 4.1. Sample descriptive statistics The statistical results show that out of 479 surveyed enterprises, SOEs account for 8.4%; Private enterprises for 68.2%; Foreign invested enterprises for 19.4% and other types of enterprises for 4.0%. Of which, enterprises with less than 100 employees account for 46.1%; Enterprises with 100-300 employees for 20.5%; Enterprises with between 301 and 500 for 7.5%; Enterprises with 500 employees or more for 25.9%. Moreover, food enterprises account for 33.4%; Alcohol, beer and beverage products for 12.7%; Milk and dairy products for 3.5%; Personal and family care products for 11.3% and other related products for 39.1%. 4.2. Testing the scale reliability with Cronbach’s alpha The Cronbach's alpha analytical results of green supply chain management show that all scales have the Cronchbach's alpha reliability coefficients greater than 0.6 and the item-total correlations greater than 0.3. Specifically, the environmental management with the item-total correlations ranging from 0.79 to 0.855 and coefficient α = 0.860; Green purchasing with the item-total correlations varying from 0.879 to 0.896 and coefficient α = 0.912> 0.6; Eco-design with the item-total correlations ranging from 0.61 to 0.763 and coefficient α = 0.840; Investment recovery with the item-total correlation ranging from 0.831 to 0.88 and the coefficient α = 0.895; Reverse logistics with the item-total correlations ranging from 0.961 to 0.968 and coefficient α = 0.972. In addition, the statistical results on external environmental factors show that all scales have Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients greater than 0.6 and item-total correlations greater than 0.3. Specifically, the scale of environmental regulation with the item-total correlations ranging from 0.444 to 0.823 and coefficient α = 0.875; Buyer pressure with the item-total correlation of all observed variables varying from 0.331 to 0.782 and coefficient α = 0.808; Competitive
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pressure with the item-total correlations varying from 0.488 to 0.781 and the coefficient α = 0.849; The public pressure with the item-total correlations varying from 0.564 to 0.675 and coefficient α = 0.789. 4.3. Testing the scale validity with the exploratory factor analysis EFA The scale of external environmental factors includes 23 observed variables verified by EFA with the Principal Axis Factoring extraction method and the Promax rotation. After removing 07 unmatched variables, the results of KMO and Bartlett's test showed KMO = 0.876 (> 0.5) and Sig. = 0.000 (<0.05), suggesting that the remaining 16 variables were correlated on the whole. Furthermore, the EFA results in Table 1 showed that four factors were extracted with a total variance of 65.178% (> 50%). That is, the general part of the scale contributes to the concept of external environmental factors that affect green supply chain management. This demonstrates that these scales explain well the concept of external environmental factors affecting green supply chain management. In other words, these four factors accounted for 65.178% of the variation of the data. Variables in the scales have factor loadings ranging from 0.537 to 0.961, which are greater than 0.5 and there is a difference in factor loading greater than 0.3. Table 1: The EFA results of external environmental factors Seq. Code New factor No. of variables 1. QDMT Environmental regulation 04 2. ALCD Public pressure 06 3. ALCT Competitive pressure 03 4. ALNM Buyer pressure 03 (Source: Author) The scale of green supply chain management consists of 20 observed variables verified by the EFA method with the Principal Axis Factoring extraction method and Prorimax rotation. After removing the unmatched variables ST2 and ST3, the EFA showed that KMO = 0.902 was in the range of 0.5 ≤ KMO ≤ 1 and Bartlett's test with Sig. = 0.000. The results show that the five groups of factors converge into three new groups of factors (Table 2) with a total variance of 65.601%. That is, these three groups of factors account for 65,601% of variation of the data. This demonstrates that these scales explain well the concept of green supply chain management. In addition, the variables in the scales have factor loadings ranging from 0.649 to 0.922 which are greater than 0.5 and there is a difference in factor loadings greater than 0.3. Table 2: The EFA results of green supply chain management Seq. Code New factor No. of variables 1. QLMT Environmental management 10 2. GVN Reverse logistics 5 3. PHDT Investment recovery 3 (Source: Author)
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4.4. Adjusted research model and hypothesis Figure 2: Adjusted research model
Environmental regulation
Green supply chain
Buyer pressure management
a. Environmental
Competive pressure management b. Reverse logistics
factors External c. Investment recovery Public pressure
- Hypothesis H1: Environmental regulation has a positive impact on environmental management (a); reverse logistics (b); and investment recovery (c). - Hypothesis H2: Buyer pressure has a positive impact on environmental management (a), reverse logistics (b), and investment recovery (c). - Hypothesis H3: Competitive pressure has a positive impact on environmental management (a), reverse logistics (b), and investment recovery (c). - Hypothesis H4: Public pressure has a positive impact on environmental management (a), reverse logistics (b), and investment recovery (c).
4.5. Testing the theoretical model with structural equation modeling SEM The structural equation modeling SEM is used to test theoretical and hypothetical models. The test results show that, after eliminating the non-significant relationships out of the model and adjusting the Modification Indices (MI), the model had 471 degrees of freedom with Chi-square = 1383,920; P = 0.000 and CFI = 0.926 (> 0.9) and RMSEA = 0.064 (<0.08). Thus, although the GFI and TLI scores are less than 0.9, other indicators are satisfactory, so the model is compatible with the data collected (see Figure 3).
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Figure 3: The results of SEM
The estimated results of the parameters in the model presented in Table 3 show that 06 relationships are not statistically significant because P values are greater than 0.05. Accordingly, six hypotheses H4b, H1a, H1c, H3a, H3c, H2b are not accepted. The remaining six relationships are statistically significant because the P values are less than 0.05. That means the hypotheses H4a, H4c, H3b, H1b, H2a, H2c in the model are significant. In which, there are five hypotheses having positive relationship, including the relationship between community pressure and environmental management (β = 0.386; P = 0.000); Community pressure and investment recovery (β = 0.285; P = 0.000); Environmental regulation and reverse logistics (β = 0.289; P = 0.000); Buyer pressure and environmental management (β = 0.387; P = 0.000); and buyer pressure and investment recovery (β = 0.294; P = 0.000). And one has a negative relationship, that is, the relationship between competitive pressure and reverse logistics.
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Table 3: The relationship between external environmental factors and green supply chain management
Hypothesis Relationship Estimate S.E. C.R. P Results
H4a QLMT <--- ALCD ,386 ,098 3,922 *** Accepted
H4b GVN <--- ALCD ,155 ,180 ,857 ,391
H4c PHDT <--- ALCD ,285 ,145 1,969 ,049 Accepted
H1a QLMT <--- QDMT ,046 ,043 1,057 ,290
H1b GVN <--- QDMT ,289 ,085 3,401 *** Accepted
H1c PHDT <--- QDMT ,064 ,067 ,966 ,334
H3a QLMT <--- ALCT -,044 ,049 -,905 ,366
H3b GVN <--- ALCT -,206 ,095 -2,175 ,030
H3c PHDT <--- ALCT ,006 ,075 ,081 ,935
H2a QLMT <--- ALNM ,387 ,058 6,641 *** Accepted
H2b GVN <--- ALNM -,047 ,106 -,444 ,657
H2c PHDT <--- ALNM ,294 ,085 3,463 *** Accepted
5. Discussion and conclusion The main purpose of this study is to explore the external environmental factors that affect green supply chain management. Specifically, the formal research findings have identified four external environmental factors that affect green supply chain management, including (i) Public pressure, (ii) Environmental regulation, (iii) Competitive pressure and (iv) Buyer pressure. In addition, the study has identified green supply chain management as consisting of three main practices instead of five ones in the original research model, including (i) Environmental management, (ii) Reverse logistics and (iii) Investment recovery. The results of this study are important for businesses to make up strategies. The results of this study provide some implications for corporate executives. Firstly, because of the impact of products to human health, sustainable solutions are always of full attention and awareness to the community, so they have an impact on the decision-making process. Most experts believe that the community of stakeholders is likely to influence and change the attitudes and behavior of the
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businesses. Thus, the hypothesis about the relationship between public pressure and green supply chain management is consistent with this finding. Second, businesses need to raise environmental awareness due to public pressure and buyer pressure. At the same time, businesses also need to adopt green supply chain management practices to improve environmental performance to accelerate production so that businesses can serve more effectively as suppliers. This is not different from any other business at almost anywhere in the world. Consequently, the education of awareness on green supply chain management is one of the first important steps. And the fact that green supply chain management in Vietnam is still in its infancy. Although businesses recognize the importance of green supply chain management, the adoption of this activity is still limited. It remains unclear whether there are any barriers or restrictions to this implementation, but it is clearly lacking of the needed tools, management skills and knowledge. Thus, the government should introduce new policies to promote environmental activities in order to achieve both economic and environmental performance. 6. Suggestion for further research This research is one of several attempts to study the impact of external environmental factors on green supply chain management. Therefore, the results are still only exploratory and limited. Firstly, the theoretical model is only validated for the FMCG enterprises in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The models need to be tested in other cities to increase the generalizability of the results. A larger random sampling will also reflect a clearer picture of these activities not only in the manufacturing of FMCG. Secondly, the research results show the influence of external environmental factors on green supply chain management but in overall sampling some relationships are is not statistically significant. Therefore, these relationships should continue to be confirmed in subsequent studies.
References 1. Carter, C.R. and L.M. Ellram, 1998. Reverse logistics: a review of the literature and framework for future investigation. Journal of business logistics, 19: 85-102. 2. Drumwright, M. E., 1994. Socially responsible organisational buying: Environmental concern as a non-economic buying criterion. Journal of Marketing, 58, 1-19. 3. Greenan, K., Humphrey, P. and McIvor, R., 1997. The green initiative: improving quality and competitiveness for European SMEs. European Business Review, Vol. 97 No. 5, pp. 208-214. 4. Handfield R, Sroufe R, Walton S., 2005. Integrating environmental management and supply chain strategies. Business Strategy and Environment, 14(1): 1-19. 5. Handfield, R., S.V. Walton, et al., 2002. Applying environmental criteria to supplier assessment: A study in the application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 141(1): 70-87.
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6. Hart, S., M. Arnold, et al., 2000. The business of sustainable forestry: Meshing operations with strategic purpose. Interfaces: 234-250. 7. Huang, Y.C. and Y.C.J. Wu, 2010. The effects of organizational factors on green new product success: Evidence from high-tech industries in Taiwan. Management Decision, 48(10): 1539-1567. 8. Lee, S., Kim, S. và Choi, D, 2012. Green supply chain management and organizational performance. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 112 (8), 1148-1180. 9. Lippman, S., 1999. Supply chain environmental management: elements for success. Environmental Management, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 175-82. 10. Lippman, S., 2001. Supply chain environmental management. Environmental Quality Management, Winter, pp. 11-14. 11. Min, H. and W.P. Galle, 1997. Green purchasing strategies: trends and implications. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 33(3): 10-17. 12. Min, H. and W.P. Galle, 2001. Green purchasing practices of US firms. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 21(9): 1222-1238. 13. Nguyễn Thị Việt Anh, Lê Phan Hòa, 2013. Xanh hóa chuỗi cung ứng – hướng phát triển bền vững cho các doanh nghiệp trong thời kỳ hội nhập. Tạp chí Kinh tế Phát triển, Số 193(II) tháng 7/2013, 49-54. 14. Rao, P., 2002. Greening the supply chain: a new initiative in South East Asia. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 22(6): 632-655. 15. Rao, P., 2007. Greening of the supply chain: an empirical study for SMEs in the Philippine context. Journal of Asia Business Studies, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 55-66. 16. Sarkis, J., 2003. A strategic decision framework for green supply chain management. Journal of cleaner production, Vol 11, 4, 397- 409 17. Sarkis, J., Gonzalez-Torre, P., Adenso-Diaz, B., 2010. Stakeholder pressure and the adoption of environmental practices: The mediating effect of training. Journal of Operations Management, 28(2), 163-176. 18. Skrentny, J., 1993. Concern for the environment: a cross-national perspective. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 335-361. 19. Vachon, S., 2007. Green supply chain practices and the selection of environmental technologies. International Journal of Production Research, 45(18), 4357-4379. 20. Vachon, S., Klassen, R.D., 2006. Extending green practices across the supply chain: The impact of upstream and downstream integration. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(7), 795 - 821. 21. Walker, H., Di Sisto, L. and McBain, D., 2008. Drivers and barriers to environmental supply chain management practices: lessons from the public and private sectors. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 69-85.
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22. Zhu, Q. and J. Sarkis, 2004. Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Operations Management, 22(3): 265-289. 23. Zhu, Q., J. Sarkis, et al., 2005. Green supply chain management in China: pressures, practices and performance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(5): 449-468. 24. Zhu, Q., Liu, Q., 2010. Eco-design planning in a Chinese telecommunication network company: Benchmarking its parent company. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 17(3), 363-377. 25. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., 2004. Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Operations Management, 22(3), 265-289. 26. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., 2007. The moderating effects of institutional pressures on emergent green supply chain practices and performance. International Journal of Production Research, 45(18), 4333 - 4355. 27. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., Cordeiro, J.J., Lai, K.H., 2008. Firm-level correlates of emergent green supply chain management practices in the Chinese context. Omega, 36(4), 577-591. 28. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., Geng, Y., 2005. Green supply-chain management practices in China: Drivers, practices and performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 25, 449-468. 29. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., Lai, K.H., 2007. Initiatives and outcomes of green supply chain management implementation by Chinese manufacturers. Journal of Environmental Management, 85(1), 179-189. 30. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., Lai, K.H., 2008. Green supply chain management implications for "closing the loop". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 44(1), 1-18. 31. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., Lai, K.H., 2010. Green supply chain management innovation diffusion and its relationship to organizational improvement: An ecological modernization perspective. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, In Press. 32. Zhu, Q., Y. Geng, et al., 2010. Green supply chain management in leading manufacturers: Case studies in Japanese large companies. Management Research Review, 33(4): 380-392.
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Education for All: The Analysis of Multi-Actor Relation on Implementing Education System in LPKA Wonosari, DI. Yogyakarta
Maria Angelica Christy Aka1, Farahita Nandini2, M. Dimas Ponco Wirianto3
1,2,3 Undergraduate Student of Politics and Government, Faculty of Social and Political Science 1,2,3 Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
In 2017, criminality rates in Yogyakarta has increased significantly which led them ended up in detention center. This finally change the existence of detention center from a prison to a haven for the children, thus urge the detention center to provide some educational activities as an effort of children development during their period of detention. Therefore, we need to pay attention to things like the facility, teachers, curriculum, and other facility to support the education system in detention center, and especially the actors involved in nurturing the detention center, particularly in LPKA Klas IIB Wonosari. This research focuses on the analysis of multi-actor relation in implementing education system in LPKA Wonosari as a manifestation of education for all. Other than that, we also provide a recommendation for the local government. For the research method, we are using qualitative paradigm with case study and data triangulation to collect the data.
Keywords: Education for All, Education System, Multi Actor Relation
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1. Introduction This research will analyze multi-actor relation on implementing education system in Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (juvenile detention center) Wonosari. The moments of childhood through teens should be a fun time to pass. But the conditions will be different if in the span of time they have made a big mistake, especially if related to criminal acts that involved other people. Violations perpetrated by these children is supported by various factors, such as social influence, the lack of attention, and even the development of technology. Until early September 2017, there are around 35 juvenile detainees with criminal cases involved. Especially with the current case of klitih or student violence that emerged in Yogyakarta, triggering an increase on the number of juvenile detainees. This case absolutely raises concerns because the capacity in LPKA is not sufficient as there is not enough land to build a new building because LPKA Wonosari itself is still very new, as they just began operating on early January, and currently use the vacant land next to the adult prison. So, it is feared that there will be some cheat cooperation between adult prisoners with the juveniles that might violate the applied rules. A criminal who commits crime and is being imprisoned has a probability to do it again in the future, and this is what we called as recidivism.1 This is because the social environment in prison at general were not guaranteed clean from criminality. Therefore, education is one important thing if we see it from social perspective because it will gradually lower the recidivism rate. Education in prison, and detention center obviously, can also be some kind of a supply for their next life after being freed. On the other hand, from economic perspective, education is needed in detention center as a long-term saving for the state because it will somehow sharpen their skills and therefore increase their chance to get a job.2 Not only that, when education can function maximally, as being said above, it will reduce the recidivism rate and subsequently will save the state’s expenses for detention centers themselves. The matter about the rights to access education in general has been manifested on The Nation’s four goals that had written in fourth paragraph, third point of The Preamble of 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia which said “to develop the nation’s intellectual life”.3 Therefore, since the declaration of the Nation of Indonesia, the founding fathers were already have commitment to actualize the shape of Indonesia’s education. And as being written in Article 31, paragraph (1) the 1945 Constitution, all citizens have the right to pursue education. Article 28, paragraph (1) also said the same meaning, that is every citizen (of Indonesia) have the right to get education and also the impact from having knowledge, technology, art and culture, to improve the quality of their life and for the welfare of the citizen of Indonesia.4
1 Katherine Twomey in The Right to Education in Juvenile Detention under State Constitutions. Virginia Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 3 (May, 2008), p. 765-811. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25470570 2 Ibid. 3 The Preamble of 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia 4 Ibid |Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017) 395 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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The sentence is also in line with the concept of education for all (EFA). There are at least six goals that UNESCO try to emphasize for its concept: (1) early childhood care and education, (2) universal primary education, (3) youth and adult skills, (4) adult literacy, (5) gender equality, and (6) quality of education.5 In this research, our main focus is on the last goal which aims to improve every aspect related to education quality and ensuring excellence of all. Therefore, the equitable distribution of education and learning opportunities is not only limited to certain parties, but ideally can be felt thoroughly for every level of society. Equivalency program within the concept of education for all is currently perceived as the right solution to address the issue of education distribution in Indonesia. Equivalency program is a non-formal program that provides general education which equivalent to elementary, junior high, and senior high school consisting of package A, package B, and package C.6 With the emphasis on the system of educational equality, Indonesia began to adopt more rules by formulating the Ministerial Regulation of The Ministry of Culture and Education No. 97 of 2013 which contains the rules of graduation criteria through the educational equality.7 This concept fits to the educational equality effort on the Mental Revolution (revolusi mental), a concept by Indonesia’s current President Mr. Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, in the eighth concept of Nawa Cita as the orientation of education in Indonesia. By applying the concept of education for all and simultaneously referring to equivalency program, this will automatically help anyone who has not or could not continue formal education because everyone has the right to education, especially in Indonesia where education became one of the crucial factor to improve nation’s welfare. But in this case, welfare must also be owned by juveniles in LPKA Wonosari by applying the last goal of education for all by improving the quality of their education. Research about juvenile detention center in Indonesia at general mostly goes with such a mainstream perspective that only focuses on the implementation of children’s development in the detention center. While the condition is quite different in LPKA Wonosari that is still consider new, so clearly research about this particular detention center is not quite many. One of the few is research from Vincencius et al, student of Law in Universitas Diponegoro. The research focuses on the guidance of the child with juridical empiric perspective, which means the research was using legal-formal approach in accordance with the children’s guidance.8
5 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 2015. Education for All 2000-2015: Achievements and Challenges. France: UNESCO Publishing. 6 Ministerial Regulation of National Education No. 14 of 2007 on Package A, Package B, and Package C Content Standard. 7 On Graduation Requirements of The Education and Management Units of School Examination and National Examination. 8 Vincencius, et al. Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Anak Didik di LPKA Klas IIB Wonosari, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Diponegoro Law Journal, Vol 5 (2016). 396 Proceeding of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017), 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |
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The same goes to what Anggraini wrote in 2015 about The Fulfillment of Right to Education at Special Institution of Children of Yogyakarta.9 The journal mainly talked about how the officers had to fulfill the children’s right to get the same education as what they used to have. Anggraini thought that the government, in reality, had not fulfilled their task, for example the lack of facility and the absence of the pamongs (teachers). Anggraini used law perspective with legislation as the instrument to analyze the data. Lastly, a research has done by Andi Saputro about the guidance of child prisoner which is arranged in Act No. 11 of 2002 about Juvenile Criminal Justice System that enacted children imprisonment as an ultimatum remedium.10 The researcher focused on the condition of children prisoner’s right and whether or not they are having the same treatment as children in general as well as proper supervision with no discrimination. Therefore, what distinguished our research to previous researches is the main focus that we brought that is education for all. This concept emphasized education as the political rights of every Indonesian across the nation including the children prisoner in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. Another thing our research has in content is the participation of stakeholders and how their relation works in order to maintain the sustainability of LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. Most research would likely to see if the children develop well that automatically means that the government had fulfill their duty. Otherwise, if not, it is crystal clear that the government are incompetent without even seeing the dynamics happened on the government’s side. Thereafter, many researchers before us were using descriptive type of research to analyze this topic and putting legal-formal perspective on it. As the result, previous study only explaining on how well the law has been implemented on children prisoner. But to get deeper result, we are trying to engage on what really happened on field as we explore the involvement of stakeholders to concretely actualize the main concept of education for all. Based on the explained background above, this research tries to examine more deeply about the implementation of education system in LPKA Wonosari. Not only by discussing the LPKA Wonosari development guidance, but also trying to identify and analyze the actors involved to support education in LPKA Wonosari.
2. Methods This research is focusing on the concept of education for all and how this concept applied in one of juvenile detention center in Indonesia that is LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. Therefore, literatures that needed to analyze the main focus, as well as the secondary data, are mainly about the concept itself which is education for all. This research also referring to 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia Article 31 Paragraph (1) as the foundational regulation that contain obligation to fulfill Indonesian right of education.11 By using as many as possible relevant
9 Anggraini, Martha Yusfika. Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Bagi Anak Didik Pemasyarakatan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak Yogyakarta. Jurnal Universitas Atma Jaya 2015. 10 Saputro, Andi. Sistem Pembinaan Anak Didik Pemasyarakatan di Rumah Tahanan Negara Klas II B Wonosari Setelah Berlakunya UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Thesis of Law Department UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta (2015). 11 The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia |Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017) 397 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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references, this research is conducted to hopefully serve and bring the topic in a new perspectives while rooting on the main regulation of education that applied in Indonesia. This research is using two type of data; primary and secondary, which are categorized based on the relevance of data resources with the research subject. Primary data is the type of data when the researchers collected themselves directly and pertinent to the focus of the main topic. Whereas, secondary data is obtained from relevant literatures such as journal, book, and the previous study of the same topic. By doing direct observation and in-depth interview right in the LPKA Wonosari, researchers have higher chance in acquiring much more accurate data based on the actual reality. Furthermore, researchers also obtain data such as theory by extracting literatures which in the following categorized as secondary data.12 Researchers are also using triangulation technique to test data validity. Triangulation is used in order to look the case with more than one point of view. There are some type of triangulation, first is Observer Triangulation where every single one of the researcher’s perspective is taken into account so differences are not a limit or an obstacle in the process of research. Second, Data Triangulation which allowed researchers to collect information from any source such as interviewee, books, and documentation. This type will enriched the data with information from various sources. And third, Interviewee Triangulation which allowed researchers to compare data, which is the outcome of interview, from different sources. Interviewees have their own perspective on answering provided questions and each of them are not always contain same meaning. This is why the importance of this type is to minimize the overlapping data or even the contradictory answer from different interviewees that afterwards become one unit of data.13
3. Results A. The Implementation of Education System in LPKA Wonosari The juvenile detention center was made to re-educate humanity and norm values, and also knowledge that should be owned by the children in general. Fristch and McCoy (1979) mentioned this as educational approach.14 But in this context, LPKA Wonosari applied education system that is similar to independent approach style, which has the following characteristics: first, the school is located inside the detention center. Second, they usually have a certified and qualified teachers to teach one or many lessons at once and sometimes also help to deal with their behaviour or even psychological disorders through counselling. LPKA Wonosari held classes every Monday and Thursday with equivalency programme as written in Sanggar Kesatuan Belajar (SKB) by the local Education Authorities. The class will be conducted by a Pamong (teacher) and will be divided ─as refer to the curriculum─ to three classes, which are; package A equivalent to elementary school, package B equivalent to junior
12 Neuman, W. L., 2016. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial: Pendekatan Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. 7 ed. Jakarta: Indeks 13 Ibid 14 Fritsch dan McCoy. 1979. “The Role of Special Education in The Juvenile Detention Center”. Correctional Education Association. 398 Proceeding of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017), 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |
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high, and finally package C equivalent to high school. Next, they also had Friday class for spiritual lesson, but only have two classifications that are for Moslem and Christian. This lesson will be taught by pamong from Ministry of Religion. For those who is moslem will obviously learn from ustad, whereas the christians with priest. But on one side, we think that the curriculum applied is actually still a bit ambiguous because there is no accountability and publicity that explains coherently about what the curriculum really is and whether or not it would be really helpful to the children’s development while it only contains formal lesson. In addition, the education system applied in LPKA was more like an informal education that does not even have the government-ruled characteristics such as firm, stiff, and strict rules that must be followed. Afterwards, the lack of pamong in number become a problem too because there is only two remaining pamong from the Education Authorities to teach the whole detention center in Yogyakarta Province. This finally affects to ineffective ways in teaching and learning activities in LPKA Wonosari because the pamong is often absent and thus the lessons have to be replaced with various activities, or even had to be emptied completely. Furthermore, the facility in LPKA Wonosari is still very minimum too. The classrooms are small and they do not have chairs so the children will sit on the floor or what the local called as lesehan. The quantity of the available books is also very few and only in textbooks, they did not have books that specifically match the the children’s interests. This is because the books only came from parents’ donations so no wonder that the quantity is very limited. They did not get a fixed or official textbooks to study just like the other school in general. This finally forced them to study from any available books which some of them are somehow far from relevant to fixed curriculum in Indonesia. Not only that, the arts instrument also actually owned by LPKA Wonosari’s officers and some from the juvenile. This shows that the facility in LPKA Wonosari still owned by personal and not provided from the government itself which is indeed in contrary with what is written on National Education System Act which explicitly said that the state shall be responsible and provide all matters so the citizens can receive education.
B. Multi-Actor Relation The data above shows how local government has not implement the system which globally known as “good governance” because up until now the management that they are holding is still very dependent on the main actors which, in this context, are Kemenkumham, Dinas Pendidikan, and Dinas Sosial. The lack of participation from other actor (except the government) has become a problem itself especially for the sustainability of LPKA Klas II B Wonosari as the actors involved are showing how small the resources they have. Moreover, the main actor itself cannot coordinate well from one institution to another. As the result, the service that they have given is not being optimized.
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On Article 31 Paragraph (2), government has responsibility to cover all the financial needs related to basic education of all Indonesians across the nation. It is their duty, in the first place, to disburse the budget to LPKA Klas II B Wonosari which will be used for books, art instrument, class’ chairs and tables. They are also in need of devices and hardwares which allowed them to computerize data on the internet for integrating reasons. Online operation has been applied inside the whole government apparatus in order to speed up the process of data collection, but unfortunately this online operation’s benefits has not yet felt by LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. The long-waited budget for LPKA Klas IIB Wonosari assumed to be the result of online operation work. This operation is not going smoothly as expected, resulting in slow and complicated system forcing LPKA Klas II B Wonosari to orient their education system based on facilities they owned which are very limited because, again, the financial support from the government is stuck in nowhere. The facilities itself are actually from donations of parents which is not much, so the officers of the LPKA Klass II B Wonosari have to use their personal funds to support the children’s education need. The funds itself spent in a quite big amount, to be said. Government should reflect on what really happened and realize that they cannot stand by themselves to operate LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. They need help and cooperation with other stakeholders. The absence of teachers is actually a chance for government to open up and let other stakeholders such as local community that focused on children’s protection, book community, education-oriented community, and others to take part in filling the absence of formal teacher in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. By doing this, stakeholders will have bigger chance to participate and slowly minimize the deficiency in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. The chance to participate has been opened beforehand, yet the place still facing resource crisis which indicate that communities still unable to act well on the aspect they persevered. This is showing the lack of interest for other stakeholders, especially from society side, to take part in succeeding LPKA Klas II B Wonosari children’s education. Saying that both sides are still lack of effort to cooperate on each other is also not wrong. Ideally, both are expected to work together and show reciprocal relation where government should have been more open, while communities should be ready to participate as well, knowing that relying on issue’s popularity won’t change anything. There should be official relation between both sides regarding this cooperation so they will have such an official bond and attachment towards the success of LPKA Klas II B Wonosari’s education. Moving on from society side, there is another stakeholder who is known for their profit- oriented characteristic, the market side and also goes by private sector. Having to learn about government’s fund problematic, it is assuring that government cannot be the only financial source to depend on for LPKA Klas II B Wonosari to perform an optimized education based on the concept of “education for all”. A solution is proposed in order to fix the deficient facility in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari which involved cooperation of government and private sector. Just like government-society relation, they also have to build a relation that is mutual for each side and most importantly, for LPKA Klas II B Wonosari’s education.
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4. Discussion and Conclusion The concept of education for all emphasizes on education equality in various aspects which currently adopted by the central and local governments of Indonesia. The problem is that the implementation of this concept does not go as smooth as what happened on reality which is very contrary to the point listed in local regulations that have been ratified. The case study in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari proves that the system is still far from ideal. This is being justified by the education system that is not implemented properly such as unreasonable absence of pamong, the lack of classroom facilities and other supporting facilities for reading materials. Moreover, the actors involved only dwell on a handful of government agencies, families of child prisoner, and even the officers in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. The government that had always been a single actor all this time was overwhelmed, and so we need to look up for necessary solution that involved various actors to actualize better condition and to maintain the sustainability of LPKA Wonosari. This research is certainly necessary to be a recommendation for the government regarding to educational achievements, especially for the case of the fulfillment of right to access education for all the child prisoner. Therefore, there should be priority in providing funds, especially in the field of education in LPKA Klas II B Wonosari. As stated in the discussion of Inter-actor Relation in this study, the indicator of the lack in facilities is implicated by the vagueness of special budget that is allocated for education of child prisoner purpose. So it is necessary to private actors to look at this matter as a contribution to the education of children by mutually connecting a network with several parties so that achievements is truly realized. In addition, other actors such as community and civil society that focused on children cannot guarantee in spreading equitable efforts concerning education as a whole. Other than that, researchers also assume that the geographical location between the city center and the area of LPKA Wonosari affecting the lack of support too because the location is honestly not easily reached by some of those communities. This research aims to give recommendations especially to the government to pay more attention about various efforts such as increasing the relationship between actors by applying the principles of good governance, because we found that this issue unfortunately has not become a regional issue in Yogyakarta, but only the responsibility of the Government of Gunung Kidul regency. That the relationship between the actors we discussed in this research, should not be interpreted to stop at the network between external actors, but also become a reference for the provincial government to improve relations and cooperation among government agencies in order to implementing better education system in LPKA Wonosari.
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5. References Anggraini, M. Y. (2015). Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Bagi Anak Didik Pemasyarakatan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak Yogyakarta. Jurnal Universitas Atmajaya. Fritsch, & McCoy. (1979). The Role of Special Education in the Juvenile Detention Center. Correctional Education Association. Neuman, W. L. (2016). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial: Pendekatan Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif (7 ed.). Jakarta: Indeks. Saputro, A. (2015). Sistem Pembinaan Anak Didik Permasyarakatan di Rumah Tahanan Negara Klas IIB Wonosari Setelah Berlakunya UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Twomey, K. (2008). The Right to Education in Juvenile Detention under State Constitutions. Virginia Law Review, 765-811. UNESCO. (2015). Education for All 200-2015. France: UNESCO Publishing. Vincencius, e. a. (2016). Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Anak Didik di LPKA Klas IIB Wonosari, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Diponegoro Law Journal.
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Becoming Ajarn: Narratives of the Filipino Teachers in Thailand
Eunice Barbara C. Novio1, Nancy Guigue Catane2
Faculty of Education, Vongchavalitkul University; Faculty of Humanities, Naresuan University E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
Most Filipino teachers in Thailand teach in anuban (pre-school), phratom (elementary) and Mathayum (high school). Few Filipinos are able to teach in the university level where professional development is highly esteemed in the academic community. They are pressured to improve their teaching methods as well as seeking avenues to improve their professions to ensure that their employers will renew their contracts yearly. This paper presents the professional development of the Filipino teachers in Thailand which they could not have if they remain in the Philippines. Filipino teachers are in demand due to their abilities to adapt to any work environment. The study explored the lives of five Filipino teachers working in elementary and university levels and their struggles to professionally improve themselves to ensure the continuous renewal of their contracts. The study sought to understand the various reasons for migrations of the Filipinos in Thailand; to present the professional development undertaken by the Filipino teachers for professional development; and to present the struggles and the issues confronting them as migrant workers. Employing the life story method the author did questions, interviews via internet and review of related literature as secondary data. The questions were semi-structured which provided the respondents to reflect and dissect their situations open-mindedly. To date, the Philippine Embassy in Thailand accounts Filipinos as more or less 16 to 17 thousand. There is no accurate data since the Filipinos move constantly. Thus, one of the problems cited by the Embassy. The respondents are from Phitsanulok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, Khampeang Pet and Nonthaburi.
Key words: ASEAN, English teachers, development, Filipino, migration, tourists
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1. Introduction According to Tulud-Cruz (2004) Asia has a long history of permanent, temporary and cyclical migration due to trade, work, religion or cultural interchange. In pre-colonial times the Malay peninsula and the Indonesian and Philippine archipelago is an area marked by mobility of people of various ethnicity especially via the sea. Arab and Chinese traders are key players in this period of history of people mobility in Asia. The ancient kingdoms of Siam (Thailand’s old name) and Luzon had a long history of trading relationship. The Sukhothai and Ayutthaya dynasties also employed mercenaries from Luzon to fight the Burmese and Cambodian invaders (Morga, 1907; David, 1984). Philippines was also the popular destinations among Thais before World War 2 since the country’s education system was patterned to the American curriculum aside from cheap tuition and living compared to the United States and England. In a newspaper article, Novio (12 Feb 2012) wrote that in the ‘70s few Filipinos came to work with Bangkok-based international agencies or multinational firms, or as missionaries or entertainers. Among the popular Thai personalities who were Philippine educated is the popular band, Kalabaw. The members studied at the Gregorio Araneta Foundation (now La Salle). The band’s name is from Tagalog “kalabaw”. Older Thais know the Philippine universities as the best in Asia if not of the world. Adamson University, Central Luzon State University and the University of the Philippines are known universities where Thais usually studied. On the same article, Novio mentioned that Filipinos has been coming to Thailand since. However, only during the year 2000, when the then, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra opened the country for foreign teachers to teach English that swarm of Filipinos came in.
On 14 June 1949 the Philippines and Thailand signed the signed the Treaty of Friendship, formalizing their bilateral relationship (Philippine Embassy website).
The Philippines made the one million mark OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers) deployment in the world in 2006 (Depasupil, 2006; NSO, 2012) with Saudi Arabia as the top destinations. This trend does not change in the last years. Besides nurses, engineers, seafarers and household workers, the country has exported approximately four thousand teachers, primarily in the subjects of math, science, English, and special education in the last ten years (Tubeza, 2009). The top destinations of the teachers are Japan, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. The United States, an English speaking country, imports foreign English teachers and is included as one of the top destinations for Filipino teachers. Recently, China, Macau and Thailand became the destinations of professionals seeking teaching jobs.
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Migration among the Filipinos and ASEAN
In 1973, President Ferdinand Marcos formalized the opening of the country as a source of labor market, through its export-oriented policy. Aside from the growing unrest in the country where many Filipinos trooped to foreign embassies to fled, the rising oil prices attracted many workers to the Middle East for contractual labor. However, at this time majority of those who left the country were males while the nurses bound to the United States were mostly females. (Asis, 2011; Choy, 2003; O’neil, 2004)
The Philippine Government however has different perception in encouraging migration. The study of Rodriguez (2005) stated that the political benefits of migration, as the state makes plain in official policy documents, include mitigating the growth of the communist insurgency. The availability of employment overseas addresses the Philippines’ perennial un- and underemployment problem, which, state officials believe communists take advantage of to increase their ranks.
Migration resulted to “brain drain”. However, Yuen (2013) emphasized that although receiving countries benefited from the “brains” of the skilled migrants, the emigrants help their own countries through sending of remittances; transfer technology and knowledge; and provide crucial networks for trade and investments. It also leads to higher level of human capital formation. Further, upon returning of the emigrants to their home countries, they are able to share the skills they have learned from their host countries.
The pattern of migration significantly change in the past years due to the strong collaboration of South East Asian nations. It resulted to the establishment of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015. AEC aims to give employment and other economic opportunities to 622 million people. With a US$2.6 trillion market, AEC is the third largest economy in Asia and the seventh largest in the world (http://asean.org/asean)
The ASEAN region is now gearing on the full implementation of the Asean Economic Community, more and more Filipino workers and job-seekers flock to middle and upper income countries in the ASEAN region like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand due to its open-door policy on skilled and professional workers in the region. Despite the open-door policy, there are only eight professions in the MRAs (Mutual Recognition Agreements) allowed for skilled labor recognized to work in ASEAN region. These are medical doctors, dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants, surveyors and tourism professionals. These professions are yet to freely move in any ASEAN countries because each countries prioritize their own professionals (Muennoo, 2012). The Asean Economic Community Blueprint facilitates only the mobility of these skilled professionals. However, according to critics, the arrangement to facilitate the movement of these professionals is also problematic in some
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countries because the requirements imposed on ASEAN professionals are the same as those of the non-ASEAN countries. (Tangkitvanich, Rattanakhamfu, 2017). Teaching profession may be excluded, but it is still the most in demand among the non- English speaking countries in SE Asia excluding Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. As Thailand struggles to meet the standard of the ASEAN community in English language proficiency, it becomes a haven for job-seekers from English speaking countries including the Philippines. Known for their adaptability, excellent work ethics, and even accepting low salary Filipinos are becoming in demand in Thailand as teachers or ajarns.
Thailand’s Labor Market
Thailand is known for tourism with its foods, beaches, country sides, night markets and the alluring night life of Bangkok. Tourists, retirees and job seekers flock to Thailand because of its low standard of living and relatively relax immigration rules especially workers from ASEAN countries. As a receiving country, Thailand’s workers are from neighboring Myanmar,Cambodia, Laos (Mekong countries) and now the Philippines. Compared to the other three countries, Filipino workers are mostly professionals and demanding higher compensation. Philippines on the other hand is the largest labor-sending country in the ASEAN region (OECD, 2015). Despite the strong diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Thailand, the absence of Bilateral Labor Agreement (BLA). Thailand has Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Mekong countries on labor. (Go,2007a; http://www.mekongmigration.org) Therefore, most workers from the Philippines entered as tourists. Engineers, development workers and missionaries are sponsored by multi-national companies with sub-offices or churches based in Thailand. Bilateral agreements (BAs) have traditionally been used to manage migration flows between countries. These are formal, legally binding treaties relating to cooperation in various aspects related to labor migration while MOUs are nonbinding and less formal (Bacalla, 2012, Go, 2007b).
Recently, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers was adopted by the ASEAN heads of state in Cebu, Philippines in 2007. The Declaration calls on countries of origin and destination to ensure the dignity of migrant workers by outlining their obligations in the areas of: (i) protection from exploitation, discrimination, and violence; (ii) labour migration governance; and (iii) the fight against trafficking in persons. (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice). The Declaration also includes the undocumented workers. On April 27-29, 2017, it is expected that the final draft on the instruments of the Convention will be finalized.
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The Filipino Migrants
The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990) defines a migrant worker as a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a national.
The Commission of Overseas Filipinos (CFO) classifies the Filipino migrants into the following:
• Permanent migrants – These refer to Filipino migrants and legal permanent residents abroad. Permanent migrants may be Filipinos who are Filipino citizens, who are Philippine passport holders, or who have been naturalized citizens in the host country. Popular labels to these kinds of migrants are “immigrants” and “emigrants”; • Temporary migrants – These refer to Filipinos whose stay overseas, while regular and properly documented, is temporary. This is owed to the employment related nature of their status in the host country. Temporary migrants include contract workers, intra- company transferees, students, trainees, entrepreneurs, businessmen, traders, and others whose stay abroad is six months or more, as well as their accompanying. These migrants are popularly referred to as “overseas contract workers (OCWs)” or “overseas Filipino workers (OFWs)”; and • Irregular migrants – These are migrants whose stay abroad is not properly documented. They also do not have valid residence and work permits; they can also be overstaying workers or tourists in a foreign country. These migrants falling into this category shall have been in such status for six months or more.
The Convention categorized the migrant workers as documented or in regular situations “if they are authorized to enter, to stay and to engage in a remunerated activity in the State of employment pursuant to the law of that State and to international agreements to which that State is a party”. Otherwise, they are considered to be non-documented or in an irregular situation.
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The Filipinos in Thailand
The table shows the estimated number of Filipinos in Thailand covering the period of July to December 2015 in a Report to Congress by the Philippine Embassy.
Table 1 Male Female Total a. Permanent Migrants 1,025 *2004-2015 b. Temporary Migrants 13,266 *figure is taken from the 12,921 work permits issued by the Thai Ministry of Labor as of September 2015 and the 345 reports of births received by the Embassy in 2015 c. Irregular/undocumented 1,371 *based on the information provided by clients who approached the Embassy in 2015 for various consular and ATN-related services Total 15,662
In the same report, the Philippine Embassy admitted that the number of males and females were not provided. Further, in January to June 2015 report there was a discrepancy due to the continuous mobilization of the Filipino migrants.
Table 2 Male Female Total a. Permanent Migrants 1,000
b. Temporary Migrants 12,921
c. Irregular/undocumented 4,000
Total 17,921*
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Table 3 is based on the work permits issued by the Thai Ministry of Labor in the same period. Table 3 Professions Male Female Total a. Professionals 9,597 b. Skilled 897 c. Semi-skilled 335 d. Low-skilled 157 e. Household Service Workers 83 f. “Others” (as grouped by Thai authorities) 2,197 g. Not identified (includes figures 1a and 1c 2,396 Total 15,662*
In an interview to former Vice Consul Edgar Badajos, he confirmed that majority of the Filipinos entered Thailand as tourists (Novio, 2012). In separate interviews Filipinos admitted that they were tourists upon their entry and later found work in different provinces in Thailand.
* Philippine Embassy in Bangkok (Bangkok PE) Report to Congress from the period July to December 2015
The Filipino Teachers
Philippines is the third largest English speaking society in the world (Bolton and Bautista, 2004). English is the official language of the government and in education and a large part of the media, music, films and televisions. Philippines has high literacy rates of 87% and good English speaking ability (Jinkinson, 2003). In the past ten years, the Philippines has exported approximately four thousand teachers, primarily in the subjects of math, science, English, and special education. Tubeza (2009) enumerates the top destinations as being primarily non-English speaking countries such as Japan, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. The United States, an English speaking country, imports foreign English teachers and is included as one of the top destinations for Filipino teachers.
Besides English, Filipino teachers working abroad are given other subjects to teach such as Mathematics, Science and other related disciplines. Further, since English is the language of commerce and politics in the Philippines, majority of the Filipinos understand English thus can be categorized as native English speakers. (Frederiksen, 2014).
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In 2001, it is generally believed that former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra opened Thailand for teaching employment as it prepared for ASEAN integration. Thus, a new wave of migration began paving the way for Filipino professionals seeking jobs. However, most job seekers from the Philippines are classified as tourists. It is assumed that the 3,000 undocumented Filipinos on the record of the Philippine Embassy in Thailand in December 2015 were either tourists or workers with expired work permits or not issued with working visa.
As a labor sending country, the Philippines relies on overseas remittances to keep the economy afloat. Categorize as global work force, the Filipino workers continue to seek personal development to remain competitive in their chosen fields to improve quality of life through income and livelihood, and job security. Achieving higher education, accreditations and recognition from both the sending and receiving countries, are considered capital investments to continue working abroad.
Statement of the Problems
Few Filipinos are able to teach in the university level where professional development is highly esteemed in the academic community. The Filipino teachers are pressured to improve their teaching methods as well as seeking avenues to improve their professions to ensure that their employers will renew their contracts yearly. The paper answered the following questions: 1.) What are their reasons for migration; 2) How do they improve their professions to ensure the continuity of their contracts and 3) What are their struggles as migrant teachers? And 4) What are the issues confronting them as migrants? According to Becker, education, training, and health are the most important investments in human capital. Human Capital Theory (HCT) examines the relationships between education, economic growth and social well-being. This paper explored the lives of five Filipino EFL teachers who started as tourists and now working as teachers in universities in Thailand. The paper narrates their struggles to prove their professional worth as English teachers as well as their success as Filipino teachers in a foreign country.
Objectives of the study
Despite the presence of the Filipinos in Thailand, it is seldom that their contributions to the Thai society and to the Philippines as well, are recognized. Hence this study was able to: 1. Identify the reasons for migrations of the Filipinos in Thailand; 2. Present the professional development undertaken by the Filipino teachers for professional development; and 3. Present the struggles and the issues confronting them as migrant workers. 410 Proceeding of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017), 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |
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2. Method
Life story method is used in this paper where the following were employed: questions, interviews via internet, review of related literature as secondary data. The questions were semi- structured which provided the respondents to reflect and dissect their situations in an open mindset. Messenger chat and calls were used for the interviews. Fact to face interviews were done to those based in Nakhon Ratchasima. In life story method, the researcher selected the five respondents based on the following criteria: length of stay in Thailand; university lecturers; has access to university funding for professional development; consent; accessibility to the author and location. The data collected were interpreted according to their perceptions of professional development and how does it define them as an EFL teacher in Thailand. Other factors such as family, education, cultures, and migration were also analyzed. The study was conducted from October to December 2016. Each respondents were given two weeks to answer the interview. Follow-up interview were also done for three months.
Respondents The paper has five respondents; three females and two males. All of them are teaching in university level. The three female respondents have twelve years teaching experience, while one has been teaching for eight years and the other one has six years teaching experience.
Three of the respondents have Master’s Degree. The two female respondents already finished their Master’s Degree in the Philippines while the other female respondent finished Master’s in Thailand. One male respondent is currently enrolled in a Master’s degree while the other has no plan to pursue Master’s degree.
Three respondents were teachers in the Philippines while the two females became teachers in Thailand. The respondents are from Phitsanulok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Khampeang Pet and Nonthaburi.
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3. Results
The table shows the Push and Pull factors in migration of the Filipino teachers in Thailand.
Table 1
Push Factors from the Pull Factors to Thailand Philippines
No permanent jobs; low paying Perceived high paying jobs for jobs; limited financial opportunities English speaking people and more opportunities to have tutorials, professional opportunities
stressful relationship; stressful work Perceived to provide security due to distance and low-stress level in the workplace
Desire to uplift the standard of Perceived financial security thus the living; looking for adventure; ability to buy material things; lifestyle change of lifestyle; is considerably changed;
Encouragement from friends and Perception that the successful life of relatives others could be the same or even surpassed.
Professional Development The study revealed that the push and pull factors in migration were the main reasons why the respondents migrated to Thailand, except for one male respondent who was a volunteer in an international non-government organization. However, this respondent did not leave after his one year contract because his Thai colleagues encouraged him to apply for a teaching job. Eventually, he was able to bring his wife and children in Thailand.
Josemari said: “I was sent by an international organization based in the UK to OBEC (Office of the Basic Education Commission) in Bangkok to document the Burmese refugees across Thailand. After my contract, my boss, an alumnus of the Gregorio Araneta University (in the Philippines) told me to apply as a teacher since there is a huge need of English teachers. Since then, I taught in a university in Khampeang pet and finally in Nakhon Ratchasima. I am in Thailand now for 9 years. 412 Proceeding of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017), 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |
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Opportunities abound in Thailand especially for talented Filipinos. Pursuing hobbies like photography is easier and could be an advantage especially for teachers.
Jojit, a teacher in Nonthaburi said:
“Equipment are cheaper. I bought a DSLR camera in Bangkok. In the Philippines, it would just be a dream because I was only an ordinary teacher.”
Thailand provides professional and individual growth among the respondents. Attending conferences, workshops, trainings both in Thailand and abroad are fully supported by their universities. Thus, the respondents have to improve their teaching strategies and update learning materials to assure their universities that they are deserving of the financial supports.
Nancy, a lecturer in one of the top university in Thailand emphasized:
After twelve years in Thailand and working in the same university, I am still worried when September comes because that is the time to renew our contracts. That’s why I have to attend conferences and seminars. Last year, I presented a paper in a TESOL conference in Indonesia. This was my first ever international presentation. Our university paid for the trip and everything. There is really no reason for us not to improve ourselves.
Nancy also mentioned that in the Philippines, it would be difficult to get financial support from the schools for such travels because of the limited funding for education. Josemari attested to that being a teacher in a state college in the Philippines. In his experience, his department’s fund for research was only P5,000 for more than 10 instructors.
Two respondents took Master’s in Teaching English as Foreign Language (TEFL) for personal and professional development since universities preferred lecturers/teachers with master’s degrees. Teachers with MA also receive higher salary compared to those who only have bachelor’s degree.
Marie, a Filipina married to Thai came to Thailand as tourist. She was twenty-three years old, a management graduate who had only one year working experience in a food chain in the Philippines. Her friends encouraged her to try Thailand. Teaching in a private university in Nakhon Ratchasima, Marie receives B30,000+ because she has Master’s Degree.
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“I’ve been here for 17 years. I know I could never get a high paying job if I would not enroll in a Master’s Degree. After working in several village schools, I took MA in TEFL (Teaching English as Foreign Language) at Rajhabat University in Bangkok. I was teaching in a university in Lampang and studying at the same time. I am trying to finish my research which is funded by my university.”
Prime, a university lecturer in Phitsanulok came to Thailand upon the invitation of her Thai friend whom she met in the university in the Philippines. She has already a Master’s Degree in Psychology, thus, looking for a job was easy. She lives in Thailand for the past twelve years.
“We are required by our university to attend seminars and conferences; even abroad. I do that. I also update reading materials of the students. I make my own materials because some English books are not suited to their level of English.”
All the respondents agreed that professional development is a lifetime achievement that they can bring anywhere. Since four of them still plan to go back to the Philippines upon their retirement, the skills and technology they have gained will be beneficial to them when they re- apply again as teachers.
Nancy said:
“Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is needed in the Philippines now to be able to renew a teacher’s license. CPD has a corresponding points for promotions. It includes research, presentations, trainings, etc. My experiences here are more than enough to for CPD.”
The respondents also mentioned that technology is advanced in Thailand as compared to the Philippines. Technology-based education and teaching such as flip-classroom using learning management systems such as Google classrooms, Edmodo, and Moodle are commonly used in Thai classrooms which they also adapt.
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Struggles as migrants Josemari experienced depression when he was first assigned in Khapeang pet. He did not realize it at first. He is never properly diagnosed but he said he recovered already. “I see blood everywhere whenever the students were noisy. I just leave the room to calm myself. Every night, I wake up and just cry. I stayed with my Filipino friend and tell him to just watch me while I’m sleeping. . In the afternoon, we played basketball. I felt so energetic even with just a little sleep.” Josemari finally realized that he needed help. He asked his wife and children to join him in Thailand. His family has been here for seven years now.
Before being employed in a university, some of the respondents were deployed in the rural areas. Majority of the Thai students in both rural and urban areas do not understand English. “Lost in translation” is a term the respondents used when what they meant is understood by Thai differently due to the difference in Thai meanings, tones, and alphabet compared to the respondents who are educated in the English medium.
To ease homesickness, the Filipino respondents communicate to their families through Facebook and Skype. They also meet with other Filipino in various Filipino organizations and church-based activities. They also engaged in hobbies such as cooking Filipino foods and photography.
Prime, a university lecturer learned to bake pandesal, ensaymada (Filipino breads) and other delicacies for sale to other Filipinos and to ease her homesickness.
Nancy said: “I can only say, “taw lain a ka; suay; kotot naka.”
The respondents’ inability to speak and read in Thai also posed a major setback in communicating between the students and the superiors. Despite this, all respondents were able to understand Thai, speak passable Thai and adapt to their environment as years passed. They have no desire to study Thai in formal setting.
Despite being married to Thai, Marie still struggles with her Thai.
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Documented or undocumented
In the Philippines, a migrant worker is considered illegal if she/he does not undergo process at the POEA (Philippine Overseas Employment Agency) such as PDOS (pre-departure orientation seminar) and other requirements deemed necessary by the agency.
Four of the respondents came to Thailand as tourists. Since they were not given any orientation by the POEA, they did not have any idea about the culture and traditions. They relied information only from friends who already settled in Thailand. Asked if they sought information from the Philippine Embassy, all of them responded negatively.
Upon their employment, they were issued with work visa (Non-B) and work permit which are renewable every year. Thus, a person with Non-B visa and work permit is a legal migrant worker in Thailand and is covered with insurances and benefits. All the respondents agreed that the yearly-renewal of contract hinders also their full capacity for development because there is always a chance of not getting renewed.
Jojit added:
“The hassle of preparing the same sets of documents and going to the Immigration office every year cause me anxiety every time I sign my contract”.
Jojit’s wife and child are holding Non-O visa which is renewed at the same time he renews his work visa.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
Filipino workers in Thailand, particularly the teachers are as important as the other migrant workers in the other parts of the globe because of their contributions to the Philippine economy. Furthermore, their role in nation-building through education of the youth in their host country cannot be disregarded.
As a receiving/host country, Thailand benefitted from the Filipino teachers who teach English in the universities. Further, the skills they acquire are also given back to the Thai students. As a sending country, the Philippines receives monthly remittances thus, strengthening the purchasing power of the individuals in the micro-level. In the end, the skills and knowledge gained by the teachers will be useful in the Philippines if they choose to come home.
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The Philippine government only recognized the legality of the migrant workers upon their return in the Philippines to register at the POEA and OWWA (Overseas Workers Welfare Association). The absence of Bilateral Labor Agreement (BLA) between the Philippines and Thailand contributes to the increasing tension between the Filipino teachers and the employers particularly on the benefits as migrant workers and unfair labor practices despite of the Thai Labor Laws covering all migrant workers. The Filipino teachers take all the opportunities offered to them for professional development which is nearly impossible to achieve if they remain in the Philippines. As university lecturers they are respected both by their colleagues and students.
Despite homesickness, depressions, inability to speak the language and other hindrances, the Filipino teachers in Thailand remain optimistic the continuity of their contracts as well as the Philippine government’s recognition to their contribution as overseas workers (OFW). The continuing push factors drive away the Filipinos to search for “greener pasture” thus finding this in Thailand as the pull factors.
Though majority arrived in Thailand as tourists and became illegals according to the definition of the Philippine government of legal workers, the Filipino teachers were able to become legal in both countries by following the laws prescribed by the immigration.
As a recommendation, comprehensive research on the Filipinos in Thailand shall be conducted to further understand their situations to be able to come up with a comprehensive plan to advance their welfare.
5. References
Asis, M.B. (2001). "The Return migration of Filipino women migrants: Home, but not for good?" In Female Labour Migration in South-East Asia: Change & Continuity. Edited by Christina Wille and Basia Passl. Bangkok: Asian Research Centre for Migration ______(2008) ‘How international migration can support development: A challenge for the Philippines’ in Castles, S. and Delgado Wise, R. (eds) Migration and development: perspective from the south, (Geneva: International Organization for Migration) Bacalla, T. (Sept. 11, 2012) Asean locks horns on migrant workers’ rights. Malaya. Retrieved April 13,2013http://www.malaya.com.ph/index.php/news/nation/12762asean- locks-horns-on-migrant-workers-rights
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Becker, Gary S. (1975.) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. 2d ed. New York: Columbia University Press for NBER.
Choy, C. (2003). Empire of care: nursing and migration in Filipino American history. Duke University Press
Tulud-Cruz , Gemma and Raúl Fornet-Betancourt, ed. (2004), Migration and Interculturality: Theological and philosophical challenges Migration in the
Asian Region: Retrospect and prospects. Aachen: Institute of Missiology, p. 21-30.
Depasupil, W. (December 3, 2006) RP breaches one million mark in OFW annual deployment. Manila Times. Retrieved April 8,2013 from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1174913371.html
Go, Estella (2007) Asian Labor Migration: The Role of Bilateral Labor and Similar Agreements. Paper presented at the Regional Informal Workshop on Labor Migration in Southeast Asia:What Role for Parliaments, 21-23 September 2007, Manila, Philippines.
Muennoo, T.( Jan. 17,2012) Eight professions to face tough competition. The Nation. Retrieved Feb.16,2017 http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/aec/30173878.
National Statistics Office (2012). Overseas Filipino Workers estimated at 2.2 million. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov.ph/content/2011-survey-overseas-filipinos-sof
Novio, E.B. (Feb. 25, 2012) OFW teachers find niche in Thailand. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved Feb. 16,2017 http://globalnation.inquirer.net/26761/ofwteachers-find-niche-in- Novio, thailand#ixzz2Pl07zbJc
O’niel, K. ( Jan. 01, 2004) Labor export government policy: the case of the Philippines http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-export-government-policy-case-philippines
Organization for Economic cooperation and Development (2015)Building human capital through labor migration in Asia. ADB,OECD,ILO
Philippine Embassy (January-June 2012) Report to Congress
Rodriguez, Robyn M.(2005) “Domestic insecurities: Female migration from the Philippines, Development and National Subject-Status. Working paper 114, March 2005. University of California, Berkeley.
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Tangkitvanich, & Rattanakhamfu, S. ( March 17, 2017. Assessing the ASEAN Economic Community. East Asia Forum. Retrieved January 05, 2017 http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/03/21/assessing-the-asean-economic-community/ Tubeza, P. (2009, 26 June). More Filipino teachers off to jobs abroad. Philippine Daily Inquirer
Unions Without Borders, A Primer on Global Unions and What they Can Do for Migrant Workers
UN General Assembly International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, 18 December 1990 at:http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3980.html [accessed 7 April 2013]
Yue, C. S. (2013). Free Flow oF Skilled labour in aSean. ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard: Performance and Perception, 107. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/migmain.showPractice?p_lang=en&p_practice_id=5 http://www.trafficking.org.ph/papers/ra9208primereng.pdf http://unifem- eseasia.org/projects/migrant/mig_pub.htm www.notre-europe.eu/.../pdf/Policypaper24-en- droitdesmigrants.pdf http://centerformigrantadvocacy.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/bilateral-labor-agreements- andsocial-security-agreements1.pdf
http://asean.org/asean-economic-community/ http://report.hdr.undp.org/ Human Development Report 2015 http://bangkokpe.dfa.gov.ph/about-us/overview-of-phils-and-thailand-realations http://www.mekongmigration.org/?page_id=80
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Developing Hi-tech Applied Agriculture towards Sustainability and Efficiency: A Case Study in Thai Nguyen Province
Ta Thi Thanh Huyen
Program:, Faculty of Management – Economic Law University of Economics & Business Administration, Vietnam E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Developing hi-tech applied agriculture is a necessary direction in agricultural restructuring, and an effective solution to increase production value, production efficiency and income for farmers. This purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the current situation and propose solutions to the development of hi-tech applied agriculture towards sustainability and efficiency in Thai Nguyen province. To fulfill this purpose, the study used a top-down approach and an open-access approach, i.e., on the theoretical basis of hi-tech applied agriculture, which requires criteria to be met when applying high technologies to agricultural production, the author analyzed the current situation of hi-tech applied agriculture development in the world, in Vietnam and in Thai Nguyen province. To evaluate the economic efficiency of hi-tech applications to production in Thai Nguyen province, the author collected information from two groups of subject, including (1) farming households who have used traditional methods of agricultural production and (2) enterprises, farms and farming households who have applied high technologies to agricultural production. Next, the author used analytical methods such as descriptive statistics, comparison, forecasting, etc. to analyze, evaluate and propose solutions for the research.
Keywords: Hi-tech agriculture in Thai Nguyen, Hi-tech application model, Hi-tech production efficiency.
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1. Introduction After more than 30 years of innovation, Vietnam's agriculture has developed strongly and achieved great results. However, the growth rate of Vietnam’s agriculture is on the decline; the growth rate of agricultural productivity has been slowing down and slower than that in most other countries with the same level of development in the region. This situation has been caused by the fragmented and unstable production, the small size of households, the weak application of science and technology to production and processing, the low productivity and income, and the limited added value. The main cause is the impact of strong competition derived from extensive international economic integration, environmental pollution, climate change, food safety and hygiene. In order to overcome the constraints of the agricultural sector, developing hi-tech applied agriculture is a necessary direction in agricultural restructuring, and an effective solution to enhance production value, production efficiency and income for farmers. The hi-tech applied agricultural development is a major and inevitable trend in the integration trend, and a powerful and effective solution in agricultural restructuring, in which enterprises, cooperatives and scientists are the center of innovation and creativity. Thai Nguyen province has favorable natural, geographical, economic and social conditions to develop agriculture, forestry and aquaculture. The particularly powerful product of the province is tea. In addition, the province has favorable conditions to develop other agricultural products such as cattle and poultry, high-quality rice, safe vegetables, flowers and fruit trees of all kinds. The province also has strengths in production of forestry and freshwater aquatic products, etc. The province has large agricultural areas and high agricultural productivity. However, the product quality, value and competitiveness and the efficiency in agricultural, forestry and fishery production have not been high; the potential and strength of the province have not exploited effectively. In order to promote the industrialization and the modernization of rural agriculture, as well as to realize the objective of agricultural restructuring towards the improvement of added value and sustainable development, the province should enhance agricultural development towards hi-tech applications to improve productivity, quality, value and competitiveness of products and to promote the efficiency of production and business. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the current situation and propose solutions for the development of hi-tech applied agriculture towards sustainable and efficiency in the future.
2. Method The author used a top-down and an open-access approach, which are comprehensive analyses on the current situation of the hi-tech applied agricultural development in the world, in Vietnam and in Thai Nguyen province; thereby evaluating and proposing solutions to develop hi-tech applied agriculture towards sustainability and efficiency in Thai Nguyen province. The study collected secondary information from publications, documents, projects, reports of the Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, from researches carried out by individuals and organizations related to hi-tech
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applied agricultural development; and primary data from two groups of subject, including (1) farming households who have carried out traditional agricultural production and (2) enterprises, farms and farming households who have applied high technologies. Then, the study used analytical methods such as descriptive statistics, comparison, forecasting, etc., to propose some solutions for the sustainable and effective development of hi-tech agricultural applications in Thai Nguyen province.
3. Results 3.1. Theoretical basis The concept of hi-tech applied agriculture: According to the Department of Science and Technology – the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, hi-tech applied agriculture is an agriculture that applies new technologies to production, including agricultural industrialization (mechanizing production stages), automation, information technology, new material technology, biotechnology, plant varieties and livestock varieties of high quality, economic efficiency per area unit, and sustainable development on the basis of organic farming. Thus, the hi-tech applied agricultural development aims to resolve the conflicts among low agricultural productivity, low-quality products, intensive labor investment, low economic efficiency and the application of scientific and technological achievements to ensure that agriculture grows steadily with high productivity, outputs and quality; to best realize the coordination between people and resources, making the advantages of resources become the most effective in the harmony of social, economic and eco-environmental benefits. Criteria for evaluating hi-tech applied agriculture Technical criteria: There must be advanced technologies to make an increase of at least 30% in productivity with superior quality compared to the technologies being used. Economic criteria: Hi-tech applied products should have an increase of at least 30% in economic efficiency compared to the technologies being used. In addition, there are other social and environmental criteria. For agricultural enterprises, applying high technologies must create good products and an increase of at least twice in efficiency and productivity.
A hi-tech applied agricultural region (understood as a place where the production focuses one or several hi-tech applied agricultural products on all or several stages) must have an increase in productivity and efficiency of at least 30%. Thus, nylon cover is also a hi-tech application because nylon can moisture and control weed, which can raise productivity by over 30% of normal productivity. Next, the technology that uses hybrid superiority in breeding and the biotechnology that raises productivity by over 30% are high technologies. In aquaculture, the mono-sexual fish production is also a high technology; economical irrigation and poly-greenhouses, etc. are also high technologies (Decision No. 738, 2017).
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Therefore, the nature of high technology is to create high-quality products with large production scale. The quality requirement must be met on 03 aspects including technologies, functions and services. A hi-tech applied agriculture should not only meet the people’s daily needs but also bring high profits. Accordingly, the selection of appropriate products and production direction for meeting the needs of the market are very important. 3.2. The current situation of hi-tech applied agricultural production in the world and in Vietnam The hi-tech applied agricultural production in the world: In the mid-twentieth century, the developed countries were interested in hi-tech applied industrial zones to promote scientific and technological innovations for the economic development. In the early 1980s, with more than 100 zones of science and technology, the United States used hi-tech irrigation facilities, studied the development of new varieties, planted biotech crops on the largest area scale in the world, and studied genetically modified varieties. In England, in 1988, there were 38 scientific and technological gardens with the participation of more than 800 enterprises. In the Netherlands, the government annually invested 140 million euros in land renovation with an average capital of 4,000 euros per hectare a year. The government sponsored land planning, re-allocation of agricultural plots, construction of canal systems, ensuring the requirements of mechanization. In addition, the Netherlands also applied the technology of "increasing land areas", focused on the application of intensive farming measures and the improvement of productivity per unit area, resulting in an increase in productivity compared to the average productivity in the world. In Israel, in the 1980s, 10 hi-tech applied agricultural areas were built with a crop revenue record of 200,000 dollars per hectare. At present, an Israeli farmer can feed 100 people. Those achievements were because the Israeli government had developed a national plan for hi-tech applied agricultural development in a turnkey manner including planning, developing projects and managing hi-tech applied agricultural projects (Thai Nguyen Provincial People’s Committee, The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development, 2017). Apart from the developed countries, many countries and territories in Asia have also shifted their quantitative agriculture to a qualitative agriculture with the application of biotechnology, automation technology, mechanization, computerization ... to create high quality, safe and effective products. In China, more than 405 hi-tech applied agricultural areas have been built, including one national-level area, 42 provincial-level areas and 362 city-level areas. In addition, there are thousands of hi-tech applied agricultural areas across the country. These areas have made an increase in agricultural production value of 42% of the gross added value and reach an average output of 40,000-50,000 dollars per hectare per year, which is 40-50 times higher than the old production. Thailand is a super country for exporting tropical fruits with a turnover of about 50 billion bahts per year (about 1.7 billion dollars) to major markets such as China, India and Japan, etc. Thailand’s fruits have strongly penetrated Vietnam’s market. The combination between farms applying Thai GAP, clean agricultural products and tourism has made Thai agricultural product brands more spawned. To improve the quality of agricultural products towards sustainable development, Thai scientists have used hi-tech applications such as gene technology, hybridization of plants and animals.
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In breeding and aquaculture: Many countries in the world have introduced animal varieties through artificial insemination and transfer of embryos to production; these countries have also used fish varieties through chromosomal alterations and sex reversals in fish; have supported animal nutrition and technologies in diagnosis and epidemiology (Thai Nguyen Provincial People’s Committee, The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development, 2017). The hi-tech applied agricultural production in Vietnam: In recent years, for the implementation of Decision No. 176/QĐ-TTg of the Prime Minister on the approval of the Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development to 2020, all provinces and cities throughout the country have been constructing hi-tech applied agricultural zones; hi-tech applied agricultural production areas and hi-tech applied agricultural production models. Hi-tech applied agricultural zones: These zones are mainly located in big cities and provinces. At present, there are 7 hi-tech applied agricultural zones in operation in the whole country: Ho Chi Minh City (researching, producing, training, transfering varieties of vegetables, flowers, ornamental fish); Hanoi City (researching, producing varieties of vegetable and flowers; training, transfering technical advances on varieties and production procedures); Hai Phong (researching, training, producing varieties of vegetables, flowers and seedlings); Son La (researching varieties, producing vegetables, flowers and fruits); Khanh Hoa (researching, producing, transfering varieties of rice, corn, vegetables, flowers, sugarcane, cashew, mangos, pigs, fish); Phu Yen (researching, producing, training, transfering varieties of sugarcane, cotton, fruit trees, cattle and poultry); Binh Duong (researching, producing, training, transfering varieties of vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants). Hi-tech applied agricultural production areas: This type has a practical significance in agricultural production in our country currently. Many localities have established a number of hi- tech applied agricultural production areas. Ho Chi Minh City has over 1000 hectares of hi-tech applied safe vegetables, with the capacity of about 30,000 tons per year; more than 700 hectares of hi-tech applied flowers and ornamental trees with the income of 600 million to 01 billion dongs per hectare per year. Lam Dong is the place which has a large number of hi-tech applied production areas such as the area for planting vegetables and flowers in Dalat, the area for growing O Long tea in Bao Loc, so on. The technologies much applied here include planting vegetables, flowers in poly-green houses and net houses; applying embroidered covers, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. The province of Ba Ria - Vung Tau has constructed many models of forest plant production, pig and super lean pig breeding, and chicken breeding applying Japanese technologies. Hi-tech applied agricultural enterprises: At present, 4 hi-tech applied enterprises are recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: Da Lat Flower Forest Biotechnology Corporation (in Lam Dong province); Dalat GAP Co., Ltd (in Lam Dong province) and TH True Milk Company (in Nghe An province). The size and type of products depend on the enterprises’ ability of investing capital (Thai Nguyen Provincial People’s Committee, The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development, 2017).
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There has been an increase in the demand for agricultural products and food. Therefore, the application of high technologies is an indispensable way to develop a modern agriculture in order to create new breakthroughs in agricultural production as a basis for rapid transfer of agriculture towards industrialization and modernization. However, the greatest difficulty in developing the current hi-tech applied agricultural products is related to production organization, investment capital, consumption network, branding and product certification testing. The first thing to overcome the difficulties, and to gradually develop a hi-tech applied agriculture is the planning of hi-tech applied agricultural regions and areas, thereby producing agricultural products which are safe to consumers and friendly to the environment, creating confidence for consumers (Nguyen Minh Phuong, Nguyen Tran Minh Tri, 2015). The results of hi-tech applied agricultural production in Vietnam has confirmed the correctness of policies, in accordance with the development trend. These policies have helped to mobilize and effectively use resources to produce high-quality and safe agricultural commodities; to enhance competitiveness; and step by step to occupy domestic and foreign markets in a sustainable way. To achieve these results, the State has played a very important role in capital support, management and administration. Especially, the State has had incentive policies to attract enterprises and agricultural farms to the application of high technologies. 3.3. The current situation of hi-tech applied agricultural production in Thai Nguyen Currently, Thai Nguyen province is taking the first steps, as the foundation for the development of hi-tech applied agriculture. Thai Nguyen province has been mainly applying partly or synchronously high technologies on a large scale to the existing sectors of agricultural production, based on plants and animals, which are the strengths of the province in order to rapidly increase the proportion of production scale, output and value of hi-tech applied agricultural products. At the same time, the province has been developing a number of "Point models" of hi- tech applied agriculture for demonstration and replication. In addition to the development of hi- tech applied agricultural enterprises, which is identified as a key task, the province has attracted and supported various types of production organization: farming households, farms and cooperatives involved in hi-tech agricultural applications. The current development of hi-tech applied agriculture in Thai Nguyen may include the following areas: Cultivation: Many new plant varieties with high capacity and quality have been applied to production: hybrid rice varieties, high-quality purebred rice varieties, hybrid corn varieties and new tea varieties. The province has applied advanced and effective cultivating measures such as SRI (System of rice intensification), IPM (Integrated pest management) and Viet Gap (Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices) for production of fruit, vegetable and tea on a large scale. The rate of mechanization in production has been applied in a number of stages in some branches. Specifically, the mechanized rice production made the land reach 60% of sowing and the ploughing machines reach 30%; the crop harvest reach 20%; the mechanized tea production made the tea cutting stage reach 40%, and the tea picking stage reach 20%, the planting stage reach 60%. In tea processing, there has been an application of the semi-automatic tea-firing machine, which uses GAS fuel.
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Some effective production models of hi-tech applied agriculture: The first example is the production model of edible mushrooms and medicinal mushrooms of Phu Gia Biotechnology Co., Ltd - the only enterprise with 100% of foreign investment capital in the province currently. From the initial investment capital of about 50 billion dongs, up to now, after more than 6 years of operation, the Company has become a prestigious address in the country in planting mushrooms; transferring mushroom planting technologies; supplying mushroom varieties, bagasse, and mushroom planting equipment. Each year, the Company produces about 100 tons of fresh mushrooms and 400 tons of dried mushrooms, 80% of which are exported. Particularly in 2016, the Company's revenue reached about 20 billion dongs, which resolved regular jobs for more than 30 local laborers with the income of 4 to 5 million dongs per month.
The Thai Nguyen Clean Agriculture Farm (a branch of Cao Bac Private Enterprise) located in Hoa Thuong Commune, Dong Hy District has an estimated expense of about 100 billion dongs to invest in site clearance, land improvement, and construction of irrigation systems, green houses and poly-green houses. Since its approval (2015), the project has invested 30 billion dongs in site clearance (15 hectares), and infrastructure construction of the farm. Accordingly, the project has planted 15,000 lilies, 01 hectare of tomatoes, 500 square meters of Mizuna vegetables, 1,000 square meters of sweet peppers, 01 hectare of other vegetables. The project has also bred 1 hectare of fish. The farm's products have been supplied to supermarkets in Thai Nguyen and some supermarkets in Hanoi and other neighboring provinces. After more than a year of operation, the farm has achieved remarkable results. Due to the application of proper technological procedures, the lilies of the farm bloomed on Tet, so the farm had nearly 200 million dong profit. Especially, thank to the highly qualified scientists and agricultural engineers from the University of Agriculture and Forestry – Thai Nguyen University, the farm have recreated the lily varieties, and from now on, the farm will not have to buy varieties as the first time. High-yield and safe products such as tomatoes, sweet peppers and other vegetables have been usually sold with a price that is 1.5 to 2 times higher than the same products grown by traditional methods (Thai Nguyen Provincial People’s Committee, The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development, 2017). Cattle and poultry breeding: High technologies in cattle and poultry breeding in Thai Nguyen province have been mainly applied in industrial intensive animal farms. The whole province has 606 animal farms (250 pig farms and 356 poultry farms) . Most of the farms have applied scientific and technological advances to production. In chicken breeding, 200 out of 356 chicken farms have applied high technologies (high-yield varieties, cold storage, automatic care, nourishment), accounting for 20% of the total chickens in the province. In pig breeding, 40 out of 250 farms have applied high technologies (high-yield varieties, cold storage, automation in operation of food and drinking water, antisepsis and environmental treatment) under advanced breeding technologies, accounting for 11.2% of the total pigs in the province. At present, 05 animal farms are applying the Viet GAP procedures and 56 animal farms are free of pests and diseases. There are five companies producing food stuffs by automation lines; there is a project on constructing an animal farm with 2,500 high-quality cows and high-yield beefs, using European and Israeli herd management and nutrient technology (in Dinh Hoa district).
426 Proceeding of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017) 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand | IC-HUSO 2017
Although hi-tech applied animal breeding zones, areas and enterprises have not been established, in fact, some high technologies in breeding (breeds, equipment, disease control and environmental treatment ...) have been approached and transferred by enterprises, farms, farming households, but the application rate is still low (Thai Nguyen Provincial People’s Committee, The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development, 2017). Aquaculture: The province has applied advanced technologies to the production of aquatic species, and scientific and technological application models in intensive farming; however, these applications have not been multiplied (Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee, The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development, 2017). In general, in cultivation, the processing and the preservation of hi-tech applied products in Thai Nguyen province have been at low level with a demonstration model and a small scale only. Effective agricultural practices such as System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Integrated Pest Control (IPM) and Viet Gap (Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices) have been applied to large areas of vegetables, fruits and tea at a very modest level, mainly in form of models. For breeding and aquaculture, the application of high technologies to production has been done in farms but has not been synchronized from the input to the output of products. 3.4. Evaluating the efficiency of hi-tech applied agricultural production in Thai Nguyen province Economic efficiency: From the data collected from the two groups of subject including traditional farming households and enterprises, farms, farming households applying high technologies, the author used statistical methods to synthesize and analyze, then used the methods of comparison and economic statistics to analyze data on tea production and processing; preliminary treatment and packing of vegetables. The results are as follows:
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Table 01: Evaluating the economic efficiency on 01 hectare of hi-tech applied tea Calculation unit: 1.000 Vietnamese dongs
No. Criteria Without With Comparison
hi-tech hi-tech (±) (times) applications applications
1 Production stage
1.1 Total production value 184.000 336.000 152.000 1,82
1.2 Total expenses (intermediary expense, labor expense, 110.900 140.800 29.900 1,26 depreciation of fixed assets, etc.) 1.3 Profits 73.100 195.200 122.100 2,67
2 Tea processing stage
2.1 Total revenue 460.000 1.600.000 1.140.000 3.47
2.2 Total expenses (expenses of materials, labor, tools, 253.000 640.000 387.000 2,52 equipment, losses, taxes, bank interest rates ...) 2.3 Profits 207.000 960.000 753.000 4.63
3 Profits in both production and 280.100 1.155.200 875.100 4,12 processing stages
4 Production/ labor values 335 840 505 2,51
5 Income/Labor 233 588 233 2,52
Source: Synthesized from survey data From the analysis and the comparison between the hi-tech applied tea production method and the common tea production method without hi-tech applications, it is shown that the total profit of both production and processing stages when applying high technologies is 12 times higher; the production/labor values increased by 2.51 times, and the income / labor increased by 2.52 times.
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Table 02: Evaluation of economic efficiency on 1 hectare of hi-tech applied vegetables
No. Criteria Without With Comparison
hi-tech hi-tech (±) % applications applications
1 Production stage
1.1 Total production value 108.000 200.000 92.000 1,85
1.2 Total expenses (intermediary expense, labor expense, 77.000 80.000 3.000 1,04 depreciation of fixed assets, etc.) 1.3 Profits 31.000 120.000 89.000 3,87
2 Processing & packing stages
2.1 Total revenue 126.000 350.000 224.000 2,78
2.2 Total expenses (expenses of materials, labor, tools, 111.000 223.900 112.900 2,02 equipment, losses, taxes, bank interest rates ...) 2.3 Profits 15.000 126.100 111.100 8,41
3 Profits in stages of production and processing 46.000 246.100 200.100 5,35 & packing
4 Production/ labor values 216 500 284 2,32
5 Income/Labor 178 400 222 2,25
Source: Synthesized from survey data It is shown that for the method of hi-tech applied vegetable production, compared to the traditional production method without hi-tech applications, the total profit in production, preliminary processing and packaging increased by 5.35 times, the production value/labor increased by 2.32 times, the income/labor increased by 2.25 times. In particular, profits from preliminary processing and packaging increased by 8.41 times. Social efficiency: the establishment of hi-tech applied agricultural areas will be a core of technologies and production organization with the spreading throughout the province. This has contributed to changing the perceptions and actions of producers, strongly shifting from a traditional agriculture to a modern agriculture, applying advanced technologies, raising the added
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value, bringing high-quality products to consumers in and outside the province. In addition, hi-tech applied agricultural areas will help to raise people’s awareness in production and consumption of agricultural products through the transfer and replication of advanced production models and the use of safe and clean products. Partly supporting the infrastructure construction will contribute to creating a new rural area with modern infrastructure, improved cultural standard and life. Hi-tech applied agricultural areas will contribute to restructuring labor force, creating new occupations, increasing labor productivity and increasing income for the people. Environmental efficiency: Hi-tech applications in agriculture will contribute to make a green, clean agriculture. It is one of the effective methods to minimize risk factors causing environmental pollution, and to exploit natural resources efficiently. 3.4. Evaluating difficulties and constraints in the development of hi-tech applied agriculture in Thai Nguyen province Despite certain results, in fact, Thai Nguyen province has been put behind many other provinces in the development of hi-tech applied agriculture. As a neighboring province of Hanoi capital, with convenient transportation, and as an economic, cultural and social center of the Northern midland and mountainous area, which is convenient for receiving scientific and technological advances, Thai Nguyen province has had weak application of high technologies to agricultural production. There have not been agricultural areas in the province. The application models are not diversified and synchronized from production to processing, preservation and consumption of products. In the development of hi-tech applied agriculture, the biggest obstacles to Thai Nguyen province currently are the spontaneousness and the lack of planning. Production is typically fragmented, on a small scale. Scientific and technological resources such as human resources, capital, machinery, equipment, technical facilities ... are limited and there are no specific policies to support this field. In addition to these obstacles, the lack of knowledge of hi-tech applied agriculture is also a big challenge for Thai Nguyen province. To develop a hi-tech applied agriculture, it is required to accumulate and settle land to create large-scale commodity production areas. The province should renew forms of production organization management and develop the model of linking production with consumption of products based on strongly developing the model of hi-tech applied agricultural enterprises, cooperatives and farms. In addition, it is important to minimize household production, small-size production, less efficient production. 3.5. Some solutions for the hi-tech applied agricultural development in Thai Nguyen province The value of hi-tech applied agricultural production in Thai Nguyen province is estimated to reach 2,397,550 million dongs (at current price) by 2020, accounting for 20% of the whole sector. To achieve this goal, Thai Nguyen province needs to implement the following fundamental solutions:
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Solutions on information dissemination: Promote the propaganda on the achievements and results of research; promote the transfer of scientific & technological advances and technological procedures in agriculture. Promote the transfer of advanced models and examples of hi-tech applications in the country and in the province to bring about socio-economic and environmental efficiency. Promote the brand development and the consumption market of hi-tech applied agricultural products, which are the strength of the province. Implement policies to encourage and support investment in hi-tech applied agricultural development in the province. Encourage economic components to invest and link in production organization, processing and consumption of hi-tech applied agricultural products. Solutions on planning and plans of land use for hi-tech applied agricultural development: Have a detailed planning of hi-tech applied agricultural areas and regions in accordance with the master plan of socio-economic development of the province, districts, cities, towns; with the master plan of agricultural development of the sector; and with the master plan of plant and animal development mainly related to hi-tech applications. Have a planning of hi-tech applied agricultural centers and services systems. Propose investment projects on the construction of essential hi-tech infrastructure (transport, electricity, water, environmental treatment, green houses, net houses ...) and projects / plans on activities in the hi-tech applied agricultural areas and centers for implementation. Review, supplement and adjust planning and plans in the field of agriculture and rural development. Encourage the people to "accumulate and exchange plots" and encourage the accumulation of land to develop large-scale agricultural production. Encourage people to lease land, share investment capital by land use rights with enterprises to invest in production. Simultaneously, update, supplement and adjust the plan of land use in 5 years and annually serve for hi-tech applied agricultural development. Solutions on the research and transfer of science and technology, technical procedures for the development of hi-tech applied agriculture: Propose, implement scientific and technological research projects, experimental production projects, projects on applying science and technology. Coordinate with the concerned ministries and branches at the central and provincial levels in research and transfer of science and technology. Support and encourage enterprises to import new technologies, renovate and upgrade their technological lines. Concentrate on researching, crossbreeding and importing new breeds of superiority to meet the requirements of the market. Develop and complete procedures of cultivation, intensive breeding which synchronously apply high technologies; high technologies in post-harvest preservation, processing and packing of agricultural products to ensure criteria. Strengthen the agricultural extension, develop demonstration models of linking production organization, processing and consumption of hi-tech applied products and apply good agricultural practices, GAP standards, HACCP. Have training sessions and effectively use human resources of science and technology in the province. The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development should cooperate closely with universities in the province, research institutes, centers for research and scientific and technological transfer, domestic and foreign hi-tech applied agricultural enterprises in the construction of strategies and plans of training hi-tech human resources to perform research tasks, receive technology transfer and production capacity. Have training sessions for the improvement
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of qualifications, skills and effective use of cadres and civil servants currently working in the field. Combine the nourishment of hi-tech human resources, which are direct labors in the hi-tech applied agricultural areas, regions with agricultural vocational training projects for rural labors, projects on scientific and technological application, training projects that belong to agricultural extension projects and national target programs to build new rural areas. Associate the training of hi-tech human resources with the development of hi-tech applied agricultural areas, regions, centers and services systems in the province. Effectively implement policies of supporting the development of hi-tech human resources and hi-tech applied agricultural enterprises. Solutions on the investment in hi-tech technical infrastructure construction: Use the detailed planning of agricultural areas and regions to develop investment projects, apply supporting policies, and integrate capital resources for implementation. Prioritize the investment capital in the construction of technical infrastructure for the pilot projects on hi-tech applied agriculture approved by Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee. Support site clearance as prescribed to create conditions for investment attraction. Encourage enterprises, cooperatives, farms and small holders to develop small irrigation systems, transportation systems, production electricity, green houses, net houses in the project area. Solutions on the development of hi-tech applied agricultural service development system: Make plans of developing a system of hi-tech applied agricultural services bases in association with the planning of hi-tech applied agricultural area, based on production demand of the area. There should be main service activities: consulting to apply hi-tech agriculture; have training sessions, transfer technologies, hi-tech applied product supply services (supplies, equipment, machinery, fertilizers, bio-preparations, pesticides, veterinary drugs ...), market information services and consumption of hi-tech applied agricultural products. Implement policies of encouraging investment in services: preferential policies on land, human resources training, and interest support for credit loans. Support the development of research, application of high technologies; support the propaganda and promotion for services market development. Solutions on linking production, processing and consumption of products: Encourage and support enterprises to invest in agriculture; develop hi-tech applied agricultural enterprises. Playing a leading role, these enterprises, together with centers for research, technology transfer, production and processing of hi-tech applied agricultural products need to develop models of linking value chain from production to consumption of hi-tech applied products. Connect hi-tech applied agricultural areas with hi-tech applied agricultural regions, centers, enterprises. Have a link between production bases and preservation, processing and consumption of products in the hi-tech applied agricultural regions and in the province. Have a link among Hanoi region and among provinces in the Northern midland and mountainous area in production and processing, consumption of hi-tech applied agricultural products domestically and for export. Solutions on policies and investment capital: Effectively implement policies and resources of the central and provincial programs and projects related to agricultural development. Based on the Central guiding documents, define the state management of agricultural centers and areas applying high technologies in accordance with the province’s conditions. Manage, review and inspect the planning and the state management of agricultural materials; manage the quality of hi-tech applied agricultural, forestry and aquatic products. Give priority to the investment in infrastructure
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construction in hi-tech applied agricultural areas. At the same time, for the development of new technologies with relatively large capital investment, the State needs to combine resources from the budget with the development of resources from the people in different forms to implement pilot investment models effectively, thereby, creating the effect of "spreading" to the whole province.
4. Discussion and Conclusion In the trend of international integration and climate change, together with specific characteristics of nature, economy and society, the development of hi-tech agriculture is an appropriate direction in Vietnam in general and in Thai Nguyen province in particular. Apart from this, for the sustainable and effective agricultural development, it is important to promote the hi- tech agricultural development and build the agricultural product brands. The paper analyzed and evaluated the current situation of hi-tech application development in the world, in Vietnam and in Thai Nguyen province. Particularly, the research compared and evaluated the economic, social and environmental effects between traditional agricultural production and hi-tech applied agricultural production to find difficulties and limitations in the development of hi-tech agriculture in Thai Nguyen province. Accordingly, the paper proposed solutions on information dissemination; land use planning; research and transfer of science and technology; investment in hi-tech infrastructure construction; development of hi-tech applied agricultural service system; solutions on linking production, processing and consumption of products; solutions on policy mechanism and investment capital to develop a hi-tech applied agriculture towards sustainability and efficiency for Thai Nguyen province in the future.
5. References
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. (2017, March 14). Decision No. 738/QĐ-BNN- KHCN on the criteria for determining hi-tech agricultural programs and projects, clean agricultural projects and lists of hi-tech applications in agriculture. Nguyen, Minh Phuong, Nguyen Tran Minh Tri. (2015, December 01). Nút thắt phát triển nông nghiệp ứng dụng công nghệ cao [The knot of hi-tech applied agricultural development]. Retrieved August 01, 2017 from http://www.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/nhan- dinh/item/28138702-nut-that-phat-trien-nong-nghiep-ung-dung-cong-nghe-cao.html Prime Minister. (2015, May 04). Decision No. 575/QĐ-TTg approving the master plan of hi-tech applied agricultural areas and zones by 2020, vision to 2030. Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee. (2016, December 12). Decision No. 34/2016/QĐ- UBND promulgating regulations on special supporting policies to encourage enterprises to invest in agriculture and rural areas in Thai Nguyen province for the period 2016-2020. Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee. (2017). Đề án phát triển nông nghiệp ứng dụngngh côngệ cao [The Scheme on hi-tech applied agricultural development in Thai Nguyen province for the period 2017-2020]. Thu Nga. (2017, March 21). Mạnh dạn đầu tư vào nông sản công nghệ cao [The bold investment in hi-tech applied agricultural products]. Retrieved August 01, 2017 from http://baothainguyen.org.vn/tin-tuc/kinh-te/manh-dan-dau-tu-vao-nong-san-cong-nghe- cao-244279-108.html
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