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The burden and the beast: An oracle of apocalyptic reform in early sixteenth-century Salzburg Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Milway, Michael Dean, 1957- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 09:08:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288768 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi'om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be fi-om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fi'om left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 & THE BURDEN AND THE BEAST AN ORACLE OF APOCALYPTIC REFORM IN EARLY SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SALZBURG ty Michael Dean Milway Copyright © Michael Dean Milway 1997 A Dissertation Subniitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1997 UMl Number: 9814454 Copyright 1997 by Milway, Michael Dean All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9814454 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Michael D. S. Milway entitled Burden and the Beast: An Oracle of Apocalyptic Reform in Early Sixteenth-Century Salzburg and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy *" jjc), -/V. =R_ ofessor H^ko A. Obdrman Date — Professor Alan Bernstein Date K S-/- Professor Richafrd Cosgrove Date y Professor Emeritus Donald Weinstein Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Professor Heiko A. Oberman Dat I I 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers imder rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. i: 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Polonius did not have academia in mind when he advised Laertes, "neither a borrower nor a lender be / for loan oft loses both itself and friend / and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry" (SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Liii.75-77). My debts are mountainoias, and my work is better on account of them. For financial support during two profitable periods of research, I thank the French Government (for a Chateaubriand to Paris), the American and Austrian Fulbright Commissioi^s (for a grant to Salzburg) cind the Institut fiir Europaische Geschichte (for a writing fellowship to Mainz). The staff and librarians of many institutions have been most gracious and dependable: the Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris); the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (Munich); both the Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek and the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna); the Universitatsbibliothek, Stiftsbibliothek St. Peter, Erzbischofliches Konsistorialarchiv, Salzbxirger Landescirchiv and Salzburger Museum Carolino Augusteum (Salzburg); and the Heimatmuseum Schlofi Ritzen (Saalfelden). These are the institutions as well that have granted me permission to reproduce copies of photos and maps from their collectior\s. I owe a considerable debt of gratitude to my colleagues in the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies (Toronto) and even more to those in the Division for Late Medieval and Reformation Studies (Tucson). Other individuals deserve special mention: Alan Bernstein, Donald Weinstein, Hermann Rebel and Peter Dykema (Tucson); Nicole Lemaitre and especially Bernard Roussel (Paris); Ralph Decot and Markus Wriedt (Mainz); Johaim SaUaberger, Gerhard Winkler, Heinz Dopsch and above all, for his indefatigable assistance and dear friendship, Arthur Schwaiger (Salzburg). Still others have been important at the stage of editing texts for Appendix B, notably Hans-Christoph Rublack (Tubingen), Eric Saak (Groningen), Thomas Albert (Bern), Regina Portner (Oxford), Adolf Hahnl and Hubert Schopf (Salzburg). Many other outstanding accounts are recorded, I hope adequately, in the footnotes. My greatest debt is owed to Heiko A. Oberman, whose weekly seminars made the rigorous study of history delightful; whose public criticism made his infamous late- night seminars profitable; and whose routine reference to Latin adages made his moming-after private criticism almost sufferable: Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit. Every chapter, indeed every page of this dissertation owes credit to him and his unfiling guidance. Little by little, my family has inherited stock in this dissertation — emotionally and materially — while anxious in ways opposite to that described in my research. Apocalyptic worry for them has been keenest when the end was not in sight! To their patience, prayers, love and support, I owe more than a father, son or husband could ever return: Brendan is the joy of my life; Mom and Dad are the firmest and truest pUlars of devotion; Katie is the wind beneath my wings. St. Brendan's Day, May 1997 for my mother and father ... who read this dedication on 3 May 1997, two days after my oral defense. Shortly thereafter, on 9 June 1997, nnother died, before the final corrections were finished. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9 ABSTRACT 12 INTRODUCTION — Hour of Darkness: Apocalyptic Preliminaries 14 A. The Burden and the Beast 26 B. Historiographical Bridges 38 CHAPTER ONE — Where Fallen Angels Fly: Apocalyptic Cosmology 51 A. Space and Time 53 B. The Universe 68 CHAPTER TWO — In the Jaws of the Devil: Apocalyptic Geography 80 A. Picturing the World 91 B. Salzburg 100 CHAPTER THREE — Demons in E)isguise: Apocalyptic Demography 115 A. Monsters 118 B. Perchten 133 C. Gog and Magog 138 CHAPTER FOUR — Dangerous Times: Apocalyptic Biography 149 A. Between Attila and Antichrist 152 B. Signs and Wonders 157 C. Reformatio et deformatio 165 D. Half Dead 176 CONCLUSION — The Last Act 190 APPENDIX A — Onus ecclesiae 194 APPENDIX B — Texts 226 REFERENCES 283 7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION 1 Gravestone (St. Peter's Cemetery, Salzburg) 30 2 The Jaws of Hell, Bourges Cathedral (BENTON, Bestiaire, 60) 30 CHAPTER ONE 1.1 The Human Sundial, Peter Flotner, 1535 (GEISBERG, Single-leaf, III, 794) 60 1.2 Hour of Death, Albrecht Durer, 1510 (KURTH, ed., Albrecht Durer, 210) 60 1.3 Hour of Death, Hans Sebald Beham, 1522 (GEISBERG, Single-leaf, III, 215) 60 1.4 The Seven Ages of the Church and the Seven Stages of the World (OE 5-9) 66 15 The Universe (m 19-26) 69 1.6 The Four Contraries 71 1.7 The Sublunar Spheres (D'AILLY, Imago mundi, fol. ivH 73 1.8 The Universe (SCHEDEL, Buck der Chroniken, fol. v^)7 73 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Locking the Jaws of Hell, 12th c. Psalter (B.L.: MS 1846 Cott. Nero, c. 4, fol. 39) 84 2.2 Multiple Jaws of Hell, 13th c. miniature (BN: Ms. fr. 403, fol 40'") 84 2.3 Harrowing Hell, 14th c. fresco CUrschalling parish church in Bavaria, near Prien) ....84 2.4 Jaws of Purgatory and Hell, 15th c. initial-D (Wurzburg U. Bib; Cod. M. ch. fol. 690). 84 23 The True Church and False Church, Lucas Cranach (OBERMAN, Luther, 167) 85 2.6 Satire of the Catholic Mass, Meircus Gheeraerts the Elder (JETZER, Himmel, 153) 85 I 2.7 Crowning the Pope over Hell, 1545 (LUTHER, WA, 54) 85 f 2.8 Mappemonde nouvelle papistique, Pierre Eskrich (SZYKULA, "Mappemonde," 94) 88 i 2.9 Mappemonde nouvelle papistique (SZYKULA, "Mappemonde," 94) 88 1 2.10 Mappemonde nouvelle papistique (LESIRING ANT, "Carto^aphie," 115) 89 f 2.11 Mappemonde nouvelle papistique, papal court QEZLER, Himmel Hdlle, 153) 89 ; 2.12 Ebstorf World Map (ca. 1235): Paradise, Gog and Magog (BN: Ge: CC1551-6) 94 I 2.13 Map of the Salzburg Ecclesiastical Province, ca. 1525 104 [ 2.14 Map of the South-East Holy Roman Empire, ca.
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  • INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced

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    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI film s the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough* substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproductioiL In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these wül be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Nnsaber 9816176 ‘‘Ordo et lîbertas”: Church discipline and the makers of church order in sixteenth century North Germany Jaynes, JefiErey Philip, Ph.D.
  • Perchtenlauf” in Its Relationship to the Carnivalesque

    Perchtenlauf” in Its Relationship to the Carnivalesque

    Ritual Rebellion and Social Inversion in Alpine Austria: Rethinking the “Perchtenlauf” in its Relationship to the Carnivalesque by David Natko A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Approved April 2014 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: John Alexander, Chair Daniel Gilfillan Peter Horwath ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2014 ABSTRACT The "Perchtenlauf," a multi-faceted procession of masked participants found in the eastern Alps, has been the subject of considerable discourse and often debate within European ethnology since the mid-19th century. While often viewed from a mythological perspective and characterized as a relic of pre-Christian cult practices, only recently have scholars begun to examine its connection with Carnival. Research of this kind calls for an in-depth analysis of the "Perchtenlauf" that is informed by Bakhtin's theory of the carnivalesque, an aesthetic of festive merriment and the release from social restrictions which is embodied by Carnival traditions. A carnivalesque reading of the "Perchtenlauf" reveals a tradition pregnant with playful ambivalence, celebrations of the lower body, and the inversion of social hierarchies. Past interpretations of the "Perchtenlauf" have often described its alleged supernatural function of driving away the harmful forces of winter, however its carnavalesque elements have definite social functions involving the enjoyment of certain liberties not sanctioned under other circumstances. The current study solidifies the relationship between the "Perchtenlauf" and Carnival using ethnographic, historical, and etymological evidence in an attempt to reframe the discourse on the tradition's form and function in terms of carnivalesque performance. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................