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Adansonia Za) DU PLATEAU MAHAFALY DANS LE SUD OUEST DE MADAGASCAR

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Adansonia Za) DU PLATEAU MAHAFALY DANS LE SUD OUEST DE MADAGASCAR UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme d’études approfondies (DEA) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option : Ecologie Végétale ANATOMIE ET REGENERATION DE L’ECORCE ET DU BOIS DES BAOBABS CITERNES (Adansonia za) DU PLATEAU MAHAFALY DANS LE SUD OUEST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Andrianasolo Ninah SANDRATRINIAINA (Maître ès-Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 31 Mars 2015 Devant le jury composé de: Président : Pr Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Dr Edmond ROGER : Dr Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateurs : Dr Elisabeth RABAKONANDRIANINA Dr Pascal DANTHU UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme d’études approfondies (DEA) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option : Ecologie Végétale ANATOMIE ET REGENERATION DE L’ECORCE ET DU BOIS DES BAOBABS CITERNES (Adansonia za) DU PLATEAU MAHAFALY DANS LE SUD OUEST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Andrianasolo Ninah SANDRATRINIAINA (Maître ès-Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 31 Mars 2015 Devant le jury composé de: Président : Pr Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Dr Edmond ROGER : Dr Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateurs : Dr Elisabeth RABAKONANDRIANINA Dr Pascal DANTHU Remerciements Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé grâce à la collaboration entre le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de la Faculté des Sciences (DBEV) de l’Université d’Antananarivo et la Coopération Internationale de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) auxquelles je tiens à adresser mes sincères remerciements. J’adresse mes remerciements, particulièrement à : - Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, Enseignant-chercheur et Professeur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui malgré ses multiples fonctions m’a fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire. J’exprime toute ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance. - Docteur Edmond ROGER, enseignant-chercheur et Maître de Conférences au sein du Département de Biologie et Ecologie végétales de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour son soutien, son encadrement, ses conseils et précieuses instructions. Je lui exprime mes sincères remerciements. - Docteur Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA, enseignant-chercheur et Maître de Conférences au sein du Département de Biologie et Ecologie végétales de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui a accepté d’assurer l’encadrement de ce mémoire et de m’avoir fait bénéficier de nombreux conseils et de documents. - Docteur Elisabeth RABAKONADRIANINA, enseignant-chercheur et Maître de conférences à la Faculté des Sciences qui a bien voulu examiner ce travail et siéger parmi les membres de jury. Je lui témoigne mes sincères remerciements. - Docteur Pascal DANTHU, Directeur Régional et Chercheur du CIRAD/DP Forêt et Biodiversité à Madagascar, qui n’a pas su ménager ses efforts pour l’appui financier et qui a bien voulu examiner ce travail et siéger parmi les membres de jury. Aucun mot ne saurait exprimer ma profonde gratitude. - Dr Ig. Hans BEECKMAN, Directeur du Laboratoire de Biologie du Bois et à Dr Claire DELVAUX du Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, qui malgré leurs multiples activités n’ont pas ménagé ni leur temps, ni leur aide précieuse en prodiguant toutes les instructions nécessaires à l’élaboration de ce travail, leurs remarques pertinentes m’ont permis d’améliorer la qualité de ce mémoire. Je suis vivement reconnaissante à Fenonirina RAKOTOARISON malgré ses innombrables tâches, de m’avoir accompagné sur le terrain à Antanantsoa Betioky. Je ne saurais terminer ces remerciements sans mentionner les guides qui m’ont fait part de leurs aides lors de notre descente sur le terrain et qui m’ont bien accueilli chez eux à Antanantsoa. A l’équipe du laboratoire d’anatomie du Département de Biologie et Ecologie végétales à savoir : Joseph Felana Niaina RAKOTO, Fenonirina RAKOTOARISON et Lydia Natacha ARIMALALA pour leur soutien technique et morale. Je remercie ma famille, mes amis de leur aide, soutien et encouragements. Et enfin, je remercie toutes les personnes qui ont collaboré avec moi dans la réalisation de ce travail de recherche. TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES .......................................................................................................... i LISTE DES FIGURES .............................................................................................................. iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX .......................................................................................................... v LISTE DES PLANCHES .......................................................................................................... vi LISTE DES PHOTOS .............................................................................................................. vii GLOSSAIRE ............................................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... x PREMIERE PARTIE: MILIEU D’ETUDE I- MILIEU ABIOTIQUE .................................................................................................... 3 I-1- Localisation géographique ............................................................................................... 3 I-2- Relief et topographie ....................................................................................................... 3 I-3- Géologie et sol ................................................................................................................. 3 I-4- Climat .............................................................................................................................. 3 I-4-1- Température .............................................................................................................. 3 I-4-2- Précipitation .............................................................................................................. 5 I-4-3- Courbe ombrothermique ........................................................................................... 5 II- MILIEU BIOTIQUE ....................................................................................................... 5 II-1- Flore et végétation .......................................................................................................... 5 II-2- Faune .............................................................................................................................. 5 II-3- L’homme et ses activités ................................................................................................ 6 DEUXIEME PARTIE : MATERIELS ET METHODES .......................................................... 7 I- MATERIELS BIOLOGIQUES ETUDIES ..................................................................... 7 I-1- Position systématique d’Adansonia za ............................................................................ 7 I-2- Description de l’espèce Adansonia za (Za ou Za be) (Baum, 1995a) ............................. 7 I-3- Utilisations de l’espèce Adansonia za sur le plateau Mahafaly ....................................... 8 II- METHODES D’ETUDES II-1- Bibliographie et webographie ........................................................................................ 8 Page i II-2- Collecte et préparation des échantillons ......................................................................... 9 II-2-1- Collecte des échantillons ......................................................................................... 9 II- 2-2- Préparation des échantillons ................................................................................... 9 II-3-Etudes anatomiques ....................................................................................................... 13 II-3-1- Confection des coupes ........................................................................................... 13 II-3-2- Macération ............................................................................................................. 13 II-3-3- Observations, mesures et interprétations ............................................................... 13 II-4- Analyses des données ................................................................................................... 15 TROISIEME PARTIE : RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS I- DESCRIPTION DE L’ECORCE NORMALE D’Adansonia za .................................. 16 I-1- Description macroscopique de l’écorce normale ........................................................... 16 I-2- Description anatomique de l’écorce normale ................................................................ 16 I-2-1- Periderme ................................................................................................................ 20 I-2-2- Cortex ..................................................................................................................... 20 I-2-3- Phloème II ............................................................................................................... 24 I-2-3-1- Tubes criblés .................................................................................................... 24 I-2-3-2- Fibres phloémiennes ........................................................................................ 24 I-2-3-3- Parenchymes ...................................................................................................
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