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Measurement of the Earth Radiation Budget at the Top of the Atmosphere—A Review
Review Measurement of the Earth Radiation Budget at the Top of the Atmosphere—A Review Steven Dewitte * and Nicolas Clerbaux Observations Division, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-2-3730624 Received: 25 September 2017; Accepted: 1 November 2017; Published: 7 November 2017 Abstract: The Earth Radiation Budget at the top of the atmosphere quantifies how the Earth gains energy from the Sun and loses energy to space. It is of fundamental importance for climate and climate change. In this paper, the current state-of-the-art of the satellite measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget is reviewed. Combining all available measurements, the most likely value of the Total Solar Irradiance at a solar minimum is 1362 W/m2, the most likely Earth albedo is 29.8%, and the most likely annual mean Outgoing Longwave Radiation is 238 W/m2. We highlight the link between long-term changes of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation, the strengthening of El Nino in the period 1985–1997 and the strengthening of La Nina in the period 2000–2009. Keywords: Earth Radiation Budget; Total Solar irradiance; Satellite remote sensing 1. Introduction The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) at the top of the atmosphere describes how the Earth gains energy from the sun, and loses energy to space through reflection of solar radiation and the emission of thermal radiation. The ERB is of fundamental importance for climate since: (1) The global climate, as quantified e.g., by the global average temperature, is determined by this energy exchange. -
Climate Science for Lawyers
Climate Science for Lawyers Leah A. Dundon n an era where addressing the impacts of climate change must equal the heat that escapes to space. Most people know that may become one of humanity’s greatest challenges, we as the primary source of heat coming into Earth is sunlight. How- citizens should all have a basic understanding of the sci- ever, fewer people stop to consider how that heat leaves Earth to Ience. As environmental and energy lawyers, however, achieve a stable average temperature despite the fact that heat this is even more important. Every day we are called upon from the sun has been hitting the earth every day for eons. to advise individuals, companies, NGOs, and policy makers. The answer lies in the flow of electromagnetic radiation Issues related to climate change are increasingly touching our (“radiation” or “light”), which for all practical purposes is the practices. only way heat enters or leaves Earth. Radiation is visible light Scientists have a solid, long-tested understanding of how but also invisible radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultravio- heat flows into and out of Earth’s atmosphere and how green- let, and even gamma and X-rays. The only difference between house gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide, methane, and these forms of radiation is the wavelength, or frequency. fluorinated gases, trap heat. Adding more long-lived GHGs Matter can both absorb and emit radiation. We intuitively to the atmosphere is causing a warming of the climate that know that Earth absorbs the sun’s radiation when we feel a will persist long after GHG emissions stop. -
Chapter 2 Solar and Infrared Radiation Fluxes
Chapter 2 Solar and Infrared Radiation Chapter overview: • Fluxes • Energy transfer • Seasonal and daily changes in radiation • Surface radiation budget Fluxes Flux (F): The transfer of a quantity per unit area per unit time (sometimes called flux density). A flux can be thought of as the inflow or outflow of a quantity through the side of a fixed volume. Fluxes can occur in all three directions - Fx, Fy, and Fz What is the convention for the sign of a flux? We can consider fluxes of mass or of heat. What are the units for a mass flux or a heat flux? The amount of a quantity transferred through a given area (A) in a given time (Δt) can be calculated as: Amount = F ⋅ A⋅ Δt For a heat flux, the amount of heat transferred is represented by ΔQH. Note: The textbook discusses kinematic fluxes, but we will not discuss fluxes in these terms in ATOC 3050. Unlike the textbook, we will use the symbol F to represent fluxes, not kinematic fluxes. What processes can cause a heat flux? Radiant flux: The radiant energy per unit area per unit time. Radiant energy: Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves (radiation). Radiation emitted by the sun is referred to as solar or shortwave radiation. Shortwave radiation – refers to the wavelength band (< 4 µm) that carries most of the energy associated with solar radiation Solar constant (or total solar irradiance) (S0): The solar radiative flux, perpendicular to the solar beam, that enters the top of the atmosphere -2 S0 = 1366 W m Radiation emitted by the earth is referred to as longwave, terrestrial, or infrared radiation. -
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure We all know that the atmosphere of Earth exerts a pressure on all of us. This pressure is the result of a column of air bearing down on us. However, in the seventeenth century, many scientists and philosophers believed that the air had no weight, which we already proved to be untrue in the lab (Remembered the fun you had sucking air out of the POM bottle?). Evangelista Torricelli, a student of Galileo’s, proved that air has weight using another experiment. He took a glass tube longer than 760 mm that is closed at one end and filled it completely with mercury. When he inverted the tube into a dish of mercury, some of the mercury flows out, but a column of mercury remained inside the tube. Torricelli argued that the mercury surface in the dish experiences the force of Earth’s atmosphere due to gravity, which held up the column of mercury. The force exerted by the atmosphere, which depends on the atmospheric pressure, equals the weight of mercury column in the tube. Therefore, the height of the mercury column can be used as a measure of atmospheric pressure. Although Torricelli’s explanation met with fierce opposition, it also had supporters. Blaise Pascal, for example, had one of Torricelli’s barometers carried to the top of a mountain and compared its reading there with the reading on a duplicate barometer at the base of the mountain. As the barometer was carried up, the height of the mercury column decreased, as expected, because the amount of air pressing down on the mercury in the dish decreased as the instrument was carried higher. -
THE INFRARED CLOUD IMAGER by Brentha Thurairajah a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfi
THERMAL INFRARED IMAGING OF THE ATMOSPHERE: THE INFRARED CLOUD IMAGER by Brentha Thurairajah A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2004 © COPYRIGHT by Brentha Thurairajah 2004 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Brentha Thurairajah This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the college of graduate studies. Dr. Joseph A. Shaw, Chair of Committee Approved for the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. James N. Peterson, Department Head Approved for the College of Graduate Studies Dr. Bruce R. McLeod, Graduate Dean iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Brentha Thurairajah April 2nd, 2004 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Joseph Shaw for always being there, for guiding me with patience throughout the project, for helping me with my course and research work through all these three years, and for providing helpful comments and constructive criticism that helped me complete this document. -
LST ATBD): Version 3.3, (April 1999)
Satellite Products and Services Review Board Enterprise Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document For VIIRS Land Surface Temperature Production Compiled by the SPSRB Common Standards Working Group Version 1.2 April, 2019 ___________________________________ NOAA Enterprise Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document For VIIRS Land Surface Temperature Production Page 2 of 67 TITLE: Enterprise Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for VIIRS Land Surface Temperature Production AUTHORS: Yunyue Yu, NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, College Park Yuling Liu, CICS/UMD, College Park Peng Yu, CICS/UMD, College Park Heshun Wang, CICS/UMD, College Park NOAA Enterprise Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document For VIIRS Land Surface Temperature Production Page 3 of 67 DOCUMENT HISTORY DOCUMENT REVISION LOG The Document Revision Log identifies the series of revisions to this document since the baseline release. Please refer to the above page for version number information. DOCUMENT TITLE: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Template DOCUMENT CHANGE HISTORY Revision CCR Approval # Date Revision Originator Project Group No. and Date 1.0 Oct. 2017 Developing a new ATBD document 1.1 Mar. 2018 Updates according to feedback from ARR Update the quality flag matrix, snow mask input 1.2 Apr. 2019 switch from NWP to snow cover EDR and quality flag bits order NOAA Enterprise Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document For VIIRS Land Surface Temperature Production Page 4 of 67 LIST OF CHANGES Significant alterations made to this document are annotated in the List of Changes table. DOCUMENT TITLE: Algorithm -
Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
Chapter 1 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 1.1 Motivation and Objectives Thermal radiation, as you know, constitutes one of the three basic modes (or mechanisms) of heat transfer, i.e., conduction, convection, and radiation. Actually, on a physical basis, there are only two mechanisms of heat transfer; diffusion (the transfer of heat via molecular interactions) and radiation (the transfer of heat via photons/electomagnetic waves). Convection, being the bulk transport of a fluid, is not precisely a heat transfer mechanism. The physics of radiation transport are distinctly different than diffusion transport. The latter is a local phenomena, meaning that the rate of diffusion heat transfer, at a point in space, precisely depends only on the local nature about the point, i.e., the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity at the point. Of course, the temperature field will depend on the boundary and initial conditions imposed on the system. However, the diffusion heat flux at, say, one point in the system does not directly effect the diffusion flux at some distant point. Radiation, on the other hand, is not local; the flux of radiation at a point will, in general, be directly and instantaneously dependent on the radiation flux at all points in a system. Unlike diffusion, radiation can act over a distance. Accordingly, the mathematical description of radiation transport will employ an integral equation for the radiation field, as opposed to the differential equation for heat diffusion. Our objectives in studying radiation in the short amount of time left in the course will be to 1. Develop a basic physical understanding of electromagnetic radiation, with emphasis on the properties of radiation that are relevant to heat transfer. -
Characterising the Three-Dimensional Ozone Distribution of a Tidally Locked Earth-Like Planet
Proedrou and Hocke Earth, Planets and Space (2016) 68:96 DOI 10.1186/s40623-016-0461-x FULL PAPER Open Access Characterising the three‑dimensional ozone distribution of a tidally locked Earth‑like planet Elisavet Proedrou1,2*† and Klemens Hocke1,2,3† Abstract We simulate the 3D ozone distribution of a tidally locked Earth-like exoplanet using the high-resolution, 3D chemistry- climate model CESM1(WACCM) and study how the ozone layer of a tidally locked Earth (TLE) (�TLE = 1/365 days) differs from that of our present-day Earth (PDE) �( PDE = 1/1 day). The middle atmosphere reaches a steady state asymptotically within the first 80 days of the simulation. An upwelling, centred on the subsolar point, is present on the day side while a downwelling, centred on the antisolar point, is present on the night side. In the mesosphere, we find similar global ozone distributions for the TLE and the PDE, with decreased ozone on the day side and enhanced ozone on the night side. In the lower mesosphere, a jet stream transitions into a large-scale vortex around a low-pressure system, located at low latitudes of the TLE night side. In the middle stratosphere, the concentration of odd oxygen is approximately equal to that of the ozone [(Ox) ≈ (O3)]. At these altitudes, the lifetime of odd oxygen is ∼16 h and the transport processes significantly contribute to the global distribution of stratospheric ozone. Compared to the PDE, where the strong Coriolis force acts as a mixing barrier between low and high latitudes, the transport processes of the TLE are governed by jet streams variable in the zonal and meridional directions. -
What Is Ozone Layer? a Layer in the Atmosphere of Earth That Protects Us from Harmful UV Rays from the Sun
International Day for Preservation of Ozone Layer 16 September 2020 Image Source: https://sfxstl.org/circleofcreation What is Ozone layer? A layer in the atmosphere of Earth that protects us from harmful UV rays from the Sun. It’s responsible for preserving life on the planet! What is happening? The ozone layer has begun to deplete because of harmful chemical substances and gases. This problem is not only contributing to global warming and climate change, but also allowing the dangerous radiation from the sun to affect human beings and ecosystems! Source: https://www.un.org/en/events/ozoneday/ What is causing its depletion? ● Human activities are the biggest cause of the ozone layer depletion ● When we burn coal, natural gas and other fuels for electricity, they release harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, etc that spread into the atmosphere and surround us like a blanket ● These harmful gases, called greenhouse gases, trap heat and radiation from the sun, which is causing the depletion as well as global warming. Clorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are found in ACs and halogens, are other harmful greenhouse gases. Sources: https://e360.yale.edu/features/geoengineer-the-planet-more-scientists-now-say-it-must-be-an-option https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ozone-hole-and-global-warming What can we do? Some things we can do to reduce our contribution to ozone layer depletion are: 1. Minimize use of cars. 2. Maintain your ACs regularly. 3. Avoid using products that are harmful to the environment and to us. 4. Buy local products which are more eco- friendly. -
A Study on the Concentration and Dispersion of Pm10 in Uthm by Using Simple Modelling and Meteorological Factors
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository i A STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATION AND DISPERSION OF PM10 IN UTHM BY USING SIMPLE MODELLING AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS MALEK FAIZAL B ABD RAHMAN A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia FEBRUARY, 2013 v ABSTRACT Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Air pollution can also be known as degradation of air quality resulting from unwanted chemicals or other materials occurring in the air. The simple way to know how polluted the air is to calculate the amounts of foreign and/or natural substances occurring in the atmosphere that may result in adverse effects to humans, animals, vegetation and/or materials. The objective of this study is to create a simulation of air quality dispersion in UTHM campus by using computer aided design mechanism such as software and calculating tools. Another objective is to compare the concentration obtained from the end result of calculation with past studies. The air pollutant in the scope of study is Particulate Matter (PM10). The highest reading recorded for E-Sampler was 305µg/m3. It was recorded in Structure Lab sampling point while the highest expected concentration by the Gaussian Dispersion Model was 184µg/m3 for UTHM Stadium. -
Analytic Radiative-Advective Equilibrium As a Model for High
Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Analytic radiative-advective equilibrium 10.1002/2015GL067172 as a model for high-latitude climate Key Points: 1 2 • An analytic model for high-latitude Timothy W. Cronin and Malte F. Jansen temperature profiles is derived • Sensitivity of temperature profiles 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 2Department of the depends on the nature of the forcing Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA • The model may be useful for study of paleoclimate and exoplanet atmospheres Abstract We propose radiative-advective equilibrium as a basic-state model for the high-latitude atmosphere. Temperature profiles are determined by a competition between stabilization by atmospheric Correspondence to: shortwave absorption and advective heat flux convergence, and destabilization by surface shortwave T. W. Cronin, [email protected] absorption. We derive analytic expressions for temperature profiles, assuming power law atmospheric heating profiles as a function of pressure and two-stream windowed-gray longwave radiative transfer. We discuss example profiles with and without an atmospheric window and show that the sensitivity of surface Citation: Cronin, T. W., and M. F. Jansen (2015), temperature to forcing depends on the nature of the forcing, with greatest sensitivity to radiative forcing by Analytic radiative-advective increased optical thickness and least sensitivity to increased atmospheric heat transport. These differences equilibrium as a model for in sensitivity of surface temperature to forcing can be explained in terms of a forcing-dependent high-latitude climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi:10.1002/2015GL067172. lapse-rate feedback. Received 25 NOV 2015 Accepted 10 DEC 2015 Accepted article online 14 DEC 2015 1. -
Unit 1 Atmosphere It Is the Air Blanket Which Surrounds the Planet And
Unit 1 Atmosphere It is the air blanket which surrounds the planet and upheld by the gravity of that planet. The atmosphere of earth has highest density as it is composed of different gases. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is nitrogen, with oxygen second. Argon, an inert gas, is the third most abundant gas in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is composed of a mix of several different gases in differing amounts. The permanent gases whose percentages do not change from day to day are nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Nitrogen accounts for 78% of the atmosphere, oxygen 21% and argon 0.9%. Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone are trace gases that account for about a tenth of one percent of the atmosphere. Water vapor is unique in that its concentration varies from 0-4% of the atmosphere depending on where you are and what time of the day it is. In the cold, dry artic regions water vapor usually accounts for less than 1% of the atmosphere, while in humid, tropical regions water vapor can account for almost 4% of the atmosphere. Water vapor content is very important in predicting weather. Fig2. Atmospheric composition of earth The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. A further region at about 500 km above the Earth's surface is called the exosphere. • Troposphere This is the lowest part of the atmosphere - the part we live in. It contains most of our weather - clouds, rain, snow etc. In this part of the atmosphere the temperature gets colder as the distance above the earth increases, by about 6.5°C per kilometre.