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Home , Atmosphere of Earth

Commecs Perspective

Patron Cdr (Retd) Abdul Razaq PN Convener Dr. Uzma Naveed Incharge Rohana Tariq February 2018

Topic: -II

Chemistry of Troposphere Quratulain Imran Lecturer – has been separated into four regions, very different in structure, thermodynamics, photo- chemistry and dynamics. This partition is best reflected by the atmospheric vertical profile, whose points of inflection are used to distinguish the four regions.

Figure: The profile (US Standard Atmosphere, 1976). To the four regions correspond very different temperature gradients.

Starting from the ground, they are called ‘troposphere’, ‘’, ‘’ and ‘’, and the boundaries which separate them are termed as ‘’, ‘’ and the ‘’. Page | 1

The atmospheric structure is ultimately defined by a combination of dynamic and radiative transfer processes. The troposphere is heated from the ground, which absorbs solar and releases heat back up in the . The temperature of the air in this region therefore decreases linearly with . The tropopause, situated between 8 km (at high latitudes) and 15 km (at the ), marks the end of this linear decrease and the beginning of the stratosphere, where lies the bulk of atmospheric (the ‘’). The presence of ozone is vital for on , as it absorbs the dangerous part of incoming ultra-violet radiation. As a result, the stratosphere heats up and has a positive . The temperature peaks at the stratopause at approximately 50 km in altitude, then falls linearly again in the mesosphere, as ozone heating diminishes. The region of the atmosphere above the mesopause is called the thermosphere and is radically different from the three lower regions. It cannot be treated as an electrically neutral medium because energetic solar radiation ionizes the molecules and to form a of free and ions that interact with the Earth’s magnetic .

The word troposphere means ‘turning sphere’, which symbolizes the fact that, in this region, convective processes dominate over radiative processes. The troposphere is indeed marked by strong convective over-turnings, whereby large parcels of warm air travel upwards to the tropopause, carrying and forming as they cool down (the stratosphere, on the other hand is a very stable a stratified environment where is mainly radiative). The troposphere contains the bulk of atmospheric , the majority of clouds and most of the , both on a global and a local scale. Because decreases exponentially with altitude, it also contains over 75% of the total of the atmosphere. Most importantly, however, it is in contact with the Earth’s surface and therefore interacts directly with other subsystems, such as the (the and vegetation), the (the ), the (the caps), the (the topography), and most all, with the human .

Chemistry of Troposphere: Nowhere around the Earth is the air perfectly clean: besides , , inert , dioxide and water vapor, it contains many trace . Be they emitted by natural or anthropogenic sources, they heavily influence our . Natural sources include volcanoes eruptions, swamps, wild emissions, and , while anthropogenic ones include industrial activities, burning, car usage, emissions from domestic and agriculture. Fortunately, the atmosphere has up to now avoided any substantial accumulation of pollutants, thanks to a remarkable natural ability to cleanse itself. There are three end removal processes. The first is chemical conversion to non-polluting constituents, such as H2O or O2. The second is dry deposition, whereby gases are absorbed by , water or . It is of limited significance because it often only applies to gases in the on a local scale. The third is wet deposition, or removal by precipitation, and is only effective for species that have enough solubility in water, which is not the case in general. There are, however, a number of tropospheric species capable of oxidizing these pollutants so that they become soluble. Although these species are only present in minute amounts, they constitute the pivot of tropospheric chemistry.

Ironically, the discovery of the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere came relatively late and through indirect reasoning. In 1970, Pressman and Warneck noted that, although the emission of CO had been steadily increasing over the 50's and 60's, there was no repercussion on its tropospheric concentration. The puzzle was solved a year later when Levy (1971) found a route for the formation of OH radicals in the troposphere and suggested that they could be a major sink for CO. The importance of OH radicals

Page | 2 and other oxidants as the detergents of the atmosphere has been recognized ever since. They are, in descending order of importance:

1. The hydroxyl radical OH. Hydroxyl is a short-lived free radical and by far the most effective scavenger in the troposphere. It is the main oxidant for CO, CH4 and higher hydrocarbons, H2S ( sulfide) and SO2 ( dioxide). 2. The nitrate radical NO3. At , this radical takes over from hydroxyl as the dominant oxidant in the atmosphere: hydroxyl is formed by photolysis and its concentration peaks during while NO3 does not survive . 3. The oxygen . The exited state of the oxygen atom has the ability to oxidize unsaturated hydrocarbons and other gases containing a double bond such as CS2 and COS in the upper troposphere. 4. Peroxy and hydroperoxy radicals HO2 and RO2 (where R is an alkyl). HO2 and RO2 are very much intertwined with hydroxyl in the oxidation cycle. They are not as efficient as hydroxyl, but react with themselves to form H2O2, an important oxidant in droplets. 5. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2. This strong acid reacts very efficiently in cloud droplets and oxidizes a number of trace gases, in particular . Highly soluble, it also accounts for a large part of the excess acidity in .

Together, these oxidants determine the lifetime and the abundance of trace species, acting as a atmospheric regulators. The reverse is also true: the abundance of trace species regulate the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, since an increase in the emission of a given reduces the abundance of its principal oxidant. The resulting positive feedback may even eventually lead to an increase of other pollutants.

Role of Different Chemicals in Tropospheric Chemistry: This table (below) describes some of the chemicals in the troposphere, and some of the chemical reactions that happen in the air

Chemical Formula Role in Tropospheric Chemistry Carbon dioxide is a kind of greenhouse . When we breathe, CO2 we take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants and some kinds of microbes use carbon dioxide during to make . Burning fuels also puts carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. CO When things burn, they mostly make carbon dioxide. Sometimes they make carbon monoxide, too. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. Volcanoes and engines make carbon monoxide.

Hydrocarbons CxOy Hydrocarbons are chemicals made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms. When fuel burns, it puts some hydrocarbons into the air. Hydrocarbons help to make smog, a kind of . CH4 Methane is a kind of . Nitrogen N2 Most of the gas in Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen. About 4/5ths of the air is nitrogen. The explains how nitrogen moves around in the environment. When fuel burns hot, like it

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does in the engine of a car, nitrogen combines with oxygen to make nitrogen . Nitrogen Oxides NO & NO2 Nitrogen oxides are a kind of pollution. Burning fuels like gasoline in air makes nitrogen oxides. Most nitrogen oxides come from cars and trucks. They help to make smog. They also mix with water droplets in the air to make . Nitric acid is a part of . Nitric Acid HNO3 Nitric acid is part of acid rain. Nitric acid forms when nitrogen oxides mix with water droplets in the air. Nitrogen oxides are a kind of pollution that comes from the engines of cars and trucks. Oxygen & Ozone O2 & O3 About 1/5th of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. When you breathe, your body uses the oxygen to keep you alive. Ozone is a special kind of oxygen that has three atoms instead of two. PAN(Peroxyacytyl C2H3O5N PAN is a kind of air pollution. Smog has PAN in it. PAN forms nitrate) when , oxygen, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) get together. Smog Smog is a of smoke and fog. Photochemical smog is a kind of air pollution. It has nitrogen oxides, ozone, VOCs, and PAN in it. Photodissociation When a of sunlight breaks apart a molecule Sulfur Oxides SO2 & SO3 Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide are types of pollution. People make them when we burn coal and oil. Volcanoes also give off sulfur oxides. Sulfur dioxide mixes with water droplets in the air to make . Sulfuric acid is in acid rain. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid is in acid rain. Sulfuric acid in the air is made when sulfur dioxide gasmixes with water droplets. The sulfur dioxide gas comes from volcanoes and from coal and oil that people burn for fuel.

Photochemical Smog Ayesha Bibi Lecturer– Chemistry As scorching hot days continue this summer, heatstroke and heat exhaustion have sent record numbers of people to hospitals. Drink lots of water, stay indoors and use air-conditioning, doctors say. However, if you have irritated eyes or a sore throat, or feel dizzy or nauseated after being outside on a hot, windless , you may be suffering from something very different. Chances are you have been exposed to Photochemical smog, a form of air pollution that traces its history to the 1970s when Japan’s rapid industrial growth was not only driving an economic boom but also aggravating pollution. Although the problem is long past its peak and it’s rarely life-threatening, its hazards remain very much real, as witnessed by municipal loud speakers set up in street corners that occasionally blare warnings as soon as dangerous levels of the pollutants are observed.

What is Photochemical Smog Photochemical smog is the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. It’s a concentrated mass of an atmospheric pollutant called Page | 4 photochemical oxidants, appearing like a white fog covering the land when seen from a distance. These are secondary pollutants formed when primary pollutants — nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in exhausts from factories and vehicles running on internal engines which airborne and ground-level ozone are exposed to strong rays from the . This noxious mixture of air pollutants may include the following:  Aldehydes  Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitric and nitrogen dioxide  Peroxyacyl nitrates  Tropospheric ozone  Volatile organic compounds

A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source. A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight; nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is formed as nitric oxide (NO) combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water. All of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry and a large number of motor vehicles. Because it travels with the , it can affect sparsely populated areas as well.

The composition and chemical reactions involved in photochemical smog were not understood until the 1950s. In 1948, flavor chemist Arie Haagen-Smit adapted some of his equipment to collect chemicals from polluted air, and identified ozone as a component of Los Angeles smog. Haagen-Smit went on to discover that nitrous oxides from automotive exhausts and gaseous hydrocarbons from cars and oil refineries, exposed to sunlight, were key ingredients in the formation of ozone and photochemical smog. Haagen-Smit worked with Arnold Beckman, who developed various equipment for detecting smog, ranging from an "Apparatus for recording gas concentrations in the atmosphere" patented on October 7, 1952, to "air quality monitoring vans" for use by government and industry.

Characteristic coloration for smog in California in the beige cloud bank behind the Golden Gate Bridge. The brown coloration is due to the NOx in the photochemical smog.

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The smog tends to occur on a hot summer day when the is clear and there is little wind, as photochemical oxidants need strong sunlight to develop and they are unlikely to concentrate into smog if there is a breeze to disperse them.

PM2.5 (particulate of 2.5 micrometers or less), which became a major concern in recent years as it drifted over Japan from China, is similar yet a different type of smog-forming pollutant created from nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds as well as sulfur dioxide.

Natural Causes An erupting can also emit high levels of Sulphur dioxide along with a large quantity of particulate matter; two key components to the creation of smog. However, the smog created as a result of a volcanic eruption is often known as vog to distinguish it as a natural occurrence.

The radiocarbon content of some life has been linked to the distribution of smog in some areas. For example, the creosote bush in the Los Angeles area has been shown to have an effect on smog distribution that is more than fossil fuel combustion alone. Symptoms and Preventions Typical symptoms exhibited by people exposed to photochemical smog include irritation in the eyes, skin and throat, which can be accompanied by coughs, and reddened skin. In more serious cases, sufferers may feel like pins and needles in hands and feet, and have a headache, dizziness, fever, nausea and difficulty. Symptoms vary from person to person, but small children, elderly people and people with allergies are said to be more severely affected.

“The best way is to avoid going outside when an alert is on, but if you still become affected and feel irritation in the eye or throat, wash your eyes or gargle with water. If symptoms persist or worsen, professional treatment is called for, which may include oxygen inhalation to alleviate breathing problems. An unfounded myth is that photochemical smog can be blocked by wearing an anti- mask. Unlike hay fever, which is believed to be alleviated by wearing a mask to block cedar pollen and other substances that cause it, the smog’s molecules are too fine to be blocked by such masks. But some industrial-grade anti-dust masks are touted as being able to filter out the smog.

Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human . Ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide are especially harmful for senior citizens, children, and people with heart and conditions such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease, Alzheimer risk, the risk of certain birth defects and low birth weight are unhealthy exposure levels reported in the past years.

In Pakistan since, start of winter heavy smog loaded with pollutants covered major part of Punjab especially the city of Lahore, causing breathing problems and disrupting normal traffic. Doctors advised residents to stay indoors and wear facemasks outside.

A road close to historical Badshahi mosque while dense smog engulf the neighborhood of Lahore, Saturday, Nov. 5, 2016.

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The severity of smog is often measured using automated optical instruments such as Nephelometers, as haze is associated with and traffic control in ports.

Knowing the chemical process that forms ground level ozone is the first step in coming up with . “Effect of Vehicle Exhausts Control for Photochemical Smog Prevention," showed the need for a system that reduces the number of hydrocarbons that enter the atmosphere as well as a second system that will handle the NO emissions.

The use of catalytic converters in automobiles. These additions to the exhaust system use either platinum, rhodium or a combination of both to cause a chemical reaction with unburnt hydrocarbons to produce carbon dioxide and water instead of Nitric Oxide. These devices only work in unleaded fuel vehicles though as the leads in regular gasoline prevent the reaction from occurring. As for the other major producers of the initial pollutants that form smog, the Federal Government has been revising the Clean Air Act of 1970 on a continual basis to help remove these toxins from the air. A major overhaul in 1990 targeted these gases in particular.

The best possible to this problem is finding a source of that doesn’t involve burning hydrocarbons. Solar, Hydro and wind energy are all good starts (even “clean" coal isn’t bad) but they are not yet at a level where they can be used as the primary means of locomotion for a practical passenger vehicle. When these technologies have advanced enough then maybe we will have total relief from the effects of photochemical smog.

Global Warming and Ahsan Siraj Lecturer– Physics Once there was another world it had atmosphere just like our planet but its atmosphere started to change and that planet became very hot and its temperature became high enough to melt down the metallic materials. That planet is known as .

The distance of Venus from sun is 108.2 million.km and it is approximately 1.4 less than the distance between earth and sun but the reason of that hot atmosphere is not that lesser distance. is covered with thick cloud of sulfuric acid which maintains the thick overcast that does not allow sun to reach the surface. So the question that one may ask is that - due to this overcast the atmosphere should be ?

The reason behind this is that atmosphere of Venus is rich in carbon dioxide (96.5% by ). Carbon dioxide is a gas that can trap heat and results in high atmospheric temperature on Venus, Carbon dioxide lies in the category of greenhouse gases (GHG).

In coming sections we will discuss the effect of GHG in earth’s atmosphere and the environmental impacts these gases (especially Carbon dioxide) is causing due to their increasing quantity in earth’s atmosphere.

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Atmosphere of Earth The Earth is third nearest planet to the sun. It is at the distance of 149.6 million .Km from sun. The atmosphere of Earth is rich in Nitrogen and oxygen Table 2.1 summarizes the contents of earth’s atmosphere.

Data shows that earth’s atmosphere majorly consists of Nitrogen and oxygen. These two gases are not GHG as they are transparent to infrared . The major portion of gases that causes greenhouse effect (GHE) is carbon dioxide.

2.3 Global Warming Potential (GWP) The notable gases that causes the GHE are 푂2,퐶퐻4 , 푁2푂 and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). These gases are termed as GHG. The impact that a Particular GHG causes are defined by its Global Warming Potential (GWP). It is basically the ratio between the amount (measured in terms of mass) of 퐶푂2 that causes a particular greenhouse impact over a certain period and the amount of other GHG that will cause the same greenhouse impact during that same interval of . Table 2.2 gives the name and GWP of some GHGs

GHG Concentrations in Atmosphere The yearly GHS report of The World Meteorologically Organization (WMO) reported that from 1990 to 2012 there is increase in 32% of radiative forcing (the warming effect on our climate) due to the 퐶푂2 and other GHGs such as 퐶퐻4 and 푁2푂.

According to yearly report of WMO [WMO] the radiative forcing –the warming effect on the climate has increased by 32% during 1990 to 2012. This increase is due to 퐶푂2and other heat trapping GHGS including 퐶퐻4 and 푁2푂.

The concentration of 퐶푂2, 퐶퐻4and 푁2푂 is increased by approximately 41%, 16%, 20% respectively after the advent of Industrial era in near 1750.The 80 percent increase in amount of 퐶푂2 is due to its emission from fossil duel .the concentration present in the atmosphere is not the total amount of 퐶푂2emitted by human based activity but the amount level after absorption by biosphere (by vegetation and other) and oceans which is about 50% of the amount emitted. Following is the individual discussion on major GHGs.

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Carbon Dioxide(푪푶ퟐ) The most important GHG emitted by the anthropogenic activity is 퐶푂2. The sources of 퐶푂2 include burning fossil fuel and . According to WMO [WMO] GHG bulletin the amount of 퐶푂2 has reached the level which is 141% of its pre-industrial level (from 278ppm to 393.1ppm).

The rate of 퐶푂2increment was found to be 2.2 ppm/year in 2012 which is above 2.02 ppm/year which is the average rate in last 10 years. At the current increment rate the global Average of 퐶푂2 concentration is expected to be gone above 400ppm in 2015 or 2016.

Methane(푪푯ퟒ) With the volume percentage of 0.000179% methane is the second most important GHG. About 40% of 푪푯ퟒis emitted in the atmosphere by biosphere which include wetlands and termites and the remaining 60% comes from anthropogenic activity such as fossil fuel burning and bio mas burning etc. Due to the increased anthropogenic activity the methane concentration have reached a new height of 1819 ppb in 2012 that is 260% of pre-industrial level.

Nitrous Oxide(푵ퟐ푶) Nitrous Oxide also known as Laughing gas is another worth worrying GHG in our atmosphere that is emitted in our atmosphere by both natural (60%) and human based sources (40%) that include use of fertilizers, biomass burning and several industrial productions. In 2012 푁2푂 concentration is found to be about 325.1ppb which is nearly 0.9 ppb greater than the last year and 120% of the pre-industrial level. 푁2푂 is one of the major contributor to .

Other GHS There are many other GHGs present in our atmosphere including ozone depleting CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs these are long lived GHGS remains in atmosphere for 1000s of years.

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Potential Outcomes Climatologists believes that if this trend and rate of GHGs emission continues in United states and other countries worldwide the effect will be increase in global temperature to raise by 2.5℉ to 10.4℉ at the end of 21st century. This increase seems negligible but it is worth worrying as it is global and it can cause several weather effects such as:  Increased precipitation.  Intensity of rainfall will increase.  Droughts in specific areas due to warmer temperature.  level rise due to thermal expansion as well as due to mass inputs by melting ice sheets

Above mentioned effects will result in many severe impacts on climate  Melting of Ice sheets will cause shortage of sources as about one sixth of world’s population relies on the water reservoirs present in the form of ice sheets in several regions.  Warmer atmosphere will cause increased evaporation rate that will led to both drought and this will affect the crops growth and that will led to high price of food items. It is expected that the growth of rice and wheat to be decreased by 10% with an increase global temperature by 1 degree.  With increase in global temperature many plants and animals are facing greater risk of . This could be a direct impact of warmer temperature as in the case of cold water fish or it could be an indirect impact that could be due to drought that will affect the habitats of wild animals or destroying the habitat and spreading disease in wild animals that live near to the flood affected region.

Note: This Article is part of research report made By Ahsan Siraj for Institute of and Planetary Astrophysics (ISPA), University of Karachi.

Life in Troposphere Muhammad Atiq Lecturer– Physics Earth atmosphere is divided into different layer based on temperature and compositional changes in the chemistry of gases. These atmospheric layers are troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and which are acting as boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and vacuum. The troposphere extends up to 12 km from Earth surface, stratosphere from 12 to 50 km, mesosphere from 50 to 80 km, thermosphere from 80 to 700 km and exosphere from 700 km to around 10,000 km.

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Troposphere the lowest atmospheric layer of Earth is considered to be the major atmospheric layer as far as the life of human being is concerned. Also the passenger transportation and some types of communications are carried within the troposphere of Earth atmosphere. Most of the biological effects and chemical changes which contain direct collision on social life on human being are also conceded in this atmospheric layer. The of air in troposphere is greater than any other atmospheric layer.

The average height of troposphere is 12 km although the altitude varies from 9 km at poles to 17 km at equator due to the weather changes. Tropopause is a boundary between troposphere and stratosphere which is a differential line between two layers of different . In figure it can be seen that the temperature decreases with the increase in altitude since the major source of heating is the energy transfer from surface. The troposphere contains 80% of the mass of Earth atmosphere. The 50% of the total mass of atmosphere is located below 5.6 km in troposphere.

The water and moisture are concentrated in troposphere more than all above lining atmospheric layer of Earth, therefore most Earth weather take place in troposphere. In communications, the ground wave propagation of electromagnetic signals takes place in troposphere which depends on terrestrial factors along with some technical factors. This type of propagation uses low frequencies (LF) and very low frequencies (VLF) and is more commonly deployed in submarines for navigation and tracking. Another type of propagation which takes place in troposphere is direct line of sight communications which is only possible when transmitter and receiver are in view of each other. This type of propagation technique is also prone to some atmospheric changes in the troposphere e.g. moisture, of air.

Science Exhibition 2017-2018 Annual Report Binesh Siddiqui Convener Science Club The establishment of Science Exhibition in Commecs College is a fundamental step in reaching the top of the ladder of creativity and inventiveness. This has given a chance to the young generation to show their brain waves and bring evolution.

On 18th December 2017, the second day of Students Week, Science Exhibition 2017-2018 took place. Both the students from Commecs College Gulistan e Johar and Commecs College PECHS Campus took part with great Page | 11 ebullience and anticipation. This remarkable event was dignified by the presence of Dr. Jawed Iqbal,

Director Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics (ISPA), University of Karachi as the Chief Guest and Mr. Ahmed Chinoy, Vice Chairman Commecs College as the Guest of Honor. The panel of Judges comprehended of Dr. Firdous Imran Ali of University of Karachi for Chemistry, Dr. Mirza Jawwad Baig of ISPA, University of Karachi for Physics, Lecturer Faiqa Ahmed of Bahria College Karsaz for , and Professor Dr. Shoukat Wasi of Muhammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU) for Information Technology (IT).

In the discipline of Chemistry, Wajiha and Nohsheen of Masood Naqvi Room got First Prize. Summaya and Mahnoor of UDL II Room and Parveen and Taha of OHK Room got Second Prize. Daniya, and Bisma from Saphire Room got Third Prize whereas the Special Prize was taken by Hafsa and Rameen from Saphire Room.

In the discipline of Information Technology, Arsal Mushtaq of UDL II Room and Muhammad Zaeem of Toyota Room got First Prize. Laiba, Rija, Aneeba of Brook Bond Room and Ayesha Hafeez and Eman Omer from UDL II Room got Second Prize. Mohib, Amna and Ali Raza of Diwan Room got Third Prize whereas the Special Prize was taken by Hammad Ahmed Swaleh Siddiqui of Vohra Room.

In the discipline of Physics, Hassan Shahid, Moaz Ahmed and Maryam Arshad of Saphire Room got First Prize. Affan and Asim of Vohra Room got Second Prize. The third prize was shared by Areeba and Hania of Basrai Room and M. Bakar and Maaz Ahmed of PECHS campus. The Special Prize was taken by M. Owais and Abdul Ahad of UDL Room.

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In the discipline of Biology, Hina and Fehmish of Quid-e-Azam Room got First Prize, Affan Salman and Roha Ahmed of Gatron Room were badged Second Prize, Munazzah Raza and Maimoona of Masood Naqvi Room took Third Prize whereas the Special Prize was taken by Quratulain and Noor-us- Saba of UDL.

In the discipline of Poster Competition, Hasham Humayun of Gatron Room got First Prize, Muneeb and Fatima of Altaf Agha Room were badged Second Prize, Hira Hassan and Minal Haider of Basrai Room took Third Prize whereas the Special Prize was received by Abdul Rafy of Altaf Agha Room.

The Grand Prize was awarded to Arsal Mushtaq of UDL – 2 Room and M. Zaeem of Toyota Room.

After the whole session of judgment, trophies and certificates were awarded to the winners and volunteers of Science Club Committee by the Principal, Cdr. (R) Abdul Razaq, Vice Principal, Cdr. (R) Tanveer Ahmed and the Chief Guest. Dr. Jawed Iqbal presented vote of thanks and appreciated the efforts of all involved in making this occasion a successful one. The Judges and Guests highlighted the momentousness of Science in a Student’s life and for the prosperity of our Nation and in the step towards progression. They also applauded the role of Faculty, Science Club Committee and the management of Commecs College for the furtherance of such activities. In the end of the day guests were presented shields on account of their honorable presence.

March, 2018 Feedback

COMING Submission Date Convener Email UP NEXT February 28, 2018 Publication Committee [email protected] Commecs College وسیبںی دصی ںیم اردو زماح اگنری

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