DOCSLIB.ORG

Bombingham" Revisited Does Not Reach the Heights These Books Scaled De‐ This Is a Book with Epic Designs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bombingham Diane McWhorter. Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. 701 pp. $35.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-684-80747-8. Reviewed by Derek Catsam Published on H-South (November, 2002) "Bombingham" Revisited does not reach the heights these books scaled de‐ This is a book with epic designs. Winner of spite their shortcomings. the 2002 Pulitzer Prize in nonfiction, widely lav‐ McWhorter is a native Birminghamian, and ished with praise in reviews, a New York Times that fact is salient to her story both in its unravel‐ bestseller, Diane McWhorter's 701-page tome, ing and in its content. Her prodigal daughter's sta‐ Carry Me Home, is equal parts work of history, in‐ tus gives McWhorter an insider's perspective, but vestigative journalism, and memoir. This very this viewpoint can also be grating in its solipsism. epicness, this scale, this ambition, provides the Her family still lives in Birmingham, and as we book both its greatest strengths, of which there soon see, they play a role in this story, albeit per‐ are many, and its greatest weaknesses, which are haps not as important a role as she thinks they do. also noteworthy. Its grandeur alone will earn it a She now resides in New York where she is a jour‐ place amidst the civil rights literature of this era, nalist and freelancer who contributes regularly to especially among general readers who like their USA Today and the New York Times and whose history to be gripping, grand, purple and some‐ work has appeared in numerous magazines and times a bit overwrought. Given that the original newspapers. This is her frst book, and as frst manuscript was three times the length of the fn‐ books go, one can't help but admire her reach ished product, one both wonders what ended up even if it often exceeds her grasp. in the dustbin and appreciates the judicious touch Broadly speaking, this is the story of race rela‐ of her editor. Other reviewers have mentioned J. tions in the American city where race relations Anthony Lucas and Taylor Branch as models for were most contentious. Her telling stretches from this book, and those examples seem ftting, as the end of the 1930s through to 1963, when Birm‐ they too were similarly ambitious and in impor‐ ingham took center stage in the revolving back‐ tant ways fawed. Carry Me Home nonetheless drop of locales that had provided the setting for the most dramatic events in the struggle for racial H-Net Reviews equality. Her epilogue takes the story from 1963 that should have been excised. Readers interested through the 1990s. Because of the recent resolu‐ in a more successful attempt to weave a personal tions to the Birmingham church bombing case story into larger civil rights events should take a that provides McWhorter with her preface, her look at Mary Winstead's newly published Back to study of Birmingham's troubled past, a past that Mississippi.[2] earned the city the sobriquet "America's Johannes‐ McWhorter has been lauded for her writing burg," seems especially timely. style, and she writes well. Except for when she Despite what some reviewers might want to doesn't. As the book progresses, she develops a believe and have tried to convey, much of this particularly noisome habit. Every few para‐ narrative is not entirely fresh. From an historian's graphs, she inserts section breaks. In a long book viewpoint, Glenn Eskew's But For Birmingham such as this one, periodic breaks are important, as has not only told this story, but has done so with they can allow for transitions within a chapter an analytic and contextual depth that McWhorter, that tries to cover a range of themes and ideas for all her verbiage, can not match. Similarly, an‐ and plotlines. Many of McWhorter's section other recent book, Andrew Manis's A Fire You breaks do not do this. Instead, they seem to take Can't Put Out, has explored Reverend Fred Shut‐ the place of transitional sentences and segues. tlesworth's estimable role in Birmingham with Chapter 20, which is fourteen pages long, contains sympathy and depth. S. Jonathan Bass's Blessed a dozen such breaks. The ten pages in chapter 26 Are the Peacemakers has recently provided us contain an average of a section break a page. This with the most insightful treatment of Martin is too much--and these chapters are representa‐ Luther King's letter from the Birmingham jail.[1] tive, with some being even more excessive. It is Others have admirably addressed other impor‐ hard to tell if these are places where she hastily tant aspects of Birmingham's and Alabama's past cut her colossal original manuscript, if she is un‐ that McWhorter reiterates without adding a great willing or unable to write transitional paragraphs, deal. But because of its comprehensiveness, even or if she does not trust her audience to be able to when Carry Me Home represents old wine in new draw out the themes she is exploring. None of skins, it comes from a fruitful vine. these possibilities is especially appealing. By far the least useful element of the book is Furthermore, for all of the grandness of scale McWhorter's inclusion of her family's story as of Carry Me Home, it sometimes gets bogged what she calls a "metaphor" for Birmingham's his‐ down in detail. Historians constantly hear about tory. Birmingham does not need metaphors. It the telling use of little observations that pepper certainly does not need gratuitous and self-indul‐ the works of journalists. And it is true that many gent reflections on the author's past to illustrate historians could afford to learn from nonfiction why that past matters, why Birmingham was or writers who publish for readers outside of the was not, as her subtitle indicates, "the climactic academy and their use of anecdote and scene set‐ battle of the civil rights revolution." The Birming‐ ting. But there is something to be said for econo‐ ham story is bigger than any of its main partici‐ my of language. All details are not equally valu‐ pants, never mind being bigger than a family able, and when McWhorter mines every quota‐ whose connections to the events of the age were tion, describes every facial trait, blurts out every peripheral at most. Just as a man running a ancillary fact, it becomes difficult to discern what marathon has no need for a treadmill, the Birm‐ is important as opposed to what is merely inter‐ ingham story hardly has need for an overarching esting. metaphor. This is an ill-considered affectation 2 H-Net Reviews These qualms aside, and they are not insub‐ not try to keep race front and center, but since stantial, especially given the gushing response her focus is so clearly on white Birmingham and this book received in much of the popular press, its Byzantine inner workings, we sometimes lose McWhorter does contribute a great deal. She has sight of what social historians might call the agen‐ told (or re-told) a story that weaves together a cy of black characters. McWhorter admires the number of the important themes of the civil rights civil rights workers, and she clearly believes that movement, viewing them through the lens of Fred Shuttlesworth and the other locals struggling Birmingham's history as well as its political and to make a go of a movement for social justice in social environment. The standard cast of charac‐ perhaps the least receptive city in America for ters appears as do literally hundreds of others. such a movement are heroes, but they still seem Fred Shuttlesworth and Jim Bevel, Bull Connor to revolve around the constellation of white Birm‐ and George Wallace and John Patterson, the ingham throughout the book rather than the oth‐ Kennedys and Martin Luther King, Jr. (whom er way around. In a sense this would be fne-- McWhorter seems to try to go out of her way to white supremacy, white resistance, white politics slight at every opportunity, apparently to try to in the Jim Crow South, these are all fertile regions debunk a mythology that many historians have for exploration and much remains to be done on been addressing for several years now) and Gary them. But this is not the book that McWhorter or Thomas Rowe, the Klansman and FBI informant. Simon & Schuster have presented her as having And appropriately, as it marks the climax and in written. There is thus a dissonance here that is many ways the raison d'etre of her book, we meet unsatisfying for those of us who know the story the four victims of the Sixteenth Street Baptist she tells, and who were looking for more (though Church bombing, Addie Mae Collins, Denise Mc‐ in some ways, perhaps, also less). Nair, Carole Robertson and Cynthia Wesley, as An example of this comes with her sections well as "Dynamite Bob" Chambliss and Bobby on the Freedom Rides. In some ways, her han‐ Frank Cherry, two of the Klansmen responsible dling of this epochal movement, which still and for that atrocity from which the segregationists of inexplicably has not received full historical treat‐ Birmingham would never fully recover their fef‐ ment, embodies her strengths and weaknesses.[3] dom. McWhorter begins the book with the story Her detail is marvelous, if excessive. Future schol‐ of the church bombing and ends it with some fne ars of the Freedom Rides will have to consider investigative work bringing the perpetrators of closely her work on the events in Birmingham.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Freedomways Magazine, Black Leftists, and Continuities in the Freedom Movement
    Bearing the Seeds of Struggle: Freedomways Magazine, Black Leftists, and Continuities in the Freedom Movement Ian Rocksborough-Smith BA, Simon Fraser University, 2003 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History O Ian Rocksborough-Smith 2005 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Ian Rocksborough-Smith Degree: Masters of Arts Title of Thesis: Bearing the Seeds of Struggle: Freedomways Magazine, Black Leftists, and Continuities in the Freedom Movement Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. John Stubbs ProfessorIDepartment of History Dr. Karen Ferguson Senior Supervisor Associate ProfessorIDepartment of History Dr. Mark Leier Supervisor Associate ProfessorIDepartment of History Dr. David Chariandy External ExaminerISimon Fraser University Assistant ProfessorIDepartment of English Date DefendedlApproved: Z.7; E0oS SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Civil Rights Movement, 1946-1968: Lawyers, Law, and Legal and Social Change (CRM)
    Aspects of The Civil Rights Movement, 1946-1968: Lawyers, Law, and Legal and Social Change (CRM) Syllabus Spring 2012 (N867 32187) Professor Florence Wagman Roisman Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law Office Hours: Tuesdays and Wednesday – 11:00 a.m.- 12:00 p.m. Room 385 Roy Wilkins of the NAACP “reminded King that he owed his early fame to the NAACP lawsuit that had settled the Montgomery bus boycott, and he still taunted King for being young, naïve, and ineffectual, saying that King’s methods had not integrated a single classroom in Albany or Birmingham. ‘In fact, Martin, if you have desegregated anything by your efforts, kindly enlighten me.’ ‘Well,’ King replied, ‘I guess about the only thing I’ve desegregated so far is a few human hearts.’ King smiled too, and Wilkins nodded in a tribute to the nimble, Socratic reply. ‘Yes, I’m sure you have done that, and that’s important. So, keep on doing it. I’m sure it will help the cause in the long run.’” Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 (Simon and Schuster 1988), p. 849. Welcome to this course in the Civil Rights Movement (CRM). I adore this course, as has almost every student who’s taken it when I’ve taught it before. I have four goals for the course: to increase and make more sophisticated our understanding of what actually happened during the CRM, to consider the various roles played by lawyers and the law in promoting (and hindering) significant social change, to see what lessons the era of the CRM suggests for apparently similar problems we face today, and to promote consideration of ways in which each of us can contribute to humane social change.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Involvement in the 1960S Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) Catalogs, etc.) 2020 Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama Lily McMahon Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/fypapers Recommended Citation McMahon, Lily, "Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama". The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) (2020). Trinity College Digital Repository, Hartford, CT. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/fypapers/106 2020 Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama Lily McMahon Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama 1 Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama Lily McMahon During the 1960s, the fight for civil rights in the United States was one of the most prevalent social issues affecting the country. Organizations and individuals throughout the United States called for racial justice and for the termination of segregation in the South. A group that had a significant impact on the outcome of the Civil Rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama was young children. In Birmingham, the local coalition began to call for children to march in protests in place of their parents. So, if arrests were to transpire, less economic stress would occur because adults could still be working and making an income. From May 2nd to May 7th, 1963, over 2,000 children marched across Birmingham, Alabama to nonviolently protest racial inequality in their city. Children’s involvement in the 1960s civil rights protests in Birmingham was critical to a successful outcome in the movement.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Civil Rights Struggle
    Created Equal: America’s Civil Rights Struggle The Abolitionists ❖ Slavery by Another Name ❖ The Loving Story ❖ Freedom Riders D. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 1. Additional Reading The Abolitionists Basker, James G., ed. American Antislavery Writings: Colonial Beginnings to Emancipation. New York: The Library of America, 2012. Blight, David W. A Slave No More: Two Men Who Escaped to Freedom, Including Their Own Narratives of Emancipation. New York: Harcourt, 2007. Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008. Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Abolitionists Remember: Antislavery Autobiographies and the Unfinished Work of Emancipation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. Newman, Richard S. The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011. Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Stewart, James Brewer. Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of the Civil War. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008. Slavery by Another Name Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008. Daniel, Pete. The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Lichtenstein, Alex. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South. London: Verso, 1996. Mancini, Matthew J. One Dies, Get Another. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1996. Oshinsky, David M. Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice.
    [Show full text]
  • PEGODA-DISSERTATION-2016.Pdf (3.234Mb)
    © Copyright by Andrew Joseph Pegoda December, 2016 “IF YOU DO NOT LIKE THE PAST, CHANGE IT”: THE REEL CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION, HISTORICAL MEMORY, AND THE MAKING OF UTOPIAN PASTS _______________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Andrew Joseph Pegoda December, 2016 “IF YOU DO NOT LIKE THE PAST, CHANGE IT”: THE REEL CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION, HISTORICAL MEMORY, AND THE MAKING OF UTOPIAN PASTS ____________________________ Andrew Joseph Pegoda APPROVED: ____________________________ Linda Reed, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Nancy Beck Young, Ph.D. ____________________________ Richard Mizelle, Ph.D. ____________________________ Barbara Hales, Ph.D. University of Houston-Clear Lake ____________________________ Steven G. Craig, Ph.D. Interim Dean, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Department of Economics ii “IF YOU DO NOT LIKE THE PAST, CHANGE IT”: THE REEL CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION, HISTORICAL MEMORY, AND THE MAKING OF UTOPIAN PASTS _______________ An Abstract of A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Andrew Joseph Pegoda December, 2016 ABSTRACT Historians have continued to expand the available literature on the Civil Rights Revolution, an unprecedented social movement during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s that aimed to codify basic human and civil rights for individuals racialized as Black, by further developing its cast of characters, challenging its geographical and temporal boundaries, and by comparing it to other social movements both inside and outside of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Summer 2019 Issue Here
    vol. 6 no. 2 Summer 2019 enlightening and celebrating where God is at work in our midst A PUBLICATION OF 2 illumine episcopal church of the transfiguration Summer 2019 CHURCH STAFF CLERGY The Rev. R. Casey Shobe, D.Min.—Rector The Rev. Rebecca Tankersley—Associate Rector 17 The Rev. Nancy DeStefano—Pastoral Assistant The Rev. Ginny Kivel—Deacon The Rev. Terence C. Roper—Rector Emeritus 20 PROGRAMS Cindy Hauser—Director of Children’s Ministries Dana Jean—Director of Youth Ministries (incoming) Anne Schmidt—Director of Evangelism and Welcoming Ministries Rebecca Gingles—Director of Communications (outgoing) Judson Watkins—Director of Communications (incoming) MUSIC Joel Martinson—Director of Music and Organist Stefan Engels—Artist-in-Residence Chris Ahrens—Director of Youth Choir Kimberley Ahrens—Director of Children’s Choirs ADMINISTRATION Sophie Lowrance—Parish Administrator Meghan Mazur—Executive Assistant to the Rector (outgoing) Lana Mederos—Executive Assistant to the Rector (incoming) Mary Hall—Controller PROPERTY Bracken Reece—Director of Operations Joseph Gerick—Sexton VESTRY Nancy Jagmin, Senior Warden Julia Trizzino, Junior Warden Chris Ayres, Assistant Chancellor in this issue Robin Caldwell Who is my Neighbor? 5 Telling Your Story 19 Olive Cone Frank DeLizza Vestry Goals 12 A Farewell Interview 22 Betsey Hardman Civil Rights Pilgrimage 17 CEEP Recap 26 Roy Heller Peggy Kwoka, Clerk Rosemary Luquire Jay Madrid, Parish Chancellor Illumine is a quarterly publication of Church Sheila MacLennan of the Transfiguration. The word itself 22 Mason McCamey has two meanings: to light up or brighten Allison Murphy, Treasurer and to enlighten (someone) spiritually or Bart Stockton intellectually. The goal behind this magazine Evan Williams is to tell the stories of this congregation, highlight new ministries, and celebrate Worship Service Times where God is at work in our midst.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Little Girls.Pdf
    A Brief Introduction by John Lansingh Bennett Let’s Ground Ourselves for Just a Moment . Alabama’s Capital: Montgomery Largest City: Birmingham “Pittsburgh of the South” Setting the Stage 1948 Truman’s Executive Order ends segregation in the Armed Services. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ends segregation in public schools. (Many schools remain segregated.) 1955 14-yr-old Emmett Till murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman. Rosa Parks triggers Montgomery bus boycott. Setting the Stage 1957 Little Rock Nine blocked from integrating Central High School; Eisenhower sends federal troops to escort them. 1960 Greensboro Four refuse to leave a “whites only” Woolworth’s lunch counter without being served, sparking sit-ins elsewhere. 1961 Freedom Riders protest segregated bus terminals & attempt to use whites-only facilities. Setting the Stage 1963 In June, Gov. Wallace blocks U. of Alabama doorway to two black students. Standoff continues until Kennedy sends in the National Guard. In August, March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Rev. Martin Luther King gives “I Have a Dream” speech at the Lincoln Memorial. In September, bomb at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham kills four and injures others. With members working in mining and industry in the 1950s, KKK chapters had ready access to dynamite and other bomb materials. In fact, Birmingham earned the nickname “Bombingham” for the 50 explosions in the city between 1947 and 1965. (One neighborhood was targeted so often it was nicknamed Dynamite Hill.) The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church was the third bombing in 11 days following a federal court order that mandated integration of Alabama schools.
    [Show full text]
  • Catsam on Mcwhorter, 'Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution'
    H-South Catsam on McWhorter, 'Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution' Review published on Friday, November 1, 2002 Diane McWhorter. Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. 701 pp. $17.00 (paper), ISBN 978-0-7432-1772-9; $35.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-684-80747-8. Reviewed by Derek Catsam (Department of History, Minnesota State University, Mankato) Published on H-South (November, 2002) "Bombingham" Revisited "Bombingham" Revisited This is a book with epic designs. Winner of the 2002 Pulitzer Prize in nonfiction, widely lavished with praise in reviews, a New York Times bestseller, Diane McWhorter's 701-page tome, Carry Me Home, is equal parts work of history, investigative journalism, and memoir. This very epicness, this scale, this ambition, provides the book both its greatest strengths, of which there are many, and its greatest weaknesses, which are also noteworthy. Its grandeur alone will earn it a place amidst the civil rights literature of this era, especially among general readers who like their history to be gripping, grand, purple and sometimes a bit overwrought. Given that the original manuscript was three times the length of the finished product, one both wonders what ended up in the dustbin and appreciates the judicious touch of her editor. Other reviewers have mentioned J. Anthony Lucas and Taylor Branch as models for this book, and those examples seem fitting, as they too were similarly ambitious and in important ways flawed. Carry Me Home nonetheless does not reach the heights these books scaled despite their shortcomings.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleansing Moments and Retrospective Justice Margaret M
    Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-2002 Cleansing Moments and Retrospective Justice Margaret M. Russell Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Recommended Citation 101 Mich. L. Rev. 1225 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLEANSING MOMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE JUSTICE MargaretM. Russell* I. INTRODUCTION: "RE-TRYING" RACE We live in an era of questioning and requestioning long-held assumptions about the role of race in law, both in criminal prosecu- tions specifically and in the legal process generally. Certainly, the foundational framework is not new; for decades, both legal literature and jurisprudence have explored in great detail the realities of racism in the legal system.' Even among those who might prefer to ignore the role of race discrimination in more than two centuries of American law, denial is no longer a viable or intellectually defensible option. Rather, debate now centers upon whether or not the extensive history of American jurisprudential race discrimination should affect the way we interpret or resolve current doctrinal dilemmas. Perhaps the most well-known example of this requestioning is the burgeoning innocence movement, which emerged primarily from scientific DNA research that established the factual innocence of long- * Associate Professor, Santa Clara University School of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom Riders Bibliography Compiled by Robert Mcauliffe
    Freedom Riders Bibliography Compiled by Robert McAuliffe Armstrong, Thomas M., and Natalie R. Bell. Autobiography of a Freedom Rider: My Life as a Foot Soldier for Civil Rights. Deerfield Beach: Health Communications, 2011. Arsenault, Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Barnes, Catherine A.. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. Bausum, Ann. Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Front Lines of the Civil Rights Movement. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006. Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988. Carmichael, Stokely, and Michael Thelwell. Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture). New York: Scribner, 2003. Catsam, Derek. Freedom's Main Line: The Journey of Reconciliation and the Freedom Rides. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009. Curthoys, Ann. Freedom Ride: A Freedom Rider Remembers. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2002. Etheridge, Eric, Roger Wilkins, and Diane McWhorter. Breach of Peace: Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi Freedom Riders. New York: Atlas & Co., 2008. Farmer, James. Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Arbor House, 1985. Garrow, David J.. Birmingham, Alabama, 1956-1963: The Black Struggle for Civil Rights. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Pub., 1989. Lewis, John, and Michael Orso. Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1998. Sharp, Anne Wallace. The Freedom Rides. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2012. Silver, Carol Ruth. Freedom Rider Diary: Smuggled Notes from Parchman Prison.
    [Show full text]
  • IN SULLIVAN's SHADOW: the USE and ABUSE of LIBEL LAW DURING the CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT a Dissertation Presented to the Facult
    IN SULLIVAN’S SHADOW: THE USE AND ABUSE OF LIBEL LAW DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by AIMEE EDMONDSON Dr. Earnest L. Perry Jr., Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2008 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled: IN SULLIVAN’S SHADOW: THE USE AND ABUSE OF LIBEL LAW DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT presented by Aimee Edmondson, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ________________________________ Associate Professor Earnest L. Perry Jr. ________________________________ Professor Richard C. Reuben ________________________________ Associate Professor Carol Anderson ________________________________ Associate Professor Charles N. Davis ________________________________ Assistant Professor Yong Volz In loving memory of my father, Ned Edmondson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would be impossible to thank everyone responsible for this work, but special thanks should go to Dr. Earnest L. Perry, Jr., who introduced me to a new world and helped me explore it. I could not have asked for a better mentor. I also must acknowledge Dr. Carol Anderson, whose enthusiasm for the work encouraged and inspired me. Her humor and insight made the journey much more fun and meaningful. Thanks also should be extended to Dr. Charles N. Davis, who helped guide me through my graduate program and make this work what it is. To Professor Richard C. Reuben, special thanks for adding tremendous wisdom to the project. Also, much appreciation to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White US Newspapers' Coverage Of
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-1-2011 Outsiders Within: A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White U.S. Newspapers' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1964 Yolanda Denise Campbell University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Campbell, Yolanda Denise, "Outsiders Within: A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White U.S. Newspapers' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1964" (2011). Dissertations. 575. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/575 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi OUTSIDERS WITHIN: A FRAMING ANALYSIS OF EIGHT BLACK AND WHITE U.S. NEWSPAPERS’ COVERAGE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1954-1964 by Yolanda Denise Campbell Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2011 ABSTRACT OUTSIDERS WITHIN: A FRAMING ANALYSIS OF EIGHT BLACK AND WHITE U.S. NEWSPAPERS’ COVERAGE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1954-1964 by Yolanda Denise Campbell May 2011 This study offers an important contribution to communication research about how Black and White Newspapers covered one of the most significant periods of racial unrest in the history of the U.S. besides slavery—the Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, this paper examined the unique combination of eight U.S.
    [Show full text]