A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White US Newspapers' Coverage Of

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White US Newspapers' Coverage Of The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-1-2011 Outsiders Within: A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White U.S. Newspapers' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1964 Yolanda Denise Campbell University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Campbell, Yolanda Denise, "Outsiders Within: A Framing Analysis of Eight Black and White U.S. Newspapers' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1964" (2011). Dissertations. 575. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/575 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi OUTSIDERS WITHIN: A FRAMING ANALYSIS OF EIGHT BLACK AND WHITE U.S. NEWSPAPERS’ COVERAGE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1954-1964 by Yolanda Denise Campbell Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2011 ABSTRACT OUTSIDERS WITHIN: A FRAMING ANALYSIS OF EIGHT BLACK AND WHITE U.S. NEWSPAPERS’ COVERAGE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1954-1964 by Yolanda Denise Campbell May 2011 This study offers an important contribution to communication research about how Black and White Newspapers covered one of the most significant periods of racial unrest in the history of the U.S. besides slavery—the Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, this paper examined the unique combination of eight U.S. newspapers—The Pittsburgh Post- Gazette, The Pittsburgh Courier, The Birmingham News, The Birmingham World, The Clarion Ledger, The Jackson Advocate, The Chicago Tribune, and The Chicago Defender from 1954-1964, the beginning and end of the Civil Rights Movement. Through a qualitative framing analysis of the eight newspapers exploring the categories of subject/theme, dominant article/editorial perspectives, headline descriptors, characterization of key Civil Rights figures, article/editorial length and placement, and photos; this study reveals that Black and White newspapers were not in keeping with previous research which proclaimed that Northern Black/White and Southern Black papers would provide supportive coverage towards the movement and that Southern White newspapers would provide unsupportive coverage. Interestingly, an examination of news articles among both Northern/Southern Black/White newspapers revealed that the majority of all papers’ news article coverage was neutral and objective. However, the editorial coverage, in which newspapers were able to make their stance for their ii prospective sides of the movement, results revealed that the papers were very much in keeping with previous researchers’ findings that Northern Black/White and Southern Black newspapers were in favor of the cause of the Civil Rights Movement and that the Southern White newspapers were not. The prevalent subject/themes that received the most attention, especially from Southern White newspapers, was integration struggles followed by the murder of Emmett Till and the subsequent trial, the Birmingham Bombing, and the murder of Medgar Evers. The majority of all headlines were neutral, the average length of both articles/editorials among the newspapers was 500 words or less, and most articles were placed in the front section of the newspaper, evidence that the happenings of the movement was significant among all papers whether Black or White. Seemingly most photos from the Birmingham bombing to the violence against the Freedom Riders depicted Blacks as victims at the hands of angry Whites--both police officers and everyday citizens, who were just plain discontent with their segregationist way of life being challenged. Such images which appeared in the newspapers presented a sympathetic image towards Blacks and ultimately helped to shed light onto the injustices they were experiencing. iii COPYRIGHT BY YOLANDA DENISE CAMPBELL 2011 The University of Southern Mississippi OUTSIDERS WITHIN: A FRAMING ANALYSIS OF EIGHT BLACK AND WHITE U.S. NEWSPAPERS’ COVERAGE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1954-1964 by Yolanda Denise Campbell A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ____________________________________Dr. Fei Xue Director ____________________________________Dr. Christopher Campbell ____________________________________Dr. Gene Wiggins ____________________________________Dr. Jae-Hwa Shin ____________________________________Dr. David Davies ____________________________________Susan A. Siltanen Dean of the Graduate School May 2011 DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my grandmother, Sarah Teldford Campbell. My generation will never know the struggles you faced in your lifetime. Through you, I know what the face of strength looks like. I can only hope to be a measure of the woman you have been. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to give thanks to my Lord and Savior above for His continued grace and mercy in the midst of all the obstacles that have come my way in trying to finish this work. Many times I doubted, and the finish line seemed to elude me. Yet, I kept my eyes fixed on You and even though I stumbled many times over my own feet, You guided me to completion and I am forever grateful to You. I would also like to give thanks to my mother, Ridgie Hervey, for her unwavering support of all that I have ever tried to accomplish in my life. During the course of this dissertation, you fell very ill but you still did not fail to remind me of the task I had to complete. I thank you and I love you. To my sister, Felicia Johnson, I thank you also for your words of encouragement especially when it got really tough and I felt so alone in my pursuit. To my best friend, Serena Street, you were a shoulder to cry on and arms to embrace me so many occasions when I came up short along the way trying to get it right. Even as you attended to your own studies, you found time to be a listening ear. I thank you and I love you for your counsel. To all the children in my life that I did not birth, Sherebia, Audree, Awasis, Kyrsten, Lailah, Aliyah, and Kaliyah; I hope that you will be inspired as you reflect on what you have seen me go through over the years. From it I pray you will have seen that anything worth having is worth working for. During many times when my spirits were low, your smiling faces and the tasks you gave to me were distractions away from the stresses and concerns surrounding my dissertation. Additionally, you offered revelations toward what I had to look forward to once I finished. I thank you all simply for loving me through my circumstances. Sometimes love is all that is needed. v To my committee members that have changed throughout the years of working on this project: Dr. Fei Xue, Dr. Mazharul Haque, Dr. Arthur Kaul (deceased), Dr. Gene Wiggins, Dr. Christopher Campbell, Dr. Jae-Hwa Shin, and Dr. David Davies, I thank you so much for your diligence and your guidance along the way. The University of Southern Mississippi has thrived and will continue to do so because of professors like you. Thank you so much. To my former colleagues who helped me with this project along the way, I also thank you. A special thanks to the libraries in which I have spent so many hours: The University of Southern Mississippi’s Cook Library in Hattiesburg, MS; Southern A&M University in Baton Rouge, LA; Public Library in Birmingham, AL; University of Mississippi Library in Oxford, MS; and Jones Creek and Goodwood East Baton Rouge Parrish Libraries in Baton Rouge, LA. Without a quiet place to work and friendly staff to assist me in collecting and analyzing my newspapers, this task would have been even more difficult. Finally, they say the struggles we face truly mold us and define who we are, and that what does not kill us can only make us stronger. Well, this dissertation has been one of the greatest tests of my life. But, indeed, I am much stronger because of it. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1 Statement of Purpose The Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1964 History II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................26 Framing Theory Framing Blacks Significance of Study III. METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................48 Framing Analysis Framing Categories of Analysis Major Civil Rights Events IV. RESULTS ...................................................................................................57 Individual Results Overview Result Summary Paper-by-Paper Comparison/Contrasts V. DISCUSSION ............................................................…………………..353 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................360
Recommended publications
  • Youth Involvement in the 1960S Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) Catalogs, etc.) 2020 Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama Lily McMahon Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/fypapers Recommended Citation McMahon, Lily, "Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama". The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) (2020). Trinity College Digital Repository, Hartford, CT. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/fypapers/106 2020 Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama Lily McMahon Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama 1 Youth Involvement in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama Lily McMahon During the 1960s, the fight for civil rights in the United States was one of the most prevalent social issues affecting the country. Organizations and individuals throughout the United States called for racial justice and for the termination of segregation in the South. A group that had a significant impact on the outcome of the Civil Rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama was young children. In Birmingham, the local coalition began to call for children to march in protests in place of their parents. So, if arrests were to transpire, less economic stress would occur because adults could still be working and making an income. From May 2nd to May 7th, 1963, over 2,000 children marched across Birmingham, Alabama to nonviolently protest racial inequality in their city. Children’s involvement in the 1960s civil rights protests in Birmingham was critical to a successful outcome in the movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrating Jackson State: an Examination of Power Relations and Mississippi Newspaper Coverage of the 1970 Shootings at Jackson State College
    University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Narrating Jackson State: An Examination Of Power Relations And Mississippi Newspaper Coverage Of The 1970 Shootings At Jackson State College Leslie Hassel University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Hassel, Leslie, "Narrating Jackson State: An Examination Of Power Relations And Mississippi Newspaper Coverage Of The 1970 Shootings At Jackson State College" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 872. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/872 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NARRATING JACKSON STATE: AN EXAMINATION OF POWER RELATIONS AND MISSISSIPPI NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF THE 1970 SHOOTINGS AT JACKSON STATE COLLEGE A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Southern Studies at The University of Mississippi by LESLIE M. HASSEL April 2014 Copyright Leslie M. Hassel 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT The following thesis examines media coverage of a 1970 campus shooting at Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi, during which two black students were killed and several others were injured. Over forty years after the shootings, the incident remains largely absent from the dominant historical narrative. This study posits that the contradictory accounts published by various Jackson-area news outlets blurred the lines between facts and subjective perspectives and as a consequence limited the resources used by historians to construct a narrative of the shootings.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Summer 2019 Issue Here
    vol. 6 no. 2 Summer 2019 enlightening and celebrating where God is at work in our midst A PUBLICATION OF 2 illumine episcopal church of the transfiguration Summer 2019 CHURCH STAFF CLERGY The Rev. R. Casey Shobe, D.Min.—Rector The Rev. Rebecca Tankersley—Associate Rector 17 The Rev. Nancy DeStefano—Pastoral Assistant The Rev. Ginny Kivel—Deacon The Rev. Terence C. Roper—Rector Emeritus 20 PROGRAMS Cindy Hauser—Director of Children’s Ministries Dana Jean—Director of Youth Ministries (incoming) Anne Schmidt—Director of Evangelism and Welcoming Ministries Rebecca Gingles—Director of Communications (outgoing) Judson Watkins—Director of Communications (incoming) MUSIC Joel Martinson—Director of Music and Organist Stefan Engels—Artist-in-Residence Chris Ahrens—Director of Youth Choir Kimberley Ahrens—Director of Children’s Choirs ADMINISTRATION Sophie Lowrance—Parish Administrator Meghan Mazur—Executive Assistant to the Rector (outgoing) Lana Mederos—Executive Assistant to the Rector (incoming) Mary Hall—Controller PROPERTY Bracken Reece—Director of Operations Joseph Gerick—Sexton VESTRY Nancy Jagmin, Senior Warden Julia Trizzino, Junior Warden Chris Ayres, Assistant Chancellor in this issue Robin Caldwell Who is my Neighbor? 5 Telling Your Story 19 Olive Cone Frank DeLizza Vestry Goals 12 A Farewell Interview 22 Betsey Hardman Civil Rights Pilgrimage 17 CEEP Recap 26 Roy Heller Peggy Kwoka, Clerk Rosemary Luquire Jay Madrid, Parish Chancellor Illumine is a quarterly publication of Church Sheila MacLennan of the Transfiguration. The word itself 22 Mason McCamey has two meanings: to light up or brighten Allison Murphy, Treasurer and to enlighten (someone) spiritually or Bart Stockton intellectually. The goal behind this magazine Evan Williams is to tell the stories of this congregation, highlight new ministries, and celebrate Worship Service Times where God is at work in our midst.
    [Show full text]
  • Newspaper Distribution List
    Newspaper Distribution List The following is a list of the key newspaper distribution points covering our Integrated Media Pro and Mass Media Visibility distribution package. Abbeville Herald Little Elm Journal Abbeville Meridional Little Falls Evening Times Aberdeen Times Littleton Courier Abilene Reflector Chronicle Littleton Observer Abilene Reporter News Livermore Independent Abingdon Argus-Sentinel Livingston County Daily Press & Argus Abington Mariner Livingston Parish News Ackley World Journal Livonia Observer Action Detroit Llano County Journal Acton Beacon Llano News Ada Herald Lock Haven Express Adair News Locust Weekly Post Adair Progress Lodi News Sentinel Adams County Free Press Logan Banner Adams County Record Logan Daily News Addison County Independent Logan Herald Journal Adelante Valle Logan Herald-Observer Adirondack Daily Enterprise Logan Republican Adrian Daily Telegram London Sentinel Echo Adrian Journal Lone Peak Lookout Advance of Bucks County Lone Tree Reporter Advance Yeoman Long Island Business News Advertiser News Long Island Press African American News and Issues Long Prairie Leader Afton Star Enterprise Longmont Daily Times Call Ahora News Reno Longview News Journal Ahwatukee Foothills News Lonoke Democrat Aiken Standard Loomis News Aim Jefferson Lorain Morning Journal Aim Sussex County Los Alamos Monitor Ajo Copper News Los Altos Town Crier Akron Beacon Journal Los Angeles Business Journal Akron Bugle Los Angeles Downtown News Akron News Reporter Los Angeles Loyolan Page | 1 Al Dia de Dallas Los Angeles Times
    [Show full text]
  • Proclamations - Nixon (1)” of the William J
    The original documents are located in Box 34, folder “Proclamations - Nixon (1)” of the William J. Baroody Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 34 of the William J. Baroody Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library ---·~------~------------------~ ----j-----------------·----·-------- --1 I i ~-1-- -11----- ·--- \ AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY 9650 ROCKVU•. LE PIKE BETHESDA, MARYLAND :20014 PHONE: 301 530-JSOO .February 12, 1974 1 . \ Miss ·McAuleisse c/o Mr. Baroody's Office The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, D. C. Dear Miss McAuleisse: Enclosed are the names and addresses of the Past Presidents and the Board of Trustees of the American College of Cardiology that you re­ quested in order to send the Heart Month Proc­ lamation. Sincerely, ~-+ 9LA,;, (Mrs.) Beverly J. Sandlin Secretary I I I I. I I. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY PAST PRESIDENTS * * * ) I l ..~ .Ashton Graybiel, M. D., F .A. C. C. U. S. Naval .Aerospace Medical Institute Pensacola, Florida 32512 Walter S.
    [Show full text]
  • African American Newsline Distribution Points
    African American Newsline Distribution Points Deliver your targeted news efficiently and effectively through NewMediaWire’s African−American Newsline. Reach 700 leading trades and journalists dealing with political, finance, education, community, lifestyle and legal issues impacting African Americans as well as The Associated Press and Online databases and websites that feature or cover African−American news and issues. Please note, NewMediaWire includes free distribution to trade publications and newsletters. Because these are unique to each industry, they are not included in the list below. To get your complete NewMediaWire distribution, please contact your NewMediaWire account representative at 310.492.4001. A.C.C. News Weekly Newspaper African American AIDS Policy &Training Newsletter African American News &Issues Newspaper African American Observer Newspaper African American Times Weekly Newspaper AIM Community News Weekly Newspaper Albany−Southwest Georgian Newspaper Alexandria News Weekly Weekly Newspaper Amen Outreach Newsletter Newsletter Annapolis Times Newspaper Arizona Informant Weekly Newspaper Around Montgomery County Newspaper Atlanta Daily World Weekly Newspaper Atlanta Journal Constitution Newspaper Atlanta News Leader Newspaper Atlanta Voice Weekly Newspaper AUC Digest Newspaper Austin Villager Newspaper Austin Weekly News Newspaper Bakersfield News Observer Weekly Newspaper Baton Rouge Weekly Press Weekly Newspaper Bay State Banner Newspaper Belgrave News Newspaper Berkeley Tri−City Post Newspaper Berkley Tri−City Post
    [Show full text]
  • Cleansing Moments and Retrospective Justice Margaret M
    Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-2002 Cleansing Moments and Retrospective Justice Margaret M. Russell Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Recommended Citation 101 Mich. L. Rev. 1225 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLEANSING MOMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE JUSTICE MargaretM. Russell* I. INTRODUCTION: "RE-TRYING" RACE We live in an era of questioning and requestioning long-held assumptions about the role of race in law, both in criminal prosecu- tions specifically and in the legal process generally. Certainly, the foundational framework is not new; for decades, both legal literature and jurisprudence have explored in great detail the realities of racism in the legal system.' Even among those who might prefer to ignore the role of race discrimination in more than two centuries of American law, denial is no longer a viable or intellectually defensible option. Rather, debate now centers upon whether or not the extensive history of American jurisprudential race discrimination should affect the way we interpret or resolve current doctrinal dilemmas. Perhaps the most well-known example of this requestioning is the burgeoning innocence movement, which emerged primarily from scientific DNA research that established the factual innocence of long- * Associate Professor, Santa Clara University School of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Passioned, Radical Leader Who Incorporating Their Own
    Vol. 59 No. 11 March 13 - 19, 2019 CELEBRATING MARCH 14, 2018 25 Portland and Seattle Volume XL No. 24 CENTS BLACK MEN ARRESTED AT STARBUCKS WANT CHANGE IN U.S. RACIAL ATTITUDES - PG. 2 News ..............................3,8-10 A & E .....................................6-7 Opinion ...................................2 NRA Gives to Schools ......8 NATIONAL NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION CHALLENGING PEOPLE TO SHAPE A BETTER FUTURE NOW Calendars ...........................4-5 Bids/Classifieds ....................11 THE SKANNER NEWS READERS POLL Should Portland Public Schools change the name of Jefferson High School? (451 responses) YES THE NATION’S ONLY BLACK DAILY 129 (29%) NO Reporting and Recording Black History 322 (71%) STUDENTS WALK OUT 75 Cents VOL. 47 NO. 28 FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 2018 Final Seventy-one percent of respondents to a The Skanner News poll favored keeping the name of Thomas Jefferson High School intact. CENTER192 FOCUSES ON YOUTH POLL RESULTS: YEARS OF THE 71 Percent of TO HELP SAVE THE PLANET The Skanner’s Readers Oppose BLACK PRESS Jefferson Name Change Alumni association circulating a petition OF AMERICA opposed to name change PHOTO BY SUSAN FRIED SUSAN BY PHOTO By Christen McCurdy Hundreds of students from Washington Middle School and Garfield High School joined students across the country in a walkout and 17 minutes of silence Of The Skanner News to show support for the lives lost at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida Feb. 14 and to let elected officials know that they want stricter gun control laws. he results of a poll by The Skanner News, which opened Feb. 22 and closed Tuesday, favor keeping the Oregon Introduces ‘Gun Violence Restraining Orders’ Tname of North Portland’s Thomas Jefferson High School.
    [Show full text]
  • IN SULLIVAN's SHADOW: the USE and ABUSE of LIBEL LAW DURING the CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT a Dissertation Presented to the Facult
    IN SULLIVAN’S SHADOW: THE USE AND ABUSE OF LIBEL LAW DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by AIMEE EDMONDSON Dr. Earnest L. Perry Jr., Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2008 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled: IN SULLIVAN’S SHADOW: THE USE AND ABUSE OF LIBEL LAW DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT presented by Aimee Edmondson, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ________________________________ Associate Professor Earnest L. Perry Jr. ________________________________ Professor Richard C. Reuben ________________________________ Associate Professor Carol Anderson ________________________________ Associate Professor Charles N. Davis ________________________________ Assistant Professor Yong Volz In loving memory of my father, Ned Edmondson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would be impossible to thank everyone responsible for this work, but special thanks should go to Dr. Earnest L. Perry, Jr., who introduced me to a new world and helped me explore it. I could not have asked for a better mentor. I also must acknowledge Dr. Carol Anderson, whose enthusiasm for the work encouraged and inspired me. Her humor and insight made the journey much more fun and meaningful. Thanks also should be extended to Dr. Charles N. Davis, who helped guide me through my graduate program and make this work what it is. To Professor Richard C. Reuben, special thanks for adding tremendous wisdom to the project. Also, much appreciation to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iowa Bystander: a History of The
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1987 The oI wa Bystander : a history of the second 25 years (1920-1945) Elaine Patterson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Patterson, Elaine, "The oI wa Bystander : a history of the second 25 years (1920-1945)" (1987). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 18700. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/18700 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Iowa Bystander: A history of the second 25 years (1920-l94~) by Elaine Patterson A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Journalism and Mass Communication ;Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1987 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION. • · . · .iii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. · · · .1 CHAPTER II. ORIGINS AND EARLY EDITORS · · · . · · 16 CHAPTER III. SERVING BLACK IOWA. · · · · · · · · 29 CHAPTER IV. TAKING A STAND FOR EQUALITY · · 44 CHAPTER V. BREAKING THE WALLS OF SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION. · · · · · · . · · 65 CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION. • • 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY. · . •
    [Show full text]
  • Bombingham by Anthony Grooms
    RANDOM HOUSE, INC. TEACHER’S GUIDE Bombingham By Anthony Grooms RanOne World/Ballantine | Trade Paperback | 978-0-345-45293-1 | 320 pages | $13.95 Reading Level: 7th Grade “Too many of our younger generation know nothing about the struggle, the sacrifices, the dying of our people during those demonstrations of the fifties and the sixties. And older people too should be reminded, so that they’ll never forget. [Bombingham] is about a subject and a time we should never forget.” –—Ernest Gaines, author of A Lesson Before Dying note to teachers In Bombingham, acclaimed author Anthony Grooms vividly brings to life the turbulent period in American history when racially- motivated violence rocked the city of Birmingham, Alabama. Through the compelling narration of Walter Burke, a troubled young soldier caught in the crossfire in Vietnam, Grooms examines the complex intersection of segregation, civil rights, and racism in one city’s past. As Walter recalls his own involvement as a child marcher in Birmingham in 1963 and revisits the sacrifices made by members of his family in their quest for equality, Bombingham opens students’ eyes to the many kinds of injustice in our nation and the world at large. about this book Inspired in part by the stories told to him by his wife and her family, Anthony Grooms’s Bombingham reads as much like a memoir of life in Birmingham, Alabama in the 1960s as it does a work of fiction. Grounded in the historical context of the civil rights movement around the time of the 1963 bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Bombingham exposes the moral crises faced by the Burkes, an ordinary American family trying to go on with their lives as usual during a time of local and national unrest.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study Tour of the American Civil Rights Movement for Students in the Excel! Research Scholars Program at The
    2014-2015 A study tour of the American Civil Rights Movement for students in the Excel! Research Scholars Program at the University of St. Thomas—Minnesota Students participating in the Journey for Justice Study Tour are Excel! Research Scholars. Excel! Research Scholars Director: Cynthia J. Fraction, M.A. Graduate Assistant: Courtney Crowley Mail: AQU 319 322 Aquinas Hall 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, MN 55105 stthomas.edu/excel The Excel! Research Scholars Program is part of the Grants and Research Office. David Steele, Ph.D. Director, Grants and Research Office Publication layout/design: Kristin Walters Photography: Kathryn Hubly (unless otherwise noted) 3 Message from the Excel! Research Scholars Director 4 Key Locations on the study tour 5-6 Reflections from staff on the tour 7-34 Student Research Papers: • Anisa Abdulkadir, “Implications of Legislatively Supported Racial Residential Segregation on Black Housing” • Priscila Barron Sanchez, “Key Legal Cases Surrounding the Civil Rights Movement” • Kamilah Ceaser, “SNCC and its Contributions to the Movement” • Tiana Daniels, “Canton, the Church, and Civil Rights” • Shannon Heitkamp, “Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Speeches: A Critical Analysis” • Maxine Johnson, “Diversity in the Movement” • Quinmill Lei, “What They Conveniently Forgot to Teach in History Class” • Raymond Nkwain Kindva, “The Struggle for Racial Equality in Birmingham, Alabama” • Tyler Skluzacek, “Birmingham: Model City or Master of Disguise?” • Alexander Tsadwa, “State and Federal Clashes in the Midst of the Civil Rights Movement” Photo: As part of the Journey for Justice Study Tour, students crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, site of the “Bloody Sunday” protest Parting Thoughts march in 1965. 35 37 Community Service & Experience Highlights from the 2015 study tour The Civil Rights Movement is an era which represents some of the most turbulent times in America’s history.
    [Show full text]