Arte E a Construção Do Lugar: a Dimensão Artística Do Urbanismo De Chicago

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Arte E a Construção Do Lugar: a Dimensão Artística Do Urbanismo De Chicago Sergio Sandler Arte e a construção do lugar: a dimensão artística do urbanismo de Chicago Campinas 2013 i ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES Sergio Sandler Arte e a construção do lugar: a dimensão artística do urbanismo de Chicago Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes Visuais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Haroldo Gallo Este exemplar corresponde à versão final de Dissertação defendida pelo aluno Sergio Sandler, orientado pelo Prof. Dr. Haroldo Gallo. _________________________________________ Campinas 2013 iii iv v vi Agradecimentos Ao Prof. Dr. Haroldo Gallo, amigo e orientador, cuja palavra firme e tranquilizadora foi fundamental para que o desenvolvimento deste trabalho tivesse êxito. A minha esposa e companheira Sylvia Ammar, que com açúcar, afeto e muita conversa, ajudou-me a ter clareza sobre o sentido e o propósito deste trabalho. Aos meus filhos Luiza, Guilherme, Carlos e David, meus amores eternos, exatamente por tal contribuição. Ao Jayme e à Bertha, meus pais queridos, idos, que me legaram o amor pelo conhecimento e pela arte; e ao Alfredo e a Thereza, meus outros pais, amigos de toda hora, o primeiro também não está mais. À Livia Botin e Bebel Fernandes, que gentilmente revisaram citações e ortografia. A todos aqueles que participaram, indiretamente, da elaboração deste trabalho. vii viii Resumo Tendo em conta a importância dos espaços públicos como lugares referenciais da cidade, que como tal são portadores de significados atribuídos coletivamente, a pesquisa aborda a questão da dimensão artística do urbanismo com relação à ideia de lugar e sua construção simbólica na cidade. Com base na visão crítica de dois autores seminais - Camillo Sitte, que registra o momento da transformação da cidade diante do advento industrial, e a consequente perda de seu senso artístico geral; e Giulio Carlo Argan, que aponta a crise da cidade contemporânea como uma crise de um sistema de valores que relega a ideia da cidade como artefato, e como uma crise da ideia mesma de arte; e ainda de uma série de autores dialógicos com a questão - desenvolve-se o estudo do caso de Chicago. Seu plano diretor, o Plano de Chicago, estabeleceu, na primeira década do século XX, as bases do desenvolvimento da cidade que conhecemos hoje. O plano, além de definir as diretrizes relativas aos sistemas técnicos da cidade, tratou também dos espaços públicos visando sua qualificação artística e simbólica. A experiência de campo em Chicago confirma o vínculo da arte pública com a vida cultural da cidade. Os lugares onde há o elemento artístico, transformam-se em marcos urbanos, em referenciais identitários das comunidades e da cidade como um todo. Doações e fundos públicos mantêm e ampliam o acervo público, com a inclusão sistemática de elementos de arte pública nas praças e parques da cidade. Palavras chave: arte, urbanismo, espaço público, arte pública, plano diretor. ix x Abstract Considering the importance of public space as a city reference and that as such it must carry a meaning that is collectively attributed, this research approaches the artistic dimension of urbanism as related to the idea of space and its symbolic construction of the city. Based on the critical vision of two fundamental authors - Camillo Sitte, who registers the moment of the city transformation upon industrial advent, losing its general artistic sense; and Giulio Carlo Argan, who points out to the crisis of the contemporary city as a crisis of a system of values that relegates the idea of the city as an artifact, and as a crisis of the idea of art in itself; and a series of provocative authors, comes through Chicago’s case study. Its master plan, the Plano of Chicago, established in the first decade of the twentieth century, is the basis for the development of the city as we know it today. The plan, besides defining directives concerning the technical systems of the city, covered also the city’s public spaces, concerning its artistic and symbolic qualification. The field experience in Chicago confirms the link between public art and cultural life of the city. Where there is the artistic element the point is transformed in urban landmarks, in references that build the community and city’s identity as a whole. Donations and public funds sustain and enhance growth of public collection, with systematic inclusion of elements of public art in parks and plazas. Key words: art, urbanism, public space, public art, master plan. xi xii Sumário 1. Introdução ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Premissas, tema, objeto de estudo, objetivos, recorte e metodologia ....... 3 1.2. Justificativa ............................................................................................... 5 1.3. Estrutura da pesquisa ............................................................................... 7 2. Capítulo 1 - Base teórica conceitual ........................................................ 11 2.1. Breve discussão sobre o termo arte: um determinado contorno .............. 11 2.2. Marcos teóricos conceituais. ................................................................... 13 2.3. Camillo Sitte e A construção das cidades segundo seus princípios artísticos ........... 14 2.3.1. Camillo Sitte: o homem e a Viena fin de siècle ........................................ 16 2.3.3. Sitte e a mudança do paradigma de cidade ............................................ 21 2.3.4. Ruskin, Sitte e a questão da preservação ............................................... 22 2.3.5. Sitte, Riegl e a questão dos valores a preservar ..................................... 26 2.4. História da arte como história da cidade, de Giulio Carlo Argan .............. 31 2.4.1. Giulio Carlo Argan, teórico, político, militante .......................................... 33 2.4.2. Argan e a nova condição das cidades italianas ....................................... 34 2.4.3. Percepção, imagem e representação: aproximações entre Giulio Carlo Argan e Kevin Lynch .. 38 2.4.3.1. A questão da representação ................................................................... 38 xiii 2.4.3.2. O processo de construção mental da cidade ........................................... 42 2.4.3.3. A questão da imaginabilidade ................................................................. 44 2.4.4. Argan e Cullen: percepção, flânerie e a construção do lugar .................. 50 3. Capítulo 2: a dimensão artística da cidade .............................................. 55 3.1. A dimensão artística da cidade em Camilo Sitte ..................................... 55 3.1.1. A cidade segundo a abordagem sitteana: fragmentos, elementos, escala ..... 55 3.1.2. Os lugares da vida citadina ..................................................................... 60 3.2. A dimensão artística da cidade em Giulio Carlo Argan ............................ 67 3.2.1. A cidade segundo a abordagem arganiana: a arte como fato urbano, a cidade como fato artístico ......... 67 3.2.2. Cidade real, cidade ideal ......................................................................... 72 3.2.3. Cidade, natureza e arte: lugares do sublime e da transcendência .......... 80 4. Capítulo 3 - O plano urbano como suporte da memória da cidade. O estudo do caso do Plano de Chicago .. 85 4.1. A experiência de Chicago ....................................................................... 85 4.2. Contextualização do Plano de Chicago: antecedentes ............................ 89 4.2.1. Os movimentos sociais e a cidade industrial norte-americana ................ 89 4.2.3. Os parques de Chicago, a orla urbana do lago Michigan e outros planos urbanos ........... 94 4.3. O Plano de Chicago ................................................................................ 96 4.3.1. As referências do Plano .......................................................................... 96 4.3.2. O modelo de cidade e sua função de formação do indivíduo ................ 100 xiv 4.3.3. A arte e a representação simbólica nos espaços públicos .................... 103 4.3.4. A paisagem e o pinturesco .................................................................... 108 4.3.5. Um novo sistema de valores ................................................................. 109 4.3.6. Espaço público, esfera pública .............................................................. 112 4.3.7. Paisagem como fato cultural ................................................................. 115 4.3.8. A imagem da cidade prefigurada ........................................................... 116 4.3.9. A cidade como artefato ......................................................................... 119 4.4. Do plano à cidade: arte pública em Chicago ......................................... 120 4.4.1. Os programas de arte pública ............................................................... 131 4.5. Marcos urbanos em Chicago: um registro de espaços artisticamente qualificados ............ 132 4.5.1. Metodologia .......................................................................................... 133 4.5.2. Crivo de análise .................................................................................... 133 5. Considerações finais ............................................................................. 167 6. Referências ..........................................................................................
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