Between Heroism and Sainthood: the Veneration of New Martyrs In

CEU eTD Collection

BETWEEN HEROISM BETWEEN SAINTHOOD: VENERATION AND THE OF In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree

NEW MARTYRS IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA

Department ofSociology Social and Anthropology Supervisors: Professor Vlad Naumescu Central European University By FominaVictoria Budapest, Hungary Submitted to Professor PremKumar Rajaram 2013

of Masterof Arts of

CEU eTD Collection yearthroughout this deepest My memory lane. and warmth and possible advice. inspiring to thankful and thoughtful and enthusiasm inexhaustible his for Rooney thesis. this of creation whose my of express to like would I Acknowledgments research insightful all informants without whom th whom without informants all gratitude I would like to like would I heartfulness

supervisors Professor Vlad Naumescu and Professor Prem Kumar Rajaram Kumar Prem Professor and Naumescu Vlad Professor supervisors perspectives, valuable perspectives, even even

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CEU eTD Collection Keywords: contemporary believers.Orthodox segmentof nationalistic the by activelypromoted andaccepted is martyrdom that ‘militant’ or martyrdom of act an as than aspectrather collective, purposeful the envisions it way the discipleship Christian lengthy a ratherthan decision, momentary a of outcome s respects: several in Russia, of confessors and martyrs new of case the by represented one the like martyrdom, of images conventional modernmore which construct, narratives relatable intelligible, hagiographic find believers saint’s the martyrdom of peculiar conception the through explained be can commemoration hero national a of practices secular and worship saint’s of practices religious the both combines that Yevgeny of veneration martyr of image popular the martyrdom identify saint folk a as many by venerated not actively was is who but beatified, Rodionov Yevgeny soldier and 2000 in canonized Russia of confessors and in martyrs new of commemoration Russia contemporary and veneration of dynamics the explores thesis This Abstract i gni ficance in the act; in the way it conceptualizes it way the in act; the in ficance

what features secure the popularity of a saint in modern society and what notion of notion what and society modern in saint a of popularity the secure features what

new martyrs, popular veneration,new ofmemory, politics martyrs,

. Through a comparative analysis of two case studies case two of analysis comparative a Through . of witnessing for God for witnessing of

,

n wrh o iiain Ti concepti This imitation. of worthy and - warrior Yevgeny conveys. I argue that popular popular that argue I conveys. Yevgeny warrior ii in the way it it way the in

. level temporal a on martyrdom

Such shift reflects an image of ‘active’ of image an reflects shift Such construes

– –

h peet eerh ek to seeks research present the

s srtgc arfc for sacrifice strategic a as moral project. martyr’s agency martyr’s –

on departs from from departs on the new martyrs new the ; and finally,in and ;

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the CEU eTD Collection References: RemarksConcluding Chapter 3: The Transformationofthe Conceptof MartyrdomModernity in Making Chapter 2: The ofthe NewMartyrs C Introduction ofContents Table Abstract Acknowledgments Table Contents of HAPTER HAPTER 3.3 3.2. 3.1. 2.5. 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. .

R S T T T T T M T M M

ACRED ACRED OWARDS THE THE OWARDS HE HE HE HE HE ELIGION AND AND ELIGION ARTYR ARTYR 1:

...... ETHODO B T P E F

R OLK OLK POCH OF OF POCH THE OF RANSFORMATION OPULAR OPULAR IBLICAL AND THE THE AND IBLICAL

...... ELIGION

...... H - AS DOM W EROISM AND AND EROISM S LOGY AINT AND AND AINT ARRIOR ARRIOR

...... S

N C N ...... , AINT AND THE THE AND AINT

ONCEPTION OF OF ONCEPTION ...... IN ATIONALISM EW EW M

T ...... ESTIMONY ILITARISM Y M EVGENY EVGENY P

S ARTYRS AND AND ARTYRS OPULAR OPULAR H ECULAR ECULAR EROIC EROIC ......

...... , R P

AND AND C S ODIONOV V M OPULAR OPULAR ...... M T ...... AINTHOOD ONCEPT OF OF ONCEPT ENERATION YPOLOGIES ILITANT ILITANT ODERNITY C M ONFESSORS OF OF ONFESSORS ...... ARTYRDOM IN IN ARTYRDOM ...... F ......

AITH ...... M ...... :

M

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F ...... ORMS OF OF ORMS

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R ...... USSIA M M

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determination, Russian Russian - day Orthodox nationalists, nationalists, Orthodox day sd (2007) Asad

as a sold a as way of drawing the line between th between line the drawing of way martyr is martyr tend ; in this context this in ; nationalist ideal. is even made through the physical movement of a dead body in space. in body dead a of movement physical the through made even is Yevgeny’s ‘testimony Yevgeny’s Since the act of Yevgeny (who did not lead a righteous life) can hardly be be hardly can life) righteous a lead not did (who Yevgeny of act the Since ency of ency the soldier’s soldier’s the i er ’ – ; can it be possible that in his death h death his in that possible be it can ;

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intentions become crucial, because crucial, become intentions m of phenomenon the addressing us guishing Jensen (201 Jensen act into a mime a into act , i.e. for what we already are as a people or a nation, not for not nation, a or people a as are already we what for i.e. , his t rying to distinguish whether Yevgeny died for faith or for or faith for died Yevgeny whether distinguish to rying loyalty , ’ between morally good and morally evil ways of dying of ways evil morally and good morally between if one decides to view it as such as it view to decides one if 0 : 37) obse37) : o hit r o h nation the to or Christ to ng e two. e s 12 is of Orthodoxy and nation and Orthodoxy of is

that that

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an is

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h early The m Since in Jensen 201 in Jensen human order human discourses, tv itn ad ec, gny Mrydm a i i cnevd n t in conceived is it as Martyrdom, agency. hence, and intent ative Transformation of re sent out as sheep amongst wolves and are to be innocent as doves” (Mt. 10.16 (Mt. doves” as innocent be to are and wolves amongst sheep as out sent re – artyrdom

u ti aec i rrl emphasized rarely is agency this but

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which (Jensen 201 (Jensen either way way either Concept of M sts sts that , ”

o not do is simultaneously a critique of the earthly world world earthly the of critique a simultaneously is construes pain as an opposite of action, suffering action, of opposite an as pain construes o a mart a for 13 idea of of idea

agency (Lambek 2007: (Lambek agency to eliminate” ( eliminate” to 0 it was it

: 14 : el the feel ; then , 123 ,

yr refuses to do anything except for for except anything do to refuses yr agency artyrdom n h cnrr, atro i often is martyrdom contrary, the on self

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sub choice a , it is an “action by means means by “action an is it

jectively experiencedjectively

2000:30)

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CEU eTD Collection 2013) Medieval presents modernity of narrative moral secularist the of principles the that suggests also This incomprehe seem might Christ to discipleship contemporary the with associated be to coming Asad as abasement identity.” of form destructive and “inauthentic as societies (201 Jensen (Asad 2000:47). power transformative and martyrdom 92). 1997: Smith in cited Augustine fo a not “instituted cross the on sacrifice Christ’s i mere as across come persecutors Lambek). in cited (Lienhardt beginning just not does martyr relationship strengthgrantedgracealone, butthroughby the tohim 1981:79). God(Brown h limits, human the beyond far goes that pain endures she or he when for discourses, martyrological Christian in undermined partially also is agency individual martyrs’ he is the one the is ,

Building on Charles Taylor’s theory of identity as authenticity and authenticity as identity of theory Taylor’s Charles on Building qal influence equally Lambek

gny s Christians” as agency : “ : conveys an almost an conveys 0 who suffers who : 17) argues that the notion of martyrdom is rejected by many contemporary contemporary many by rejected is martyrdom of notion the that argues 17) :

i Russian society the society Russian t

is not dying in dying not is

(2007: 31) (2007: hooia thinking theological

( passive 93 167) 1993: , s

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6 ) . action and passion and action

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he transforms it into life, into a into life, into it transforms he killing in a simple a in killing

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Indeed

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CEU eTD Collection collective for sacrifice as conceptualized When martyrdom. Islamist the with associate fanaticism of stigma the from away breaking thus collective, of act an narratives hagiographic Yevgeny’s In paradise. attaining of goal the to contribute can act particular a how of understanding and considerations strategic elaborate by much so Europeans the enemiesthe to destruction maximum the how describes 47) (1988: Dale endgame. victorious by substituted “ However, strategy. to connected never was discipline ‘ they appealing, too seem not does obses 201 (Jensen itself in vindication of suffering willful of act victim the with standards and while values, religion discourses. libertarian Western modern the of influences the activists ee n now and here m artyrdom as a vocation” (Smith 1997: 12), and self and 12), 1997: (Smith vocation” a as artyrdom sed with efficiency with sed

Christian identity does not simply rest on identification with the victim as such, but such, as victim the with identification on rest simply not does identity Christian in the moral narrative of modernity by adjusting the doctrine to doctrine the adjusting by modernity of narrative moral the in adhering to adhering personal ,

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transformed into the concept of ‘private jihad’ ‘private of concept the into transformed that a results.

ucsfles f h ‘lbl o ‘ainl jhd bt omte wt the with committed but jihad, ‘national’ or ‘global’ the of successfulness taei sciie f oehn ls sign less something of sacrifice strategic

is vindicated (Jensen 2010 vindicated (Jensen is

etmn t God to testimony Discussing the history of religious suicide in the colonial Islamic Asia Islamic colonial the in suicide religious of history the Discussing anti sd 19: 3) ons u ta te eivl Ch Medieval the that out points 136) (1993: Asad audience - modern and anti and modern continuing tonegate a

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globalist globalist prove envision vindication in terms of terms in vindication envision

15 : 85) : of suicide terror that that terror suicide of owever

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to the modern modern the to in some contemporary discourses discourses contemporary some in traditional Christian traditional , are They try They – fcn i odr o eue the secure to order in ificant

acts of violence motivated not motivated violence of acts themselves not themselves strategic a

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th e

CEU eTD Collection a as both functions complex The 2000. in Russia of confessors and martyrs new as canonized repressions Soviet of victims the of burial mass the of site the at up folk saint and more secularizedglorification soldier as of the anational hero. t Yevgeny of commemoration was possible, when method 23. May held day commemoration Yevgeny’s of organization Kurilovo, Rodionova Lubov mother Yevgeny’s and visited also sainthood I veneration. for candidate problematic a as Yevgeny see they God’sChurch Ascension of Father with interviews ethnographic extensive of set a conducted site the visiting pilgrims the and church local the of parish the and dean the between a of subject a is space soldier the of commemoration exploring for site strategic a was located. Rodionov Yevgeny co month the of outcome an is thesis this in presented data ethnographic All 2.1 Chapter 2 nducted in April 2013 in Moscow and in Satino in and Moscow in 2013 April in nducted .

Methodology My field research in Moscowc wasin research Myfield egn’ gae n Satino in grave Yevgeny’s The purpose of the ethnographic interviews, combined with participant with combined interviews, ethnographic the of purpose The who :

s n hre of charge in is The Making of the New the MartyrsMaking of The

–

ht a bcm a igiae ie o mn Otoo believers Orthodox many for site pilgrimage a become has that constant ,

, which , and some of his and some of - martyr

tak some o some otsain y ifrn actor different by contestation cpue h eitn p existing the capture o ing

- include both the mystical forms of veneration of him as a as him of veneration of forms mystical the both include usoe oae na te hrh f o’ Ascens God’s of church the near located Russkoye

as well as well as c r o Yveys rv and grave Yevgeny’s of are f the material the f entered parish members with the goal of finding out why goalof findingoutwhy members withparish the 17

the controversies they cause they controversies the

around the Butovo memorial complex built complex memorial Butovothe around - Russkoye, the village where the grave of of grave the where village the Russkoye, yearly and symbolic and in Satino in

ractices of veneration and and veneration of ractices s, causing endless tensions tensions endless causing s, residing ,

many of which have been been havewhich of many Dmitri

forms of veneration and veneration of forms - who Russkoye cemetery on cemetery Russkoye h they why

a - atcpts n the in participates –

long field work I work field long ,

ery village nearby

for h da o the of dean the - this ‘sacred’ this observation observation poe his oppose .

I have have I

– ion ion

is –

CEU eTD Collection 2009). the of type what of account web and forums employed was strategy analysis discourse narration. a complement this of figure central the and informant main my is who Rodionova Lubov and Yevgeny warrior the to devoted monument the created who Korobzov Andrei sculptor are informants all personally find as martyr new a as Yevgeny of allow motifs personal grasp their and problem the to attitude informants’ of understanding meet theirand needs standards. orientation military who Military Orthodox Moscow th grasp strategies explore to were complex memorial Butovo the of members staff the with interviews the and worship of place ing ode a a oeta rl mdl hy r tyn to trying are they model role potential a as soldier follow the follow ing

One sae n ntr o the of nature and scale e

u hw atclr cos nesad h maig f anho and sainthood of meaning the understand actors particular how out more accurately more I mlyd y h ROC the by employed relate to relate - also on nd contextualize the data collected in course of the ethnographic fieldwork the fieldwork ethnographic the of course in collected data the contextualize nd -

n semi one churchly politics churchly - have conducted conducted have sites devoted to Yevgeny Rodionov in order to get a more comprehensive more a get to order in Rodionov Yevgeny to devoted sites -

Patriotic club “Volunteer in the name of great martyr Dmitri of Solunski of Dmitri martyr great of name the in “Volunteer club Patriotic , hne t poet hi aoyiy ecp fr h pbi figures public the for except anonymity, their protect to changed

Yevgeny they are engaged in an active search of moral exemplars that would best best would that exemplars moral of search active an in engaged are they

as a as groups - structured the full spectrum of reasons behind the campaign for canonization for campaign the behind reasons of spectrum full the museum ’s image ’s

promote the reverence of Yevgeny and what kind of image of of image of kind what and Yevgeny of reverence the promote well as counter as well

several of canonization of ir o rmt te glorification the promote to

and center for historical research. My main goals behind behind goals main My research. historical for center and ethnogr eeain n otmoay Russia contemporary in veneration

as a hero or as a martyr a as or hero a as

: I examined a number of Orthodox nationalist web nationalist Orthodox of number a examined I : ethnographic interviews with the members of the the of members the with interviews ethnographic aphic 18 -

arguments against it against arguments

neves ht help that interviews big with produce interest

(Bernard 1995). (Bernard f e mrys s el s to as well as martyrs new of Tnis 98 Ri Ruiz Ruiz 1988; (Tonkiss , because as a club with club a as because , , this method this , produce . uig y ty in stay my During

The names of of names The n insightful an

also o they how help -

the the the the To To ed ed a ” -

CEU eTD Collection little afornot was it if death aftereveryonetheir of fate the by forgotten and conflict Chechen the shared of mist the into thrown have boys young other of thousands could Rodionov Yevgeny finished. being from far be to seems existence posthumous Yevgeny’s of history The birthday. nineteenth block their on attack an during militants Chechen the by soldiers fellow three with alongside captured was he where C in deployed soon and army the to called was he eighteen turned he when 1977; new symbolOrthodoxy and ofRussian nationalism. been never has sainthood his and services the by acknowledged divine and prayers in short, very be to out life, his spend not did Yevgeny Timophey, father Unlike Rodionov. Yevgeny the local cemeteryin adj famelies international wayan village out this brought who man globe.Thethe around all from but Russia, over all from just Satino turned who Timophey father was it However, 2000. August in Church Orthodox Russian the of Council Hierarch’s the during canonized Russia of confessors and martyrs new the among ranked was Synod arr was who Uljanov, Timophey church the of dean former the 2004 In saint. own its gained parish church’s the of life the in happened event exciting an ago years Several people. popu living the exceeds far which of population the cemetery, local the lies church the to Adjacent located. is century fifteenth the to back dating Ascension God’s the of Church picturesque small a where 2. 2 ested during the Soviet regime and perished in a labor camp, by the decision of the Holy the of decision the by camp, labor a in perished and regime Soviet the during ested . Martyr fro away kilometers sixty About The story of Yevgeny’s earthly life is a very short and simple one: he was born in born was he one: simple and short very a is life earthly Yevgeny’s of story The - Warrior Yevgeny Rodionov ain f Satino of lation ROC - ot atr n hnrd as f atvt h ws xctd n his on executed was he captivity of days hundred one after post; , yet to the thousands of b of thousands the to yet , - usoe ht t h tm o 20 cnu cntttd 28 constituted census 2005 of time the at that Russkoye - Russkoye into a site of pilgrimage attracting visitors not visitors attracting pilgrimage of site a into Russkoye m Moscow lies a tiny village called Satino called village tiny a lies Moscow m 19

metal

elievers he was destined to become the become to destined was he elievers

cross –

acent to the church; his name isname church;his the acentto quite an uncommon adornment an quite s oe ope and complex more is which - Russkoye hechnya -

of turned turned -

the – not

it - CEU eTD Collection this precisely means Russian in name (her love boundless the and aliv longer no spirit of strength The what. was matter no back Zhenya bring son to determined search the her continued that clear became it when Even 2012). (Smirnov life with compatible barely were that traumas the survived miraculously but beaten brutally meeting such one after army; companion Russian the by wanted leader militant every almost personally with son.Shemanaged meet to ofabout her the location tryingfind outanything to alm walked apartment her sold Rodionova started. purgatory personal Lubov’s how is This them. for do can he nothing was there that the that desertion about conclusion admitted reluctantly who officer commanding Yevgeny’s by met was she There herself. happenedfor what out find Chechnyato to wentand believeit to refused deserter, she Rodionov Lubov When Yevgeny. to moment the at do to want not did or not could army Russian entire single and son her for search to Chechnya to went bravely no was it if known become never have would peopleZhenyaRussian as Rodionov three his of all 1996; 23 May comrades hislam shared on beheaded was that for die. to and or cross Islam the to chose convert andYevgeny cross his off take to choice: a given was Yevgeny sent, provide to refusal a and torture brutal of days hundred a After fate. tragic his in role fatal a played that and old years eleven time that of people young the for eeeys tr wud ae ee gn vrl n te icmtne o hs death his of circumstances the and viral gone never have would story Yevegeny’s ost the entire Chechnya going from village to village, often without any escort, escort, any without often village, to village from going Chechnya entire the ost –

fte wo a as loig o hs o ws ht ed Lbv esl was herself Lubov dead, shot was son his for looking also was who father a entable fate, but none of them became so known and venerated and by the became soknownentable ofthem butnone fate,

was too hasty, that the soldiers must have been taken hostage and hostage taken been have must soldiers the that hasty, too was

– a close relative’s address, so that a ransom demand could be could demand ransom a that so address, relative’s close a

– the only property she had and started the searching. She She searching. the started and had she property only the

that Yevgeny had been wearing permanently since he was was he since permanently wearing been had Yevgenythat –

the boy chose who the cross. a received a telegram claiming that her son was a a was son her that claiming telegram a received a 20 t for the courageous deed of his mother who mother his of deed courageous the for t

- handedly managed to do what the the what do to managed handedly

– –

find out what happened happened what out find ‘love’) this woman has woman this ‘love’) , Lubov e, her her CEU eTD Collection Yevgeny Rodionov. Ortho by celebrated holiday a of honor Satino in buried was Yevgeny Christianity. up give to refusing for century third the in beheaded legionnaires the of memory of day the November, 20 on home brought finally were remains Yevgeny’s 2012). (Smirnov death after tormentors their haunt not will victims the that ensure to separately buried and broken are scalps the superstition, scalp a of pieces several back brought then and somewhere went he instead deny; to try not did He fraud. of him accusing site, burial the her showed who person the directly confronted She Chechnya. to returned Lubov informers, local the to pay l money that no and escort out no with exhausted turned and Distressed missing. it was head Yevgeny’s examination medical the for Russia to brought were bodies the When b the saw she that faith lose completely to about was she when was it darkness; complete in night the of middle the in bodies the up dig to had volunteers few with Lubov place. the revealed (Smirno prisons Russian four all for ransom $4000 ofrelease the andterritory;Bamut the deminingof the bodies; a burial: the of site the her show to agree would he which on equall three put he son, her killed and captured who man the with contact in got finally Lubov When relics. saint’s a of discovery miraculous significant consciou the national Russian contemporary for all of image biblical the and Mother(land) strong the of image Soviet the both personifies Lubov son’s. her of man by perceived being deed her people, many touched demonstrated linking of a of linking The history of her finding Yevgeny’s remains can easily compete with any history of history any with compete easily can remains Yevgeny’s finding her of history The - Russkoye’s cemetery next to the church of God’s Ascension named in the in named Ascension God’s of church the to next cemetery Russkoye’s

metal

- oig ohr f God of Mother loving

v 2012). Lubov managed to do all of this, and her informer finally informer her and this, of all do to managed Lubov 2012). v cross -

that

was Zhenya. The story, however, did not end with this. with end not did however, story, The Zhenya. was dox people on May 23 May on people dox 21 y unfeasible as it seemed at the time conditions time the at seemed it yas unfeasible

–

h to oefl rhtps ht r as are that archetypes powerful two the eiisi martyrs Melitinski sness as the cross itself. itself. sness as thecross –

three – in

the day of birth and death of death and birth of day the accordance with a Chechen a with accordance

Chechen militants held in militants Chechen y as one worthy of that of worthy one as y –

oa Christian Roman

eft to eft CEU eTD Collection complic already the impair would it that fears ROC’s the were canonization in rejection for reasons real the that concluded and motivation political hidden a decision this to “insp just war in killed been have who those canonized never has Church Orthodox Russian the that adding also suffered,” has who everyone to rewards away giving not is “canonization churchly conscious a led Yevgeny that proofs reliable of absence the and death his of circumstances the confirming evidence of lack the was rejection for reason main The canonization. denied Commissi Synodal the 2004 In relics. other among time some for kept been has cross Yevgeny’s where Moscow in church Nilolas St. of dean the and Fatherland of Revival Spiritual for committee the of head thecampaignof initiators the ofOne purification. and preservation its for struggle own their sacralizing and nation Russian entire the sanctifying meant Yevgeny sanctifying them To neither. betrayed and withstood who vers vice and nation his betray to was faith his betray to in saw “mime embodied church an more: even the Yevgeny of segment nationalist The lot. a matters and matters, still Orthodoxy that proving society, Russian the for model role new a create ‘morally and ‘godless’ a in authority establish to struggling still time the at re was that church of the deed; his of spread reading the and story Yevgeny’s of popularization the in role major a played who activists Church Orthodox were it beginning the In began. Yevgeny of canonization the later nation; his and motherland his betray to not chose who hero national a as venerated was

spiritual aspect of his deed came to be more accentuated and an active campaign for the the for campaign active an and accentuated more be to came deed his of aspect spiritual ire the army and raise the soldierly spirit” (Maximov 2004). Many immediately saw in saw immediately Many 2004). (Maximov spirit” soldierly the raise and army the ire When Yevgeny’s story got into the press, the glorification of his deed began. First he First began. deed his of glorification the press, the into got story Yevgeny’s When

ie Mxmv 04. s h sceay f h Synodal the of secretary the As 2004). (Maximov life - on for Canonization held a special investigation, but Yevgeny was was Yevgeny but investigation, special a held Canonization for on orp’ oit sw cac t mk ue of use make to chance a saw society corrupt’ for Yevgeny’s beatification was Alexander Shargunov, aShargunov, Alexanderbeatification was Yevgeny’s for s is” of Orthodoxy and nationhood, a man to whom whom to man a nationhood, and Orthodoxy of is” 22

a, and even more importantly, a man man a importantly, more even and a, hr ae epe o whom to people are there Yevgeny Commission ated Christian ated ’s story and and story ’s

ligious ligious u it put - CEU eTD Collection was church, the in person uncannonized an of image the keeping and conclusion hasty (Yevgeny Pemza in hospital Oncological the to attached church small a in icon Yevgeny’s by myrrh of secretion reported who priest the while sectarianism, resembles day commemoration Yevgeny’s on cemetery the at happening Commi Synodal the of secretary the circles: churchly the to attitude in cooling certain bloom to continued Yevgeny of veneration popular the as However, II. Alexis Patriarch b the received even Shargunov Alexander of Rodionov” order Yevgeny the by Warrior 1997 in Christ published for Martyr New “The titled book a practices; such of condemnation explicit an or ROC the by Yevgeny of veneration the to resistance active thereha first at canonization, the regardingdecision positive of absence the Despite icons. Yevgeny’s by myrrh of secretion and miracles about claims regular are there grave; of worthy is Theysainthood. deed Yevgeny’s that insist clergymen many church: the divides practically still canonization his of question The people). thousands twelve reaching daycommemoration Satino in grave Yevgeny’s shops. parish the from right bought be can hagiographies unofficial his and churches many in found be can icons his name, his in built been have chapels several scale: and became a folk saint. church” “people’s by glorified been already had Yevgeny because point, this at canonization them among Rodionova (Loginov, cassocks” the in “bureaucrats as Yevgeny of sanctification martyr n.a.). (Loginov, Russia in relations Muslim - Indeed the popular veneration of Yev of veneration popular the Indeed aro’ wrhpr wo eone te hrhy uhrte hneig the hindering authorities churchly the denounced who worshipers warrior’s - usoe becam Russkoye continue to keep his images in their churches and keep serving liturgies at hisat liturgies serving keepand churches their imagesin his keep to continue

– a ie f igiae te mut f igis oig n his on coming pilgrims of amount (the pilgrimage of site a e

wards lie ta tee a n ne fr n fiil churchly official an for need no was there that claimed th e

‘folk saint’ could be sensed in the higher echelons of of echelons higher the in sensed be could saint’ ‘folk ’s birth place) received a reprimand for making a a making for reprimand a received place) birth ’s geny Rodionov in Russia reached quite a serious serious a quite reached Russia in Rodionov geny This aspect did not escape the attention of the the of attention the escape not did aspect This 23

ssion Maximov asserted that what is what assertedthat Maximov ssion

n.a.). n.a.). Others Others esn o the of lessing d not been been not d –

Lubov ,

a CEU eTD Collection Yevgeny of commemoration the with problem main the culture, army the to alien completely himsel who Dmitri, Father for Clearly, of veneration popular about speak to Yevgeny, b impossible is it that maintains saint, alleged the towards obeisance any feel personally not to claims and Commission Synodal the of position space sacred the contest practices Orthodox of forms popular the and institutional the between relationship complex the reveal cemetery parochial the at grave soldier’s the visiting pilgrims 2. proof of the truthfulness soldier’s andproximity dead tocommonpeople. further a as seen are Yevgeny canonize to with reluctance officials’ relationship churchly the regime, close Putin’s for ROC of criticism public growing and clergyman of behavior indecent and richness excessive over scandals recent the of light the in practice; ritual and lead not do who people ‘nevozerkovlennye’ are venerators the soldier’s of Many practices. popular existing the unify and institutionalize to attempt churchly probl the to much so not connected be to seems tendency This 2004). (Maximov away icon the put to ordered was and demoted, 3 . The Folk Saint Popularand Veneration kind oflicence. some is this liturgy; divine a serve to right no has priest a and service, a such hold to able be to archbishop from order [‘chinovni an needs one rules... churchly book all of violation service the following without night names any mention not will I Ukraine from comes priest one Then, meat. stew tinned with kasha away giving Mo who those church. of the none entered almost even and came [‘Troiza’] Whitsun the with coincides memory [ here held are services the The tensions existing between the clergy of t of clergy the between existing tensions The

ecause people who visit the grave whovisit people ecause are “very fromchurch”: far the an active churchly life and are not closely familiar with Orthodox doctrine Orthodox with familiar closely not are and life churchly active an

. The young dean of the church Father Dmitri, who fully supports the supports fully who Dmitri, Father church the of dean young The at

ematic of accepting Yevgeny’s figure as a saint, as to the to as saint, a as figure Yevgeny’s accepting of ematic – the grave], but to be honest, the day of Yevgeny’s Yevgeny’s of day the honest, be to but grave], the

he behaves oddly here, serves a liturgy during the during liturgy a serves here, oddly behaves he i a rdae f h plc aaey n not and academy police the of graduate a is f evr ls ya drn te at hy were they fast the during year last reover, 24

he Church of the God’s Ascension and the and Ascension God’s the of Church he –

tr apid o rhdx believers Orthodox to applied term a ’, hc i a absolute an is which k’],

as well as attempts to attempts as well as

–

CEU eTD Collection the to brought have could pilgrims of stream a benefit financial potential the is dean, the for disappointment of source a be to seems this and by, church local the of th thing Another him.” venerate not will comes order churchly the till and souls our save to trying living, just are we by, us passes somehow all This ... people different I saint, is man this “Maybe Yevgeny: about judgments finite any making from restrain to tries Dmitri father even all, this despite Interestingly, it. put Dmitri father as pious” being without Christ Orthodox many makes soldier no but the hero, war a as him see believers of life spiritual conscious or churchly for any of evidence absence the with alongside This ambiguous. highly sounds Christ for exclusively by test’ ‘loyalty this the in soldiers; passing captured and fellow his side executing Chechen the on fight to agreeing him for meant captors his by Yevgeny before put requirement only Isl to converting and cross the off taking that knows war Chechen the of chronicles the with familiar Everyone orders. their of any follow to reluctance enemies, the towards hate and contempt of expression mere a be could cross the off take to that speculates Dmitri Father Thus, canonization. against argument strong another becoming act his of interpretation unambiguous of impossibility the caution, with him view that fact does go not with o inline veneration this that but veneration, the for chosen was man military a of figure a that not is churchly fundamentally just itis wrong. discipline, the of violation a is it then permission, without things such doing starts person a canonization to prior created be a no canons,them, No churches. the in be prohibit not should icons such to but way no is there icon, an paint will wants whoever course, ...of The very thing that makes Yevgeny so popular among the Orthodox nationalists Orthodox the among popular so Yevgeny makes that thing very The

do not know, I have no idea... God knows better... I see people who come, there are there come, who people see I better... knows God idea... no have I know, not do he died both for his faith and for his country, makes more moderate Orthodox people Orthodox moderate more makescountry, his for and faith his for both died he fficial procedures: churchly – t as a saint or martyr; “he could not act in the name of name the in act not could “he martyr; or saint a as t

this is part of canonizatio of part is this 25

context the statement that Yevgeny suffered suffered Yevgeny that statement the context

–

am could not have possibly been the been possibly have not could am hoig o ty lv wud have would alive stay to choosing n, part of faith. And if And faith. of part n, kathist parish s or icons can can icons or s at passes the parish the passes at . Showing me Showing .

the refusal the –

the CEU eTD Collection underground located is church the of part main The built. was Russia of confessors and martyrs new the to devoted church a Golgotha, Russian II calledthe Alexis Patriarch that site, this On established. was Russia” of Confessors the lastdecades. two complex memorial Butovo the of building The an 1937 Repressions, Political between of Victims of Rehabilitation Governmental Commissiononthe the of statistics the to According 33). n.a.: Polygon, Butovo (The clergymen them of many p Butovo the of ditches 1950 the during burials mass of site a as (PCIA) Affairs Internal of Commissariat People’s about came repressions Soviet of scale the of awareness when started canonization about talks The people. 300 than more included list the 2013 in repressions; Stalinist the of victims were who Christians lay and clergymen 2. gathered t belonged longer no that apartment the to moneyless, completely body, son’s her Lubov with home When returned dean. previous the with had she relations personal uneasy the to back goes d indeed she confessed with do to “so the that proof another is ceiling collapsing the that stressed efforts restoration all despite that church the 4 .

The Epochof New Martyrs and Confessorsof Russia lasns ws icvrd Acrig o h peiiay ot oet siae the estimates modest most preliminary the to According discovered. was cleansings, the council archbishops’ 2000 the During n 97 h “einl ulc onain n eoy f h New the of Memory in Foundation Public “Regional the 1997 In d 1938 at least 106.800 priests had been executed (Zubov cited in Christensen 2012). Christensen in cited (Zubov executed been had priests 106.800 least at 1938 d the necessary sum the necessary sum e,tepis rfsdt srete iug ihu amn;ol hn Lubov when only payment; without liturgy the serve to refused priest the her, o religion

–

eliberately avoids visiting the Church of the God’s Ascension and this this and Ascension God’s the of Church the visiting avoids eliberately none of them bothered to leave a donation. As Lubov Rodionova Rodionova Lubov As donation. a leave to bothered them of none olygon host the remains of from seventy to ninety thousands people, thousands ninety to seventy from of remains the host olygon from theservice herwas eventually neighbors held. . In the early 1990s the Butovo polygon, used by the the by used polygon, Butovo the 1990s early the In . –

a symbolic symbolic a is still in quite a detrimental state, Father Dmitri Dmitri Father state, detrimental a quite in still is 26 became

eiin a md t cnnz the canonize to made was decision tribute to the victims of Butovo whose Butovo of victims the to tribute

one of of one - ROC’s ROC’s called pilgrims” have nothing nothing have pilgrims” called largest projects during during projects largest

atr and Martyrs 1930 - CEU eTD Collection of relatives blood direct the for lives our in sanctity of presence lived of effect an provide to people. Russian contemporary the for Orthodoxy saved o pass and preserve to managed they lives their through because but death, tormenting their of because not venerated are Russia of confessors and martyrs 2013 (Labrov Lavrov asked Vladimir theomachists?” bloody the of or Rus Holy the of continuators transmission religious virtue and sanctity of model t cycle. calendar full a creating executions their of dates the with the of chronicles of thereligious of astimes continuum shameful apostasy. and sanctify to outside falls believers modern many of imagination the in that but epoch, entire the reappropriate century, twentieth the of disciples Christian scale outstanding universal its in Russia of confessors and martyrs memor canonized.” been have them of many and faith for suffered who those to belonged things these “because place right the in is it church: the from removed be ever will exposition and pilgrims complex memorial the of member diggings e the of part so museum, a for building separate a have not does still complex Butovo The museum. a and temple religious a of elements the combines curiously church The polygon. the of ditches the in rest still bodies he creation of the cult of ne of cult the of creation he abilia The semiotic space of the church is organized in such a way as to represent the the represent to as way a such in organized is church the of space semiotic The –

r pae rgt n h cuc. lxne, the Alexander, church. the in right placed are fit organically into the sacred space of the church because the project of new new of project the because church the of space sacred the into organically fit victims’ victims’

Butovo tragedy. The icons of the new martyrs are arranged in accordance in arranged are martyrs new the of icons The tragedy. Butovo .

rel I i tm t mk a oa coc: r w te ucsos and successors the we are choice: moral a make to time is “It tvs iiig h polygon, the visiting atives o ;

- it was equally aimed at aimed equally was it martyrs was was martyrs n.a. : xposition xposition wo outes o odc fe giig or t the to tours guiding free conduct to volunteers who , . h Sndl omsin anan ta te new the that maintains Commission Synodal The ). not only a moral moral a only not –

27 h vcis proa ies on drn the during found items personal victims’ the

restorin

The creation of new saints was meant was saints new of creation The od e ht e os o tik the think not does he that me told

project aimed at aimed project s g ought not just to glorify the the glorify to just not ought etes n enthusiastic and restless

the As it has already been stated, been already has it As n the Orthodox faith; they faith; Orthodox the n continuity

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CEU eTD Collection spirit of strength of proof a as seen also was it Christ; for but p a that sign a as this interpreted anti of charges the in guilty plead to refusal anti for arrested freedom a proclaimed officially that regime Soviet the during repressed were who clergymen was the who convert, and Yevgeny, Orthodoxy Unlike reject to case. demanded Yevgeny’s explicitly in than ambiguous less no is it suffering, conscious a led interpretati the to comes it when they However, arise. not did life whetherchurchly of question the clergymen, were council 2000 the during unlike since But death. of date the and protocols found quotes laconic few a arrest, of date the priest, a as service of years the p a even not is there case, Uljanov’s Timiphey immediate of that is saints these by exemplified lived they p but them, sanctify we that death violent a died they that fact the for not is it doo m new The saints. of rank the join way this and martyred be Christians, themselves declare death,” before hour an literally believing “start just could who Christians early the of that than harder c even them, among Alexander p to managed who th to compared often is Russia of confessors the and martyrs new modern the among walking are saints these ming themselves and their families to starvation and persecution: “ persecution: and starvation to families their and themselves ming Often artyrs, Alexander Alexander artyrs, . ” ” glory achieved throughgloryachieved opportunisticheroism. Alexander’s discussion of the deed of new martyrs shows that the moral model moral the that shows martyrs new of deed the of discussion Alexander’s very little is known about lives of the canonized new martyrs, sometimes, like inmartyrs,new canonized sometimes, of the lives about known is very little - Soviet Soviet reserve activities

e n sra Crsint dsie h Rmn persecutions. Roman the despite Christianity spread and mphasiz laim that the ordeal the new martyrs had to to had martyrs new the ordeal the that laim , not for their faith. One of the criteria for canonization was a was canonization for criteria the of One faith. their for not , erson suffered not for his political convictions or activities, activities, or convictions political his for not suffered erson s hd o ie o deca for live to had es, a

Russians. Russians. lengthy and humble discipleship, rather than than rather discipleship, humble and lengthy 28 - oit rpgna Te yoa Commission Synodal The propaganda. Soviet hotograph

Ye On the rhetorical level the deed of the the of deed the level rhetorical the On v geny

left left

– of consciousness were formally formally were consciousness of des in unbearable conditions, conditions, unbearable in des – most of the people canonized canonized people the of most

all that is known about him is him about known is that all

thousands of people broke in broke people of thousands at

on of the cause of their of cause the of on of the early Christians Christians early the of a nd yet they lived, and lived, they yet nd endure recisely because because recisely

in the PCIA the in

was much much was Some, Some, CEU eTD Collection dungeons. torture with organization the “presenting proportion, of out blown being is case Butovo entire the how like not does he that confessed bag my in polygon Butovo the from o the alongside martyrs that new the claimed venerate first members at Solunski,” of Dmitri St. martyr great of name the in “Volunteer Military Orthodox an from informant my Michael,Thus, nationalists. Orthodox the and activities PCIA’s the of assessment unequivocal no still is there because society the in martyrs new the of perception unequivocal no is There others’ ‘the nation the outside a possesses narrative Yevgeny’s involved. memory he that fact the and falsified. argument, th follow “blindly to canonization for commi the forces it since thinks, Alexander imperfect, also is criterion This names. any away giving or people other slandering of history a have not does saints the among ranked impo is It not. or investigation the with collaborated person a be not should not a whether is problematic as or sees Alexander that criteria canonization Another factor. deciding guilt his admitted person a s whether remain that and thinks this who all Alexander, see not could they because state, the of authority the accusedof they were what do words never they commit crimes to admitting themselves slandered and tortures and threats of face the To understand To ted. Not everyone agrees with such criteria: “Did not they by their lives, by their their by lives, their by they not “Did criteria: such with agrees everyone Not ted. ”

– while it is well known that the information in the protocols was often distorted distorted often was protocols the in information the that known well is it while

while in the case of the new martyrs the enemy is to be found within the nation. the within found be to is enemythe martyrs new the of case the in while

a nt fiily sanctified officially not was . In . his why Yevgeny came to be more popular than the new martyrs despite despite martyrs new the than popular more be to came Yevgeny why

story the enemy is clear and well and clear is enemy the story ” He believes that many of the arrests during 1937 during arrests the of many that believes He ” –

carried out anti out carried e lead of the Soviet investigators and trust their their trust and investigators Soviet the of lead e oe ed t atn coey o h pltc of politics the to closely attend to needs one , 29

ther saints, but later when he saw a booklet booklet a saw he when later but saints, ther

transcendental purity transcendental - Soviet activities and tried to undermine to and tried activities Soviet PCIA - oit eie ee aog the among even regime, Soviet defined rtant to the church that a person person a that church the to rtant

as

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38

CEU eTD Collection mart Butovo ROC the of efforts all despite Indeed, 2011). (Rock ditches Butovo the in resting mass faceless a remained they representatives outstanding several the from apart left; was trace no almost lives whose of saints new these pe establish to unable were believers the because failed martyrs new theveneration of Rockargues that Russia, venerationthe peculiarities inmodern of saints’ s tactic this of exemplar canonizat massive its such of example One identities. specific and localities particular on emphasis an with mixed practices of standardization and unification toward of combination a for notable is globality ofimmigrantsinflux becomes circles. veryheated among that thenationalistic f guard frontier as position Yevgeny’s of symbolism the Moreover, country. entire the of defender the Yevgeny makes which war, that during stake atwas country entire the of integrity the nationalists the to but financialinterests, fou war dirty a be to war Chechen considers that society of segment grand own Michael’s us; among living still are murderers their of also but saints, the of relatives side opposite an have to out turned generation, living the to connection blood martyrs new the of veneration the boost to meant was that thing doin simply was PCIA or executed been had who people the because grounded well were ubsumed

the enemies of the Russian people like the Jews” and Jews” the like people Russian the of enemies the - gdain n Roudometof and Agadjanian grandfather used to work for the PCIA. Yevgeny’s case might seem ambiguous to that to ambiguous seem might case Yevgeny’s PCIA. the for work to used grandfather

in multiple facesin multiple

and dissolved the personalities of it of personalities the dissolved and was

ht h nw atr came martyrs new the that ion g its job, and it was doing it well,” he concluded. In this case the very very the case this In concluded. he well,” it doing was it and job, its g , which , providing

was directed precisely at the creation the at precisely directed was

(2005: 6) argue that traditional religious response to to response religious traditional that argue 6) (2005: personal connection its perfectly into the present the into perfectly its

global and particularistic impulses impulses particularistic and global 30 s to be perceived as as perceived be to

individual representatives. individual yrs remained unknown and unvenerated by unvenerated and unknown remained yrs politics s

they to multiple localities. to multiple

can be the Butovo project with project Butovo the be can needed to be to needed –

“were either the rusophobes the either “were –

one their closeness and direct direct and closeness their ght over someone else’s someone over ght rsonal connections with with connections rsonal -

day debates about the the about debates day of one of etl image gestalt When discussing When “

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y the the y “The the the CEU eTD Collection saints. canonized newly ofthe memory the preserving Uljanov Timophey to tribute 1 undermi that policies churchly the in contradiction a reveal helped also it people; some among martyrs canonized that there init: point isno “ hagiographies his spreading and publishing or image his with calendars making like Uljanov, Timophey about word the spread to made were efforts any if Dmitri Father t fear for there go to allowed not are worshipers forgotten hangs Uljanov Timophey of icon only The level. local the on even veneration, proper her however Ascension, God’s of church the of dean canonized the Uljanov, Timophey of example The canonized anatural saintsis come processandfame will with time: of obscurity the that believes Alexander representatives. particular its of veneration thegeneralnot martyrsandnew in the spreadingabout awarenessin mostly success,but some c official into names their of inclusion seminaries, Orthodox in histories life their of study the of promotion burial, or death service, their of sites on services special of organization Russia, of confessors were document the in proposed measures the Among Council. Bishops’ the by approved was martyrs new the of deed the about memory of preservation the promote to designed document special a 2011 February In masses. the

Father Timophey is the archbishop of the Troizky Church located Churchlocated Troizky ofthe the archbishop is FatherTimophey they here, come very allis this this, very normal. natural, they saints, other about sa new andthose of honor in baptize period this about more out find trying to start ownsaint, people when their And having confessor. a new martyr or every practically practically that fact the to thanks all, of First popular. more and more becoming are saints these that confirm can I nsm te css esnlcneto o an nedsakditrs i newly in interest sparked indeed saint a to connection personal cases other some In , ,

shows that the direct connection of a saint to a certain site a to a saint connection direct of the shows that trapped in the back part of the church separated from the rest of the temple; the temple; the of rest the from separated church the of part back the in trapped ucl aedr n iugcltxs(ok21) uhmauedd achieve did measure Such 2011). (Rock texts liturgical and calendars hurchly

ned the faith in the sainthood of new martyrs in the broader society. society. broader the in martyrs new of sainthood the in faith the ned

church, every other or every third church has its own saint saint own its has church third every or other every church, –

naming clergymen in honor of new martyrs is part of ROC’s ROC’s of is part martyrs ofnew honor in namingclergymen who

will will need it? Me, Father Timophey ints... So there is no reason to be frustrated about frustrated be to reason no is there So ints... –

f e pa aot h Mso eparchy Moscow the about speak we if

31 dedication of churches to the new martyrs and and martyrs new the to churches of dedication

hat the ceiling might collapse. When I asked asked I When collapse. might ceiling the hat inthe town nearby 1

maybe, who and else?”

does not guarantee him or guarantee or him not does ; his ;

churchly name is the isthe name churchly official ,

strategy for strategy

he replied replied he the newly the –

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CEU eTD Collection their in named been have bishops painted, been already have saints those of icons practices: ritual in confusion of lot a create will it since happen, notwill this that hopes Alexander issued. been has saints the of any of veneration the suspend orderin decree official no that ground the on service the during name every saying list original the on were that saints 331 all venerate to continue Butovo in located churches tryin all,”says atAlexander Theysaints no saintsarethose? ofare kind What tomorrow? dethrones and today sanctifies that it is church of kind “What members. parish and priests many among churchly further only politics of inconsistency and obscurity Such 2013). (Luchenko patron loved dearly their of relics the to happened what to as perplexed remains still and saints of exchange an such welcome not newly another of hallows given the were Lezhnevski Vladimir martyr, canonized relics, exempted the of instead provided; been has ROC the from explanation no again, Once calendar. the from disappeared name saint’s the after tak and Patriarchy Moscow of order the by monastery local the from withdrawn been have Ivanovo in venerated broadly Kineshemsky Vasiliy confessor de alleged the over ma new the among celebrities few the of some touched even cleansing many emerged; grace ‘de as calendar churchly the from exclusion saints’ ofthe interpreted out fall latter the make would that discovered been have could s the of past the from details what Synodal to as versions Different given. been have the Commission from comments official no but explanation, an demanded saints omitted the do several Orthodox the listed, are ROC of the by venerated saints all version where Patriarchy, Moscow the by 2013 issued calendar the from that noticed believers Orthodox vigilant Some g to imitate the mood among the common people caused by these policies. The two two The policies. these by caused people common the among mood the imitate to g zen of names of the new martyrs are missing. Worried relatives and worshippers of of worshippers and relatives Worried missing. are martyrs new the of names of zen - canonization got heated after it became known that the hallows of of hallows the that known became it after heated got canonization

exacerbates the skepticism towards the new saints widely towards saints the new spread skepticism exacerbates the 32

to the monastery, but the local parish did parish local the but monastery, the to

honor. Because the Butovo martyrs Butovo the Because honor. en in an unknown direction right direction unknown an in en - canonization.’ This saintly saintly This canonization.’ rtyrs, thus, the scandal the thus, rtyrs, g them to them g aints CEU eTD Collection than life common 15; observ 2005: Roudometof and church the attend them of few Orthodox, as themselves identify many Russians While society. Russian modern the of part considerable that lives their of element this precisely is it and lived, they how for lives. their shape can believers contemporary which after model adequate an provide not does and The so camera, a own to poor too family was Rodionov’s either Yevgeny after left was much not example, For them. to relate to hard it found society mem no photographs, few 2 manipulati visibility revised being sanctity of model well so not be to proves Russia of confessors and martyrs canonization. granted be can who of decisions the in involved is behind of lot a that suspect many makes also but people, the amongmartyrs photogra group the from people ‘undesirable’ like calendar the from disappearing saints The over?” people those paint now, icon this with do to supposed we are “what asks Alexander removed, been th both contains that icon such one Showing image. one on together grouped are day same the on died who saints the often very made; icons personal their have saints all not group, large a in altogether canonized been have .5

. problem with the moral project of Butovo martyrs is that it is exclusively past exclusively is it that is martyrs Butovo of project moral the with problem The Popular Saint and the Popular Faith It is not only because little material traces of the Butovo martyrs’ existence is left (very (very left is existence martyrs’ Butovo the of traces material little because only not is It As Alexander explained to me Butovo martyrs were glorified not for ho for not glorified were martyrs Butovo me to explained Alexander As

f eti sit truh eoig hm rm h cale the from them removing through saints certain of on and h ih tln o ol undermine only not Stalin with ph resignif to h ret adlyblees fte early the of believers lay and priests the Knox Knox ication of oirs, no relics, just a common grave) that the majority of Russian Russian of majority the that grave) common a just relics, no oirs, 2005

and retrospectively and

dead bodies(Verderydead 1999). e saints that are still on the calendar and those who have have who those and calendar the on still are that saints e ; t s air o te to them for easier is it ); 33

s

edited very few very the credibility in sainthood of the new new the of sainthood in credibility the

rlgos ie ( rites religious e - . T . orchestrated as it might it as orchestrated h

is adult image adult eae to relate

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ndar

T he moral project of n of project moral he is

s another is incomprehensible to a a to incomprehensible

Yevgeny who had a a had who Yevgeny

s century who spent who century

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ew its its –

CEU eTD Collection these of one as seen be to comes itself Orthodoxy context this In sainthood. to soul Russian a of qualities intrinsic traditional as sees he what equate to tries author the statement this In on theweb discourses Jihadist contemporary Christianity i when choice right the make to is needed is that all prescriptions, religious all observe to have not does one heaven: to shortcut a of kind a becomes death martyr understanding; churchly the tha proof a is example Yevgeny’s which offer he people; relationship idyllic his joys, day hagiographic his in life his of episodes other imitable, easily find could person average an something not fate. his in twists not complications, areno guy...there rural relatable very is he relatable, is he and yesterday just here been has he like is “it saint a to that shows example Yevgeny’s appear.” they attractive more martyrs of perception the during work at is optics inverted services religious and prayers in lives their civic life hide to try not does souls who serviceman atheir of diligence of duty, and qualities loyalty Russian the to but spiritual, to something granted to was response that in gracenot them divine special a was it course, Of sainthood? of peak them brought What ecclesiology. in knowledge our all with us precessed they yet and pious... very not were they seems, it life, peaceful their in by although Christ, us for martyrs became and Islam to convert to to refused guys Russian provided are examples such Several person. a in transformation moral wondrous a about bringing of capable such is service yet And traitors. by governed is it when fatherland one’s serve to hard is It

were central to the lives of the new martyrs and confessors of Russia. Russia. of confessors and martyrs new the of lives the to central were cms o it to comes t can some can - sites glorifyingsites says: Rodionov which ,

(Selski cited in Chernomorskiy(Selski citedin 2013) s

a

times times

path knows multiple examples of momentary conversions momentary of examples multiple knows narratives narratives

–

to salvation to become a basis of his popularity.his of basis becomea tp o mrydm ht c that martyrdom of type a that reveal his reveal that with his mother an mother his with . The quote of the priest Timophey Selski that is often u often is that Selski Timophey priest the of quote The . t it is possible to be Orthodox without leading a pious life in life pious a leadingwithout Orthodox be to possible is it t that does not require rigorous discipline and asceticism and discipline rigorous require not does that

.

34 humanness mt (97 1) rus ht h picpe of principle the that argues 14) (1997: Smith

d his friends his d .

an a Chechen war when captured captured when war Chechen a

– As Yevgeny’s mother Lubovit: put mother Yevgeny’s As be found in the early history of of history early the in found be

his love of life, nature, and every and nature, life, of love his ” – ,

Although Yevgeny’s Although

on the contrary, ability to relate relate to abilitycontrary, the on “the more distant they are, the the are, they distant more “the

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uncontestable proo uncontestable oinv ad e te epes ol eonzd sit n i rgt wy i is it away, right him in saint a recognized soul people’s the yet and Rodionov, to deceive the people’s soul”(Koniaev 2010). soul”(Koniaev people’s the deceive to - religiosity sacrifice. Yevgeny Rodionov is a ray of light for many our contemporaries. contemporaries. our manyfor light of ray a is Rodionov Yevgeny sacrifice. Yevgeny

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and foul and for its benefit its for 39 , s ot Pavlov poet as corrup

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CEU eTD Collection Hervieu Hardin,Influence: Susan and Kathleen.of Stewart, 2003.“Anxieties Conspiracy Theory and Gerasimov, Nationalism 2006.“Orthodox (theProblem of Dmitrii. National Russian B. 1990.“TheDunlop, John O Russian Dudko, Dmitri. 1999.“ IncomprehensibleDubova, Olga. Soul.” Russian 2006.“The Dubin, Boris V.1998.“Orthodoxy Context inSocial IslamicDale,Frederic. Stephen“Religious Asia: 1988. Anticolonial in Terrorism Suicide in Christensen, Karin 201 Hyldal. Chernomorksiy,2013. “”There Andrei.are NoEvid Resurgence:Burgess, 2009.“Orthodox P. Religion Russia.” John Civil in Brown,Lamont. 1981. Robert Peter Bernard, Russel H.1995. Asad, Talal. 1993. Agadjanian, and“Introduction. Roudometof, Alex Victor. Orthodoxy 2005. Eastern ina References: - - - -

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