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Diplomarbeit Wilhelm Thoma DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die Geschichte der Hutterer: Von den Anfängen der Täuferbewegung bis zur Gegenwart“ Verfasser Wilhelm Thoma angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2008 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A0200472 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Lothar Höbelt Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG ..................................................................................................... 1 1 URSPRÜNGE UND RELIGIÖSE WURZELN DES TÄUFERTUMS ........... 3 1.1 Situation zu Beginn der Reformation ...................................................................... 3 1.2 Zwei wichtige Reformatoren als geistige Wegbereiter der Täufer ....................... 5 1.2.1 Biographie Martin Luthers............................................................................................ 5 1.2.2 Biographie von Ulrich Zwingli ...................................................................................... 8 1.3 Reformatorische Splittergruppen .......................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Schwärmer................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Spiritualisten .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3.3 Antitrinitarier............................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Die Entstehung der Täuferbewegung in der Schweiz.......................................... 12 1.4.1 Der Konflikt um die Taufe .......................................................................................... 14 1.4.2 Die erste Erwachsenentaufe...................................................................................... 15 1.4.3 Verfolgung und Vertreibung....................................................................................... 16 1.5 Die Schlattener Artikel............................................................................................. 17 1.5.1 Taufe.......................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.2 Bann........................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.3 Brechung des Brotes (Abendmahl)............................................................................ 19 1.5.4 Absonderung.............................................................................................................. 20 1.5.5 Hirten in der Gemeinde.............................................................................................. 20 1.5.6 Das Schwert............................................................................................................... 21 1.5.7 Der Eid ....................................................................................................................... 21 2 FLUCHT NACH OSTEN........................................................................... 22 2.1 Täufertum in Tirol .................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 Rahmenbedingungen und erste reformatorische Ansätze ........................................ 22 2.1.2 Ursachen, Aufstieg, Verbreitung und Verfolgung der Täuferbewegung.................... 23 2.1.3 Michael Gaismair und der Bauernkrieg von 1525 ..................................................... 26 2.1.3.1 Gaismairs Bezug zu den Täufern...................................................................... 28 2.1.4 Jakob Hutter............................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Das Täufer-Reich in Münster .................................................................................. 32 2.2.1 Melchior Hofmann...................................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Die Ereignisse in Münster.......................................................................................... 34 2.3 Das gelobte Land Mähren ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Religionsfreiheit und Autonomie der mährischen Stände.......................................... 38 2.3.2 Nikolsburg – Die erste Täufersiedlung in Mähren ..................................................... 39 2.3.3 Streit und Spaltung in der Gemeinde der Heiligen .................................................... 39 2.3.3.1 Erste Spaltung in Nikolsburg............................................................................. 40 2.3.3.2 Die Gemeinde von Austerlitz und die zweite Spaltung ..................................... 42 2.3.3.3 Auspitz und die dritte Spaltung ......................................................................... 43 2.3.4 Verfolgung in Mähren 1535/36 .................................................................................. 46 2.3.5 Das goldene Zeitalter in Mähren – Entwicklung der Haushaben .............................. 50 2.3.5.1 Wirtschaftliche Verflechtungen mit dem mährischen Adel................................ 52 2.3.5.2 Interne Probleme durch den steigenden Wohlstand......................................... 55 2.3.5.3 Äußere Probleme und Ende der „goldenen Zeit“.............................................. 57 2.3.6 Vertreibung aus dem Paradies .................................................................................. 58 I 2.4 Im Königreich Ungarn.............................................................................................. 62 2.4.1 Die Gemeinden in Oberungarn .................................................................................. 62 2.4.2 Die Gemeinden in Siebenbürgen............................................................................... 65 2.4.2.1 Göttliche Hilfe kurz vor dem Aussterben – Verstärkung aus Kärnten............... 67 2.4.2.2 Verfolgung in und Vertreibung aus Siebenbürgen ............................................ 68 2.5 Kurzes Intermezzo in der Walachei........................................................................ 71 2.6 Ein Jahrhundert im Zarenreich (1770–1874) ......................................................... 74 2.6.1 Die Situation in Russland Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts .............................................. 75 2.6.2 Wischinka................................................................................................................... 76 2.6.3 Radiceva .................................................................................................................... 78 2.6.4 Neuanfang in der Molotschna .................................................................................... 80 2.6.5 Russifizierung, allgemeine Wehrpflicht und Auswanderung...................................... 81 3 HUTTERER IN DER NEUEN WELT ......................................................... 84 3.1 Siedlungs- und Einwanderungspolitik in den USA bei Ankunft der ersten Hutterer................................................................................................... 84 3.2 Die ersten Jahre im Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten................................ 85 3.3 Die Zeit des 1. Weltkrieges...................................................................................... 88 3.3.1 Hutterer in Militärhaft.................................................................................................. 89 3.4 Flucht nach Kanada ................................................................................................. 91 3.4.1 Rahmenbedingungen im neuen gelobten Land......................................................... 91 3.4.2 Weitere Entwicklung der Höfe.................................................................................... 92 4 ASPEKTE DES HUTTERISCHEN LEBENS IM 20. UND 21. JAHRHUNDERT ................................................................................. 96 4.1 Erziehung und Bildung auf einem Bruderhof ....................................................... 97 4.2 Eintritt in den Arbeitsprozess und wilde Jahre................................................... 102 4.3 Taufe und Heirat..................................................................................................... 104 4.4 Das Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsleben in Verbindung mit der Gütergemeinschaft ................................................................................................ 107 4.5 Die Ämter auf einem Bruderhof............................................................................ 111 4.5.1 Der Prediger und dessen Wahl................................................................................ 111 4.6 Das „Vonanandergehn“ – Branching System..................................................... 113 4.7 Sanktionen, Strafen und Abtrünnige ................................................................... 115 SCHLUSSWORT ........................................................................................... 119 LITERATUR- UND QUELLENVERZEICHNIS ............................................... 122 ANHANG........................................................................................................ 131 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 131 Lebenslauf...............................................................................................................................
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