Improvements in Surface Transportation Signing

Home , Clearview (typeface), Highway Gothic, Logo sign, Transport (typeface)

A chronological overview of designs, research and ﬁeld studies that includes the development of the Clearview type system and related application concepts to improve the consistency, performance, and visual quality of traﬃc control devices.

Prepared for:

Mr. Gregory Nadeau Mr. Mark Kehrli Administrator Director Oﬃce of the Administrator Transportation Operations Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Administration

Mr. Jeffrey Lindley Mr. Kevin Sylvester Associate Administrator MUTCD Office Office of Operations Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Administration

Prepared by: March 21, 2016

Donald T. Meeker, F. SEGD Meeker & Associates, Inc. Larchmont, NY This body of work started at this sleepy intersection oﬀ of I-84 in the state of Oregon.

As part of a motorist information project for the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), I was ﬁnally forced to look for the answers to questions that I had wondered for years.

Why?

1) Why is the structure of this information so eclectic and seemingly dysfunctional?

2) We are taught that mixed case would be more readable (why isn’t book/magazine/newspaper text published in all upper case?); so why are conventional road guide sign destination names in all upper case letters?

3) Why is the destination name on that freeway guide sign so fat? Why does it appear that you can’t ﬁt your ﬁnger through the center space of the small “e” and the letterforms chunk up when viewed at a distance?

2 3 A lot of information competing for your attention yet created as if it is to stand alone!

And Oregon is not alone. The inconsistent layouts for freeways signs and the cluttered streetscape extend from coast to coast.

How does one give this to a reader in the best possible way at 55 mph or more?

4 5 Search out guidance and trace the history for clues

I took my questions to Dr. Richard Pain, a specialist in highway safety at TRB. Pain introduced me to Dr. Martin Pietrucha. Pietrucha, a traﬃc engineer with human factors as a specialty, understood the questions but did not know the answers, and he too had some of the same questions. I am a graphic designer with experience in systems and safety. Together we began our studies.

The MUTCD is type-centric. Early on in our review, it seemed obvious that whatever is designed to give order to road signs will need to start with a typeface that is most legible, readable, recognizable and understandable. It was our assumption that this typeface already existed.

The history of E-modiﬁed dates back The use of all capital letters for con- to 1948 when Theodore Forbes creat- ventional road guide, regulatory, and ed a typeface for destination names warning signs dates back to the 1920s for, the then, early divided highways when brushes of various widths were in California. He had a good idea and the tools used to hand letter signs. accomplished this using the tools he was familiar with: a Leroy lettering As sign making methods evolved, set, used to label engineering draw- those same upper case type weights ings. With this tool, he created words were brought to each new technolo- that were 1/2” tall and then photo- gy-from silk screen printing, to die- graphically enlarge them to 18” tall. cut letters, to the various digital tools This “Rube Goldberg” solution is used today. what we have lived with for the past 68 years.

6 FHWA Series E-modified

FHWA Series D (20% larger)

7 What started as an issue of readability became a serious design challenge

Understanding what is needed to accommodate older drivers, who typically have reduced contrast sensitivity, poorer visual acuity, and slower reaction times would be paramount. We also knew that if you accommodate the older driver, all users would beneﬁt (a rising tide raises all boats).

A major federal “older driver” study (Mace, et al., 1994)(1) recommended lettering on all guide signs be 20 percent taller. The size requirement was prohibitive, and it would not address the overglow experienced by drivers as high brightness (i.e., cube-corner) retroreﬂective signs were illuminated by their headlights.

Proposed

Existing

The original FHWA older driver strategy We would later learn that panels using Clear- of a 20 percent larger legend creates a view with standard legend sizes retain the 20 percent wider panel, with nearly a 50 existing panel size for most legends with the percent larger panel area overall. desired ease of recognition. 8 Nighttime View: Highway Gothic Daytime View: Highway Gothic Showing Overglow (simulation)

FHWA Series E-modified FHWA Series E-modified

FHWA Series D FHWA Series D

9 Reading from a distance has very particular requirements

We read and analyzed everything we could In our review of the existing six Series B weights of Highway Gothic (right), find on road type and letterform design (some Series C only the E-modified had a lower of the fonts we investigated are shown on Page case, and that typeface lacked the Series D functional attributes inherent to 11). We built dozens of signs displaying several Series E a readable typeface. To solve this different typefaces in uppercase and mixed- Series E(M) problem we would need to design case to comparatively observe them–using the alternatives to FHWA E-modified Lower Case and FHWA Series D – the standard parking lot and platform railing of the local Series F commuter rail station as our lab. As crude as weights used for most guide signs. this was, it was very instructive.

Based on their extensive experience worldwide, the 3M Company understood the challenges we identiﬁed and funded our initial studies as a design, development, and validation process, with no strings attached.

Tying back to the FHWA recommendations for older drivers, our goal was to create a 20 percent improvement within what we hoped would be the same size sign. Of great interest was to revisit the work of Jock Kinneir and Margaret Calvert (above), who in 1964 rede- signed the entire road sign system in the United Kingdom, including the typefaces used on signs.

10 Existing Typefaces Used for U.S. Guide Signs

Thin stroke width Small lower case Alternates Reviewed for Possible Use Mono-weight stroke

Small lower case

Constrained counters

Closed terminals

Slightly oblique& overly stylized for seamless integration

11 Not for a lack of trying…

Our early attempt to augment the existing E-modiﬁed typeface was unsuccessful. If the designs were to merge seamlessly into an existing MUTCD standard, with a system with mixed-case letters, we would need to start from scratch.

Early designs were hand drawn. We wanted to understand the key elements of each letter, and what they would share in the overall design. We referenced E-modiﬁed, but the letter shapes would need to be more open.

In the design process, the most challenging letters are the lower case “a, e, and s.” Some letters will have unique characteristics used to aid word pattern readability; however, there are structural elements that are part of the overall design.

E-modiﬁed was a stand-alone typeface. We knew that if our new typeface design was going to be successful, it had to be eﬀective in each of the six weights.

In concept, there were many criteria for design. The counters or terminating shapes would be open so as not to trap overglow. Bifurca- tions, connections, and terminals of Note: In 1993 as the early studies were taking form, the only mixed-case typeface strokes would feather so as to not to within Highway Gothic was E-modified. All other FHWA Highway Gothic series mass when illuminated on reflective were all upper case. That all changed once the early studies came out of the sheeting. The interior shapes were all Larson Transportation Institute at Penn State University. In the late 1990s, the drawn to optimize the round interior FHWA commissioned designs for lower case alphabets for each series for guide area. Descending letters would be signs. Although the FHWA never quantified the performance of the new type- short and ascending letters taller to faces for legibility or recognition, they were placed in the MUTCD in 2000, like emphasize word shape. Every ele- many things in the manual – without human-based performance reviews. ment had a functional purpose. 12 Metamorphosis of Design: FHWA Standard Highway Alphabet E-modified to Clearview

Early Clearview Development

FHWA Series E Original Sketch Clearview Version 1 Clearview 5-W

FHWA Series E-m ClearviewOne BD-55

FHWA Series E-m

13 The big question that seemed obvious but would require careful study

Would a mixed-case word with the same stroke width, letter width, and capital letter height be as readable as an all-uppercase word with a larger footprint? The testing would use a series of two syllable words that were easy to read but were uncommon.

The “ﬁrst generation” typeface designs: Clearview (1:5.2*) compared to E-modiﬁed and Clearview Condensed (1:6.9*) compared to Series D were tested by LTI with younger and older drivers (2). In addition, the same set of randomized Clearview words were enlarged 112 percent (as shown below).

Compared to ﬁnal design, the early designs were crude. There was an attempt to evolve using Highway Gothic as a starting point. This ﬁrst study showed mixed case could be as easy to recognize as all upper case displays. With the 112 percent enlargements the improvement was greater than the size increase, especially at night. This suggested that word patterns inform recognition.

(* Stroke width to height ratio. These Footprint comparison of FHWA Series would mimic FHWA Series D and D upper case typeface compared to E-modified ratios. The comparison to first generation Clearview Condensed STREAMINGFHWA Series D FHWA E-modified created a design typeface at 100 and 112 percent (to that would afford fewer light traps. For match the average overall footprint of the second typeface, we would design the upper case word). a new lower case to complement the Clearview Semibold for comparison to Streaming Clearview Condensed (Same size as FHWA Series D) the FHWA Series D.) Streaming Clearview Condensed (112% of FHWA Series D)

14 Footprint Comparison of FHWA Series D Compared to 1st Generation Clearview Design

Word Recognition: 1st Generation Clearview Compared to FHWA Series D and E-modified (Mean for all participants)

384’ STAPLES 293’ FHWA Series D All Cap

393’ S taples 289’ Clearview Condensed 100%

430’ 12% 340’ Improved Word S taples 16% Recogition Improved Word Clearview Condensed 112% Recogition

449’ Staples 332’ FHWA Series E-modified

438’ Staples 337’ Clearview Semibold 100%

474’ Staples 385’ 16% Improved Word Clearview Semibold 112% Recogition

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Viewing Distance (ft)

Daytime Nighttime

15 Identifying how to design studies seems obvious – but there was no history to guide it

Typeface studies were undertaken by the Larson Transportation Institute (LTI) at Penn State University and at the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) at Texas A&M University. Each showing improvements and informing us on the way sign legends are read.

Over the next ten years the newly designed “Clearview” typeface would have ﬁve distinct evolutionary re-designs based on research and ﬁeld studies.

Unlike a conventional contract, the work at Penn State was akin to corporate research and development (R&D). While researchers evaluated and reported ﬁndings, the product of each study triggered questions that would be resolved through design and further testing. It was an orderly and deliberately iterative process.

1) The early studies at LTI were a 2) Based on the initial findings, This study (Hawkins, et al)(3) at TTI challenge as the experimental design TXDOT and TTI asked to evaluate also included a third typeface. British would need to directly relate to the the typeface for freeway applica- Transport and FHWA E-modified requirements of the end use. First, tions. Field studies at the larger sizes were compared to the now upgraded field reviews were conducted, and revealed that readability was not Clearview typeface design. In gener- then a comprehensive older driver proportional and that the 5” legend al, the results indicated that Clear- study was performed that addressed at 250 feet used by LTI appeared view (2nd generation design) was both legibility and recognition in two much different from the same words more effective than Series E-modi- discretely different designs. The size displayed at a 16” capital letter height fied in the overhead position in both of the stimuli was more applicable and viewed at 800 feet. The design daytime and nighttime conditions. to conventional road signing. It was was refined to address this difference certainly easier to compare variables prior to the actual study. before more costly field research was undertaken.

16 17 After the ﬁrst TTI study, the efforts to aid older driver were no longer hypothetical

After the TTI study, Texas DOT requested production copies of the typefaces for a multi-sign demonstration. The project was becoming very real.

Type designer James Montalbano was brought onto the team to create high-quality TrueType fonts. This is the industry standard and would insure uniform use of type data across all software applications for engineering, design, and manufacturing of signs. Each letterform was imported into font design software, including Ikarus and Font Lab, for harmonization and to program speciﬁc letter space metrics for these applications.

Letters appear closer together when viewed at long distances. To accom- FHWA Highway Gothic Series modate this phenomenon, inter-let- E-modifed & Series D Bergaults Bergaults ter spacing is made more open than would appear logical to optimize readability at long distances. Bergaults Bergaults

Individual letter spacing (i.e., kern- Bergaults Bergaults ing) pairs would be prepared in all of the various weights. Clearview-5-W and 3-W feld Bergaults Bergaults tested using progressively tighter letter space confgurations Bergaults Bergaults Bergaults Bergaults Bergaults Bergaults Bergaults Bergaults

18 Clearview Letterform Development

19 With the R&D, there were many times when research and design worked hand-in-glove

PennDOT began testing the use of the new typeface by signing a single roadway corridor. Our design team realized the typeface was effective, but not as effective as we believed it could be. This was because in attempting to control the letters from being “overweight,” the stoke width was too thin for this specific weight in the series.

Researchers at LTI, building on findings from a parallel older driver study of word pattern recognition, which was corroborated from an earlier study of lowercase letters on highway signs for the National Park Service guide sign development, found the clue we needed (4). From that information, an upgraded design was created (2002). This upgrade increased the height while condensing the lowercase letters to create the balance that would make the six weight family work. This change afforded an 8.5 percent increase in stoke width, that in-turn allowed other refinements to the letter design.

A comparison of this reﬁnement is shown on the next page.

The version used in the signs on this page is Clearview BD55.

The upgrade, as it is used nation- wide, is labeled Clearview 5-W.

20 FHWA

FHWA Series E-modified FHWA Series D

First Generation Clearview

ClearviewBD55 ClearviewCD45

Final Clearview

Clearview 5-W Clearview 3-W

Open spaces where letters terminate Taller lower case Large interior shapes

Cleaview 5-W FHWA Series E-modified

21 Regulator, researcher, designer and highway engineer collaborate

In the spring of 2002, representatives from TXDOT, PennDOT, and FHWA came to the LTI test track to see a comparative demonstration of the new typeface designs. This included a fully designed system of six weights. Within each weight, there was a version for positive contrast and negative contrast applications.

The negative contrast version (Clearview-B series) is slightly heavier to compensate for the brightness of the surrounding area. The white retroreﬂective letters in positive contrast (Clearview-W series) “bleed” in the opposite direction, therefore, the positive contrast letterforms retained their thinner strokewidth.

The response was extremely positive. The representatives from the FHWA now understood what our team had been showing in two prior demonstrations sponsored by Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA). The upgrade made a significant impact as the participants walked backward on the track and realized the distance that they could read the designs was 40 percent beyond the distance at which they could read the Highway Gothic E-modified. Although this was a demonstration, not a test, there was very sincere appreciation for the effort.

In September of 2004, based on requests from both Pennsylvania DOT and Texas DOT, Clearview received Interim Approval for positive contrast use on guide signs. FHWA stipulated that this approval also include research on negative contrast under the assumption that what works for one application will work for the other.

22 E-modiﬁed

Clearview-5-W Clearview-3-W Testing Clearview Type on testrack at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute

Clearview-5-B Clearview-3-B

Clearview Type System

23 Type without consistent applications that anticipate requirements is of limited value

With interim approval, our team looked back to format challenges presented by the intersection in Oregon. The ﬁrst step was to harmonize the conventional road guide sign grids(5).

The result was the design of a common proportion-based grid system, making consistent three diﬀerent types of guidance and information signs in the MUTCD: conventional road signs, recreational and cultural area interest signs, and motorist service signs.

A proportion-based system allows size to be based on the primary legend size (X) as determined by viewing distance, and all the other visual relationships are a clean mathematical proportion of that number. Proving that mixed-case Clearview improved legibility and ease of recognition was the first step. One consistent method to format guide signs amplified the value of the effort.

Page 155 Page 162

2009 Edition Figure 2D-10. Street Name and Parking Signs Proportion Based Format System

D3-1 D3-1a

Figure 2D-7. Destination and Distance Signs Page 334 for Conventional Road Guide Signs. 2009 Edition OR OR Figure 2M-2. Examples of Recreational and Cultural Interest Area Guide Signs2009 Edition D1-3 OR A - CONVENTIONAL ROADS OR D1-2 D. Meeker, M. Pietrucha, P. Garvey.

D1-1

D1-3a D3-2 Transportation Research Record, D4-1 Guidance: D4-2 D1-2a D15-1 04 Lettering on post-mounted Street Name signs should be composed of initial upper-case letters at least 6 inches in height and lower-case letters at least 4.5 inches in height. 05 On multi-lane streets with speed limits greater than 40 mph, the lettering on post-mounted Street Name signs D1-1a should be composed of initial upper-case letters at least 8 inches in height and lower-case letters at least 6 inches in height. No. 1973, NRC/TRB. (2006). D2-3 Option: 06 For local roads with speed limits of 25 mph or less, the lettering on post- 2009 Edition composed of initial upper-case letters at least 4 inches in height and lower-case letters at least 3 inches in height. mount D2-2 Guidance: ed Street Name signs may be 2009 Edition Option: 07 If overhead Street Name signs are used, the lettering should be composed of initial upper-case letters at least 06 Optional shape 2009 Edition 12 inches in height and lower-case letters at least 9 inches in height. D2-1 Support: business logo sign Bpanel - EXPRESSWAYS to display the ANDword FREEWAYS OASIS. 08 The recommended minimum letter heights for Street Name signs are summarized in Standard: Figure 2D-6. Illustration of Directional Assemblies and Other Route Signs Page 304 Option: E1-5P 07 Table 2D-2. 09 Supplementary(for One lettering Direction to indicate of Travel Only) Page 149 Figure 2I-3. Examples of General Service Signs with and without Exit Numbering ELDORADO U.S. ROUTEPage 37 307 the type of street (such as Street, Avenue, or Road) or the section of Section 2D.34 a white INTERSTATE OASIS legend with a letter height of at least 6 inches and a white border on a theblue city (such as NW) on the D3-1 and D3-1a signs may be in smaller lettering, composed of initial upper-case NATIONAL letters at least 3 inches in height and lower-case letters at least 2.25 inches in height. Conventional abbreviations Standard: E1-5P background shall be provided on the exit ramp to indicate the directionFOREST and distance to the Interstate (Sheet 1 of 4) (see Section 1A.15) may be used except forSTATE the streetROUTES name 15 & 3 itself. 01 Oasis. 10 08 If needed, additional trailblazer guide signs shall be used along the crossroad to guide road users to an auxiliary sign for an alternative route (see Section 2D.16) shall also be included D9-18ain the assembly. Interstate Oasis. Exit Gore Sign Exit Standard: 1A.13) may be used on a D3-1 sign. Guidance: (E5-1a) Direction 200 ft Section 2I.05 Rest Area and Other Roadside Area Signs MIN. 11 300 ftPictographs ± shall not be displayed on D3-1a200 ft or Advance Street Name (D3-2) signs (see Section 2D.44). Sign MIN. Supplemental Guide Sign 12 02 D9-18 If a pictograph is used on a D3-1 sign, the height and width of the pictograph shall not exceed the 25 to 200 feet beyond the far shoulder or curb line of the intersected highway. Standard: upper-case letter height of the principal legend of the sign. If used, Reassurance assemblies should be installed between intersections in urban areas as needed,Option: and 01 03 Rest Area signs (see Guidance: beyond the built-up area of any incorporated city or town. 03 blue background. 13 The pictograph should be positioned to the left of the street name. 02 Figure 2I-5 04 e, and that a road user is merely being directedSigns that include the legend REST AREA shall be used only where parking and restroom facilities Standard: 300 ft ± keep road users informed of their routes. destination alongare conventionalavailable. roads, expressways, or freeways. Supplemental guide signs with a white legend and border onGuidance: a brown background may be used along conventional roads, expressways, or freeways to direct road 14 Section 2D.35 Trailblazer Assembly users to recreational03 or cultural interest areas. Where access or crossroads lead exclusively to the recreational or both day and night. The color of the legend (and border, if used) shall contrast with the background color cultural interest area,A roadside the advance area thatguide does sign not and contain the exit restroom direction facilities sign may should have be a whitesigned legend to indicate and border the major on aroad user Support: service that is provided. For example, the sign legends for an area with only parking should use the words of 25the to sign. Trailblazer assemblies provide directional guidance to a particular road facility from otherbrown highways background. in theSect. 2D.34 to 2D.35 200 ft D9-18c PARKING AREA instead of REST AREA. The sign legends for an area with only picnic tables and parking Option: (Enlarged, if 01 necessary) vicinity. This guidance is accomplished by installing Trailblazer assemblies at strategic locationsStandard: to indicateshould the use words such as PICNIC AREA, ROADSIDE TABLE, or 15 The border may be omitted from a Street Name 25sign. to 200 ft 04 direction to the nearest or most convenient point of access. The use of the word TO indicates Allthat Exitthe04 road Gore or (E5-1 and E5-1a) Sect. 2D.43 street where the sign is posted is not a part of the indicated rout Rest areas that have tourist information and welcome centers should be signed as discussed in Section 2I.08. D9-18b on a green05 background. The backgroundsigns (see color Section of the 2E.37) interchange shall have Exit aNumber white legend (E1-5P and and border E1-5bP) progressively to the route. plaque (see SectionScenic 2E.31) area signing shall match should the be backgroundconsistent with color that ofprovided the guide for sign.rest areas, Design except characteristics that the legends should use (Duplicate optional) words such as SCENIC AREA, SCENIC VIEW, or SCENIC OVERLOOK instead of REST AREA. December 2009 Standard: of conventional road, expressway, or freeway guide signs shall comply with Chapter 2D or 2E except as A Trailblazer assembly shall consist of a TO auxiliary sign, a route sign for aprovided numbered06 in orthisIf named a Section rest area for or color other combination. roadside area is provided on a conventional road, a D5-1 and/or D5-1b sign should be 02 installed in advance of the rest area or other roadside area to permit tROADSIDE STATE ROUTE 18 highway (see Section 2D.53) or an Auto Tour Route sign (see Section 2H.07), 05and a single-headed shall also be included in the assembly. The advanceleaving the guide highway. sign and A D5-5 the Exit sign Direction(or a D5-2 sign sign shall if an retainexit ramp the is white-o provided) shouldPARK be installed instead ofat RESTthe turnoff AREA. Directional Arrow16) auxiliary sign pointing in theOR direction leading to the route.where Where the the crossroad Trailblazer leads to a destination other than a recreational or cultural interest area. TRAFFIC point where the driver needs to leave the highway to access the rest area or other roadside area. U.S. ROUTE 44 assembly is for an alternative route, the appropriate auxiliary sign for an alternativeSupport: route SIGNAL 07 n-green (see Section 2D. If a rest area or other roadside area is provided on a freeway or expressway, a D5-1color sign combination should be placed STATE ROUTE 18 U.S. ROUTE 44 06 Figure1 mile 2M-2 and/or illustrates 2 miles destination in advance guide of the signs rest commonlyarea. used for identifying recreational or cultural interest OR December 2009 areas or facilities. Standard: STATE ROUTE 3 Sect. 2M.09 he driver to reduce speed in preparation for D9-18c 08 A D5-2 sign shall be placed at the rest area or other roadside area exit gore.

December 2009 100 to D9-18b 200 ft 100 to 200 ft Figure 2I-5. Rest Area and Other Roadside Area Signs

200 ft MIN. D5-1 400 ft MIN. 200 ft 400 ft MIN. MIN.

D. Public Telephone if continuous operation, 7 days per week is available. D5-1a U.S. ROUTE 37 E. Hospital if continuous emergency care capability, with a physician on duty 24 hours per day, 7 days per week is available. A physician on duty would include the following criteria and should be signed in accordance with the priority as follows: D5-2 STATE ROUTE 15 Note: The spacings shown on this figure are for rural intersections. Multiple formats in existing manu- 1. Physician Registered on duty within nurse theon dutyemergency within3. thedepartment; emergency department, with a physician in the hospital on call; or See Sections 2D.29, 2D.30, 2D.32, 2D.34, 2D.40, and 2D.42 for low-speed and/or urban conditions. 2. ered nurse on duty within the emergency department, with a physician on call from D5-2a R egist D5-5 or home. December 2009 NOTE: Alternate legends may be substituted for the REST AREA F. 24-Hour Pharmacy if a pharmacy is open, with a State-licensed pharmacist present and on duty, 24 D5-6 hours per day, 7 days per week and is located within 3 miles of an interchange on the Federal-aid system. legend, such as PARKING AREA, PICNIC AREA, ROADSIDE TABLE, ROADSIDE PARK, SCENIC AREA, SCENIC VIEW, December 2009 G. Camping if all of the following are available: and SCENIC OVERLOOK. al without common proportions 1. Licensing or approval, where required; 2. Adequate parking accommodations; and December 2009 3. Modern sanitary facilities and drinking water. Sect. 2I.03 Sect. 2I.04 to 2I.05

Sect. 2D.29

24 Conventional Road Guide Sign: Proportional Based Grid System

Current Conventional Road Guide Layout Proposed Conventional Road Guide Layout

R 0.42 1.25X X 1.25X X 6 9 6 .75 1.875 .166X .75X 9 6 X 6D San Francisco X 9 2.25 30 2.25 9 X 6D Los Angeles 9 1.25X 6 .166X VAR 96 VAR R 0.25R 0.25 X 1.25X D1-2

Proposed Conventional Road Guide Extentions Parking

8 Franklin 7 18 Oil City Franklin 6 Pleasantville Rockland Wawona Scenic 6 Campground Eisenhower Overlook Oil City LEFT 1/4 MILE NORTH National 2 MILES 8 Historical Glacier Monument Point Little Pond NEXT EXIT Pleasantville Campground

25 Common proportions provide consistency and should be easier to read

Since 1961, the layout of freeway signs has been a complex set of dimensions; all unique to each individual panel. Proportions are inconsistent depending on sign legend size, from sign-to- sign, from sign-type to sign-type, and from state to state as many have their own manuals.

Using the traditional method, the illustration (lower left) shows 31 unique ﬁxed dimensions that are not proportional as the primary legend size changes.

Using a proportion-based layout (center), all elements are sized to the primary legend; nine proportional relationships are uniformly applicable to over 30 commonly used freeway and expressway guide sign formats. This provides ordered, consistent, and proportional-based content regardless of primary legend size or the complexity of content.

Clearview enhances the readability of the destination. The balancing of elements, as shown, should help older drivers and all drivers quickly scan the panel without confusion or misunderstanding.

Proportion Based Format System for Freeway & Expressway Guide Signs. D. Meeker, M. Pietrucha, P. Garvey. Presented at the TRB An- nual Meeting. (2008). Published in the ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering. (2010).

26 Freeway-Expressway Guide Signs: Proportional Based Grid System

Existing (24 Fixed Dimensions) Proposed (9 Proportional Dimensions) This system allows for uniformly sized secondary legends and consistent space surrounding the elements on the panel.

Exit Only Panel Updated (2009 MUTCD)

27 “The design and development of Clearview was the most important advancement in road signing in 30 years.” Arthur Breneman, P.E. (ret.), Chief, Traﬃc Engineering & Operations for PennDOT (2002)

28 Pennsylvania DOT and Texas DOT pioneered the use of Clearview on freeway signs

29 No complaints: “We don’t know what you did, but the signs are easier to read?”

Surveys showed few complaints if any. If government is making public service better, there is no reason to complain. A quality product is expected.

In the states that embraced Clearview and assumed the federal support would allow this to evolve and applications to be reﬁned, tens of thousands of signs were upgraded on freeways and conventional roads. Capital plans were developed to create a cohesive approach to guide signing throughout entire states. Manuals and contract documents were upgraded, and cooperative agreements and technical support was provided to counties and cities in various states.

30 31 Early advocacy by FHWA gave license to upgrade

There seemed to be contagious synergy by the mid-Atlantic and upper mid-west states with each learning from the others adoption of Clearview on both Interstates and state roads.

States funded research to help reﬁne applications.

32 WA ME

MT ND VT MN NH OR WI NY MA ID SD CT RI MI WY PA IA NJ NE OH MD DE NV IL IN WV DC UT CO VA KS CA MO KY

NC TN OK AR SC AZ NM GA AL MS

TX LA

Selective Use (Cities, Counties, Toll Roads & Airports)

Primary Use (Guide Signs)

33 For every guide sign there are dozens of regulatory and warning postings

In granting the Interim Approval, the FHWA encouraged more research that would be speciﬁc to negative contrast. A 2015 study presented at TRB (sponsored by Maryland SHA and Michigan DOT) compared legibility of three middle weights of Clearview (2-B, 3-B, 4-B) in mixed case to Highway Gothic (Series C, D, and E) in both all upper case and in mixed case. These weights are the workhorse fonts as used in regulatory and warning applications.

This was an older driver study with half the subjects over 65 years of age. The study was conducted on the Larson Institute test track in day and night conditions aimed to address legibility. In terms of legibility, the Clearview displays out-performed those of Highway Gothic when both are in mixed case. Uppercase Highway Gothic and the mixed case Clearview were equally legible. This was the case even though the Highway Gothic subtends a greater degree of arc on the retina. Results of that study are summarized on page 36. A planned study (which has been postponed indeﬁnitely by one of our state funding partners) was to compare readability, understandability, and ease of recognition where we anticipate that the mixed case Clearview should show itself to be much more eﬀective than the all upper case Highway Gothic, if prior studies are an indicator.

A companion study compared positive contrast (guide and streetname sign) legibility for the same set of subjects and conditions. This study only compared mixed case formats for legend display. In this study, the legibility for Clearview displays signiﬁcantly exceeded those of Highway Gothic. Results are summarized in the following spread (page 37).

This is a very important test, as the current termination of Clearview is directing state, county, and urban DOTs to use a typeface at the same size as Clearview without commensurate performance on signs with potential safety implications. 34 Typeface Legibility (Research Method)

Testing legibility distance for FHWA Standard Alphabets and Clearview negative contrast with three letterspace Linsey variations. Dunnel DUPREE Harper Frazee Lavaca Subject Lowery Experimenter Fulton 200 ft Borger 200 ft Larned 200 ft Harney 200 ft DASSEL 200 ft 200 ft 200 ft 200 ft 200 ft 200 ft 200 ft • Subject Drives 15 mph 600 ft • DOT-Z1 Distance Tool

35 Results-Negative Contrast Legibility

Comparison of Negative Contrast 6-inch Clearview and FHWA Alphabets (Mean for all participants)

TYPEFACE 2-B 202’ Clearview 2-B (mixed-case) Forgan 160’ 21% More Legible C 212’ FHWA SHS-C (uppercase) DORSEY 162’

C 187’ FHWA SHS-C (mixed-case) Lompoc 132’

3-B 241’ 30% Clearview 3-B (mixed-case) More Legible Harney 185’

D 228’ FHWA SHS-D (uppercase) HOSPER 193’

D 185’ FHWA SHS-D (mixed-case) Harper 165’

4-B 261’ Clearview 4-B (mixed-case) 31% Dupree 200’ 24% More Legible More Legible E 270’ FHWA SHS-E (uppercase) DASSEL 199’

E FHWA SHS-E (mixed-case) 200’ Borger 162’

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Viewing Distance (ft)

Daytime Nighttime

36 Results-Positive Contrast Legibility

Comparison of Positive Contrast Clearview and FHWA Alphabets (Mean for all participants)

TYPEFACE 2-W Clearview 2-W (mixed-case) 211’ 35% Conyer 173’ 29% More Legible More Legible C FHWA SHS-C (mixed-case) 163’ Bergen 135’

3-W Clearview 3-W (mixed-case) 231’ 29% Dorset 188’ 22% More Legible More Legible D 179’ FHWA SHS-D (mixed-case) Dassel 154’

4-W 228’ Clearview 4-W (mixed-case) Heleny 188’ 18% More Legible E 204’ FHWA SHS-E (mixed-case) Ordway 159’

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Viewing Distance (ft)

Daytime Nighttime

37 Guide sign destinations may stand alone, but regulatory and warning sign messages are words in a sentence

The issues surrounding negative contrast applications are far more complex than positive contrast guide signs. In essence, the standard is nothing more than all upper case black legends on white, yellow, or orange rectangles or diamond shape panels. They are often a contributor to roadside clutter and few have been optimized for readability, consistency, or form.

Upon analysis, there are ways to make regulatory and warning signs have a more cohesive, ideally more eﬀective, presence on the road and streetscape.

The method to achieve that goal is incremental based on both design and research. The following pages share some of the analysis the team at the Larson Institute has suggested for a start.

38 Next Steps: Regulatory and Warning – and the Implication for Cities

39 The current use of typeface and size in the MUTCD is not consistent

Inconsistency may be the cause of the clutter: current federal standards are not uniform in format or type size regardless of typeface used. This was made apparent in an exercise completed by Meeker & Associates where every regulatory and warning sign in the MUTCD was cataloged with all related specifications and attributes. Although there are standards for color, the lack of consistency in the manual is notable and may explain some of the sign chaos one sees on the road. There are 590 regulatory and warning signs specified in the MUTCD that use FHWA Standard Highway Alphabets, and over a third of these break from standard rules. Most common is word spacing compression to fit a legend on a panel or use multiple font weights for fit – or both, but legend size is also manipulated. This includes deviation in size progressions of the same sign because various sizes use different layout Series of the Standard Highway font.

A break in the rules may not be a problem if tied to actual performance criteria. This would insure that the design can give the motorists their best chance at being informed. Currently that may not be the case.

A simple exercise shown on the next The fourth example (page 45) is a The existing “standard” sign shown three pages (42-44) illustrates how, complex safety-critical message that on page 45 still exists at this location within the same size sign panel, there notifies cyclists going through an in- as we work to complete the research can be greater size consistency, and tersection on a signal while motorists to validate an option. Meanwhile, this reveals how the use of mixed may be turning. This application was my nephew, a cyclist was seriously case Clearview for this type of appli- developed with the City of Portland, injured by a careless motorist (hos- cation could improve readability of OR’s Chief Traffic Engineer and pitalized and with ongoing medical the sign. Realistically, any upgrade shows how certain sign types may issues) at the exact location where would need harmonization based on be better if they are clear icons that City Traffic Engineer Rob Burchfield a full analysis of all 613 signs in the leave nothing to interpretation. and I stood trying to identify a better Manual as effective design is more solution to this site specific safety than swapping out a typeface. issue. These problems are real. 40 AttributesAttributes of ofStandard Standard Signs Signs (300 (300Types/590 Types/590 Variations), Variations) and many and inconsistencies Growing!

Existing Regulation Signs (Standard Highway Sign Manual '04) with 2012 Supplement Additions Page Number (If Available) Sign Number PDF Image Sign Type Sign Message Sign Dimension Legend 1 Legend 2 Legend 3 Legend 4 Legend 5 (S1)Symbol 1 (S2)Symbol 2 (S3)Symbol 3 W x H Inches Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing 18 x 24 4 D 4D RTF 24 x 30 6 D 6D RTF 36 x 48 8 D 8D RTF 48 x 60 10 D 10 D RTF

1-62 R4-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-2.pdf Pass With Care Pass With Care 12 x 18 3 C 18 x 24 4 C Same size options 24 x 30 6 C 36 x 48 8 C have inconsistent 48 x 60 10 C 1-63 R4-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-3.pdf Slower Traffic Keep Right Slower Traffic Keep Right 12 x 18 1.75 D MINUS 25% 1.75 D type specifications 18 x 24 3 D MINUS 25% 3D 24 x 30 4 D MINUS 25% 4D 36 x 48 6 D MINUS 25% 6D 48 x 60 8 D MINUS 25% 8D

1-64 R4-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-4.pdf Begin Right Turn Lane-Yield To Bikes Begin Right Turn Lane (Arrow) Yield To Bikes 36 x 30 4 C 4BMINUS 20% 4B Arrow

1-65 R4-5 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-5.pdf Trucks Use Right Lane Trucks Use Right Lane 24 x 30 4 D MINUS 32% 4D 36 x 48 6 D MINUS 32% 6D 48 x 60 8 D MINUS 32% 8D

1-66 R4-6 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-6.pdf Truck Lane 500 Feet Truck Lane 500 Feet 24 x 30 4 E 36 x 48 6 E 48 x 60 8 E

1-67 R4-7 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7.pdf Keep Right Symbol Sign 12 x 18 Arrow Island New signs in 2009 version 18 x 24 Arrow Island 24 x 30 Arrow Island 36 x 48 Arrow Island 48 x 60 Arrow Island

1-68 R4-7a Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7a.pdf Keep Right Keep (Arrow) Right 18 x 24 4 D Arrow 24 x 30 5 D Arrow Override of 36 x 48 8 D Arrow 48 x 60 10 D Arrow 1-69 R4-7b Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7b.pdf Keep Right Keep (Arrow) Right standard spacing18 x 24 4 D Arrow 24 x 30 5 D Arrow 36 x 48 8 D Arrow to fit legend on 48panel x 60 10 D Arrow NEW R4-7c Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7c.pdf Narrow Keep Right Symbol Sign 18 x 30 Arrow Island

1-70 R4-8 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-8.pdf Keep Left Symbol Sign 18 x 24 Arrow Island 24 x 30 Arrow Island 36 x 48 Arrow Island 48 x 60 Arrow Island

1-71 R4-9 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-9.pdf Stay In Lane Stay In Lane 18 x 24 4 D RTF 4D 24 x 30 5 D RTF 5D 36 x 48 7 D RTF 7D 48 x 60 10 D RTF 10 D

1-72 R4-10 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-10.pdf Runaway Vehicles Only Runaway Vehicles Only 48 x 48 6 D RTF 6D

NEW R4-11 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-11.pdf Bicycle May Use Full Lane Bicycle Symbol(S1) May Use Full Lane 30 x 30 4 C Bicycle (6-7)

NEW R4-12 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-12.pdf Slow Vehicles With XX or More Following Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out Slow Vehicles With 5 or More Following Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out 42 x 24 4 C 3C NEW 72 x 42 6 C PLUS 50% 5C

NEW R4-13 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-13.pdf Slow Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out Ahead Slow Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out Ahead 42 x 24 4 C 4CMINUS 20%

NEW R4-14 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-14.pdf Slow Vehicles Must Turn Out Slow Vehicles Must Turn Out (Arrow) 30 x 42 4 D 4DPLUS 50% Arrow

NEW R4-16 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-16.pdf Keep Right Except to Pass Keep Right Except to Pass 18 x 24 3 D PLUS 50% 3C NEW 24 x 30 4 D PLUS 50% 4C NEW 36 x 48 8 C PLUS 50% 6C NEW 48 x 60 10 D 7C

NEW R4-17 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-17.pdf Do Not Drive on Shoulder Do Not Drive On Shoulder 18 x 24 3 C PLUS 40% 3CPLUS 20% 3C 3C 3BPLUS 20% NEW 24 x 30 4 C PLUS 40% 4CPLUS 20% 4C 4C 4BPLUS 20% NEW 36 x 48 6 C PLUS 40% 6CPLUS 20% 6C 6C 6BPLUS 20% NEW 48 x 60 8 C PLUS 40% 8CPLUS 20% 8C 7C 7C

NEW R4-18 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-18.pdf Do Not Pass on Shoulder Do Not Pass On Shoulder 18 x 24 3 C PLUS 40% 3CPLUS 20% 3C 3C 3BPLUS 20% NEW 24 x 30 4 C PLUS 40% 4CPLUS 20% 4C 4C 4BPLUS 20% NEW 36 x 48 6 C PLUS 40% 6CPLUS 20% 6C 6C 6BPLUS 20% NEW Multiple type weights48 xon 60 8 C PLUS 40% 8CPLUS 20% 8C 7C 7C 1-73 R5-1 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1.pdf Do Not Enter Do Not Enter 30 x 30 4 D Do Not Enter 36 x 36 5 D Do Not Enter single message signs 48 x 48 6 D Do Not Enter

1-74 R5-1a Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1a.pdf Wrong Way Wrong Way 30 x 18 5 D 36 x 24 6 D 42 x 30 8 D

1-75 R5-1b Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1b.pdf Bicycle Wrong Way Bicycle Symbol(S1) Wrong Way 12 x 18 2.5 C 2.5 C RTF Bicycle (6-7)

1-76 R5-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-2.pdf No Trucks Symbol Sign 24 x 24 No Trucks (6-4) 30 x 30 No Trucks (6-4) 36 x 36 No Trucks (6-4) 48 x 48 No Trucks (6-4)

1-77 R5-2a Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-2a.pdf No Trucks No Trucks 12 x 12 2.5 D 2D 24 x 24 5 D 4D 30 x 30 6 D 5D 36 x 36 7 D 6D 48 x 48 9 D 8D 1-78 R5-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-3.pdfRevisedNo Motor Vehicleslegend No Motor Vehicles 24 x 24 4 C 4B 1-79 OMIT R5-4 Commercial Vehicles Excluded Commercial Vehicles Excluded 18 x 24 3 B Type weight changes NEW R5-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-4.pdf Commercial Vehicles Excluded No Commercial Vehicles Replaces Former Legend - Commercial Vehicles Excluded 24 x 30 4 D PLUS 20% 4BMINUS 50% 4BPLUS 20% NEW 2004 to 2009 36 x 48 6 D PLUS 20% 6BasMINUS panel 50% 6B sizePLUS 20%changes 1-79 OMIT R5-4 Commercial Vehicles Excluded Commercial Vehicles Excluded 48 x 60 8 B 1-80 OMIT R5-5 Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited 18 x 24 3 B NEW R5-5 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-5.pdf Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited No Vehicles With Lugs Replaces Former Legend - Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited 24 x 30 4 D PLUS 20% 4BPLUS 20% 4B NEW 36 x 48 6 D PLUS 20% 6BPLUS 20% 6B NEW 48 x 60 8 D PLUS 20% 8BPLUS 20% 8B

1-81 R5-6 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-6.pdf No Bicycles Symbol Sign 24 x 24 No Bicycles (6-7) 30 x 30 No Bicycles (6-7) 36 x 36 No Bicycles (6-7) 48 x 48 No Bicycles (6-7)

NEW R5-7 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-7.pdf Non-Motorized Traffic Prohibited No Non-Motorized Traffic Replaces Former Legend - Non-Motorized Traffic Prohibited 30 x 24 3.5 D PLUS 20% 3.5 B 3.5 D NEW 42 x 24 4 D PLUS 20% 4CMINUS 20% 4D NEW 48 x 30 5 D PLUS 20% 5CMINUS 40% 5D

NEW R5-8 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-8.pdf Motor Driven Cycles Prohibited No Motor Driven Cycles Replaces Former Legend - Motor Driven Cycles Prohibited 30 x 24 3.5 D PLUS 20% 3.5 C MINUS 50% 3.5 D NEW 42 x 24 4 D PLUS 20% 4C 4D NEW 48 x 30 5 D PLUS 20% 5CMINUS 20% 5D

NEW R5-10a Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-10a.pdf Pedestrians Bicycles Motor-Driven Cycles Prohibited No Pedestrians Bicycles Motor-Driven Cycles Replaces Former Legend - Pedestrians Bicycles Motor-Driven Cycles Prohibited 30 x 36 3.5 D PLUS 20% 3.5 C 3.5 C MINUS 50%

NEW R5-10b Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-10b,R5-10c.pdf Pedestrians And Bicycles Prohibited No Pedestrians Or Bicycles Replaces Former Legend - Pedestrians And Bicycles Prohibited 30 x 18 3 D PLUS 20% 3C NEW R5-10c Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-10b,R5-10c.pdf Pedestrians Prohibited No Pedestrians Replaces Former Legend - Pedestrians Prohibited 24 x 12 3 D 3CMINUS 40% NEW R5-11 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-11.pdf Authorized Vehicles Only Authorized Vehicles Only 30 x 24 4 C MINUS 10% 4C 4DPLUS 20%

1-86 R6-1R Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-1R,R6-1L.pdf One Way One Way (Enclosed in Right Arrow) 36 x 12 4 D One Way Arrow 54 x 18 5 D One Way Arrow 1-86 R6-1L Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-1R,R6-1L.pdf One Way One Way (Enclosed in Left Arrow) 36 x 12 4 D One Way Arrow 54 x 18 5 D One Way Arrow

1-87 R6-2R Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-2R.pdf One Way One Way (Arrow) 12 x 16 3 D Arrow 18 x 24 5 D Arrow 24 x 30 6 D Arrow 36 x 48 10 D Arrow 48 x 60 12 D Arrow

41 StudyPhase Objective III Study (Sample Objec 1)tive Same (Sam size,ple grouped 1) message to identify target reader

1-62 R4-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-2.pdf Pass With Care Pass With Care 12 x 18 3 C 18 x 24 4 C 24 x 30 6 C 36 x 48 8 C 48 x 60 10 C

1-63 R4-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-3.pdf Slower Traffic Keep Right Slower Traffic Keep Right 12 x 18 1.75 D MINUS 25% 1.75 D 18 x 24 3 D MINUS 25% 3D 24 x 30 4 D MINUS 25% 4D 36 x 48 6 D MINUS 25% 6D 48 x 60 8 D MINUS 25% 8D

1-64 R4-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-4.pdf Begin Right Turn Lane-Yield To Bikes Begin Right Turn Lane (Arrow) Yield To Bikes 36 x 30 4 C 4BMINUS 20% 4B Arrow

1-65 R4-5 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-5.pdf Trucks Use Right Lane Trucks Use Right Lane 24 x 30 4 D MINUS 32% 4D 36 x 48 6 D MINUS 32% 6D 48 x 60 8 D MINUS 32% 8D

1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X TRUCKS TRUCKS Trucks Trucks Trucks USE USE Use Use Use RIGHT RIGHT Right Right Right LANE LANE Lane Lane Lane

Code: R4-5 Sign Size: 24" x 30" Typeface: Standard Alphabet Series D Typeface: ClearviewHwy 3-B Sign Size: 24" x 30" PHASE III Objective Legend Word Size Typeface Spacing Size: 4" Size: 4" TRUCKS 4" D -32% USE 4" D Default RIGHT 4" D Default LANE 4" D Default

1-66 R4-6 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-6.pdf Truck Lane 500 Feet Truck Lane 500 Feet 24 x 30 4 E 36 x 48 6 E 48 x 60 8 E

1-67 R4-7 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7.pdf Keep Right Symbol Sign 12 x 18 Arrow Island 18 x 24 Arrow Island 24 x 30 Arrow Island 36 x 48 Arrow Island 48 x 60 Arrow Island

1-68 R4-7a Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7a.pdf Keep Right Keep (Arrow) Right 18 x 24 4 D Arrow 24 x 30 5 D Arrow 36 x 48 8 D Arrow 48 x 60 10 D Arrow

1-69 R4-7b Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7b.pdf Keep Right Keep (Arrow) Right 18 x 24 4 D Arrow 24 x 30 5 D Arrow 36 x 48 8 D Arrow 48 x 60 10 D Arrow

NEW R4-7c Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-7c.pdf Narrow Keep Right Symbol Sign 18 x 30 Arrow Island

1-70 R4-8 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-8.pdf Keep Left Symbol Sign 18 x 24 Arrow Island 24 x 30 Arrow Island 36 x 48 Arrow Island 48 x 60 Arrow Island

1-71 R4-9 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-9.pdf Stay In Lane Stay In Lane 18 x 24 4 D RTF 4D 24 x 30 5 D RTF 5D 36 x 48 7 D RTF 7D 48 x 60 10 D RTF 10 D

1-72 R4-10 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-10.pdf Runaway Vehicles Only Runaway Vehicles Only 48 x 48 6 D RTF 6D

NEW R4-11 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-11.pdf Bicycle May Use Full Lane Bicycle Symbol(S1) May Use Full Lane 30 x 30 4 C Bicycle (6-7)

NEW R4-13 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-13.pdf Slow Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out Ahead Slow Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out Ahead 42 x 24 4 C 4CMINUS 20%

NEW R4-14 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-14.pdf Slow Vehicles Must Turn Out Slow Vehicles Must Turn Out (Arrow) 30 x 42 4 D 4DPLUS 50% Arrow

NEW R4-16 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-16.pdf Keep Right Except to Pass Keep Right Except to Pass 18 x 24 3 D PLUS 50% 3C NEW 24 x 30 4 D PLUS 50% 4C NEW 36 x 48 8 C PLUS 50% 6C NEW 48 x 60 10 D 7C

NEW R4-18 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-18.pdf Do Not Pass on Shoulder Do Not Pass On Shoulder 18 x 24 3 C PLUS 40% 3CPLUS 20% 3C 3C 3BPLUS 20% NEW 24 x 30 4 C PLUS 40% 4CPLUS 20% 4C 4C 4BPLUS 20% NEW 36 x 48 6 C PLUS 40% 6CPLUS 20% 6C 6C 6BPLUS 20% NEW 48 x 60 8 C PLUS 40% 8CPLUS 20% 8C 7C 7C 1-73 R5-1 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1.pdf Do Not Enter Do Not Enter 30 x 30 4 D Do Not Enter 36 x 36 5 D Do Not Enter 48 x 48 6 D Do Not Enter

1-74 R5-1a Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1a.pdf Wrong Way Wrong Way 30 x 18 5 D 36 x 24 6 D 42 x 30 8 D

1-75 R5-1b Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1b.pdf Bicycle Wrong Way Bicycle Symbol(S1) Wrong Way 12 x 18 2.5 C 2.5 C RTF Bicycle (6-7)

42 W x H Inches Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing 1-74 R5-1a Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1a.pdf Wrong Way Wrong Way 30 x 18 5 D 36 x 24 6 D 42 x 30 8 D

1-75 R5-1b Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-1b.pdf Bicycle Wrong Way Bicycle Symbol(S1) Wrong Way 12 x 18 2.5 C 2.5 C RTF Bicycle (6-7) Study1-76 R5-2ObjectiveRegulatory PDF Collection/R5-2.pdf (SampleNo Trucks 2) SymbolSame Sign size, rotated,24 x 24 one type weight, uniformNo Trucksspacing (6-4) 30 x 30 No Trucks (6-4) Phase III Study Objective (Sample 2) 36 x 36 No Trucks (6-4) 48 x 48 No Trucks (6-4)

1-77 R5-2a Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-2a.pdf No Trucks No Trucks 12 x 12 2.5 D 2D 24 x 24 5 D 4D 30 x 30 6 D 5D 36 x 36 7 D 6D 48 x 48 9 D 8D

1-78 R5-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-3.pdf No Motor Vehicles No Motor Vehicles 24 x 24 4 C 4B 1-79 OMIT R5-4 Commercial Vehicles Excluded Commercial Vehicles Excluded 18 x 24 3 B NEW R5-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-4.pdf Commercial Vehicles Excluded No Commercial Vehicles Replaces Former Legend - Commercial Vehicles Excluded 24 x 30 4 D PLUS 20% 4BMINUS 50% 4BPLUS 20% NEW 36 x 48 6 D PLUS 20% 6BMINUS 50% 6BPLUS 20%

1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X NO No No No COMMERCIAL Commercial Commercial Commercial VEHICLES Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles

Typeface: Standard Alphabet Series B Typeface: ClearviewHwy 1-B Sign Size: 24" x 30" PHASE III Objective Size: 4" Size: 4"

Code: R5-4 Sign Size: 24" x 30"

Legend Word Size Typeface Spacing NO 4" D +20% COMMERCIAL 4" B -50% VEHICLES 4" B +20%

1-79 OMIT R5-4 Commercial Vehicles Excluded Commercial Vehicles Excluded 48 x 60 8 B 1-80 OMIT R5-5 Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited 18 x 24 3 B NEW R5-5 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-5.pdf Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited No Vehicles With Lugs Replaces Former Legend - Vehicles With Lugs Prohibited 24 x 30 4 D PLUS 20% 4BPLUS 20% 4B NEW 36 x 48 6 D PLUS 20% 6BPLUS 20% 6B NEW 48 x 60 8 D PLUS 20% 8BPLUS 20% 8B

1-81 R5-6 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-6.pdf No Bicycles Symbol Sign 24 x 24 No Bicycles (6-7) 30 x 30 No Bicycles (6-7) 36 x 36 No Bicycles (6-7) 48 x 48 No Bicycles (6-7)

NEW R5-11 Regulatory PDF Collection/R5-11.pdf Authorized Vehicles Only Authorized Vehicles Only 30 x 24 4 C MINUS 10% 4C 4DPLUS 20%

1-87 R6-2R Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-2R.pdf One Way One Way (Arrow) 12 x 16 3 D Arrow 18 x 24 5 D Arrow 24 x 30 6 D Arrow 36 x 48 10 D Arrow 48 x 60 12 D Arrow

1-88 R6-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-3.pdf Divided Highway Crossing Divided Highway Four-Legged Intersection Symbol(S1) 24 x 18 2 E 2E RTF Divided Highway 30 x 24 3 E 3E RTF Divided Highway 36 x 30 4 E 4E RTF Divided Highway

1-89 R6-3a Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-3a.pdf Divided Highway Crossing Divided Highway T-Intersection Symbol(S1) 24 x 18 2 E 2E RTF Divided Highway 30 x 24 3 E 3E RTF Divided Highway 36 x 30 4 E 4E RTF Divided Highway

NEW R6-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-4.pdf Roundabout Directional (2 chevrons) Symbol Sign 30 x 24 2 Chevrons NEW R6-4a Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-4a.pdf Roundabout Directional (3 chevrons) Symbol Sign 48 x 24 3 Chevrons NEW R6-4b Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-4b.pdf Roundabout Directional (4 chevrons) Symbol Sign 60 x 24 4 Chevrons

NEW R6-5P Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-5P.pdf Roundabout Circulation (plaque) Symbol Sign 30 x 30 Circular Intersection (6-36)

NEW R6-6 Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-6.pdf Begin One Way Begin One Way 24 x 30 6 C 6D NEW 30 x 36 7 C 7D

NEW R6-7 Regulatory PDF Collection/R6-7.pdf End One Way End One Way 24 x 30 6 D NEW 30 x 36 7 D

Parking Signs 1-90 R7-1 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-1,R7-2,R7-2a.pdf No Parking Any Time No Parking Any Time (Arrow) 12 x 18 3 C 3B 2C Arrow 1-90 R7-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-1,R7-2,R7-2a.pdf No Parking 8:30 AM to 5:30 P.M. No Parking 8:30 AM To 5:30 PM (Arrow) 12 x 18 3 C 3B 2B Arrow 1-90 R7-2a Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-1,R7-2,R7-2a.pdf No Parking (symbol) 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM No Parking Symbol(S1) 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM 12 x 18 2 B No Parking

1-91 R7-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-3,R7-4.pdf No Parking Except Sundays and Holidays No Parking Except Sundays and Holidays (Arrow) 12 x 18 3 C 3B 1C Arrow 1-91 R7-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-3,R7-4.pdf No Standing Any Time No Standing Any Time (Arrow) 12 x 18 3 C 2C Arrow

1-92 R7-5 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-5,R7-6,R7-7,R7-8.pdf One Hour Parking 9 AM to 7 PM One Hour Parking 9 AM to 7 PM (Arrow) 12 x 18 2 C 2B Arrow 1-92 R7-6 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-5,R7-6,R7-7,R7-8.pdf No Parking Loading Zone No Parking Loading Zone (Arrow) 12 x 18 3 C 3B 2C Arrow 1-92 R7-7 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-5,R7-6,R7-7,R7-8.pdf No Parking Bus Stop No Parking Bus Stop (Arrow) 12 x 18 3 C 3B 2C Arrow 1-92 R7-8 Regulatory PDF Collection/R7-5,R7-6,R7-7,R7-8.pdf Reserved Parking (Handicapped) Reserved Parking Handicapped Symbol(S1) (Arrow) 12 x 18 2 C Handicap (6-31) Arrow

43 Existing Regulation Signs (Standard Highway Sign Manual '04) with 2012 Supplement Additions Page Number (If Available) Sign Number PDF Image Sign Type Sign Message Sign Dimension Legend 1 Legend 2 Legend 3 Legend 4 Legend 5 (S1)Symbol 1 (S2)Symbol 2 (S3)Symbol 3 W x H Inches Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing Size Face Spacing NEW R10-14b Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-14b.pdf Stop Here on Flashing Red Stop Here On Flashing Red (Arrow) 24 x 36 5 D 3D 3D 4DPLUS 20% Arrow NEW 36 x 48 7 D 4DPLUS 25% 4D 6DPLUS 20% Arrow 1-144 OMITPhaseR10-15 III StudyTurning Obj Traffic Must Yield To PedestriansectiveTurning (Sam Traffic Must Yield To Pedestrians ple 4) 24 x 30 2.5 D 3.5 D Study1-144 OMIT R10-15 Objective (SampleTurning Traffic Must Yield To Pedestrians 3)Turning Clear Traffic Must Yield To Pedestrians directive without30 x 36 3 D ambiguity4D of mis-used yield symbol 1-144 OMIT R10-15 Turning Traffic Must Yield To Pedestrians Turning Traffic Must Yield To Pedestrians 36 x 42 3.5 D 4.5 D NEW R10-15R Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-15L,R10-15R.pdf Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians Turning Vehicles (Arrow) Yield Symbol(S1) To Pedestrian Symbol(S2) 30 x 30 3 D 3DMINUS 20% Arrow Yield Pedestrian Walking (6-10) NEW R10-15L Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-15L,R10-15R.pdf Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians Turning Vehicles (Arrow) Yield Symbol(S1) To Pedestrian Symbol(S2) 30 x 30 3 D 3DMINUS 20% Arrow Yield Pedestrian Walking (6-10)

1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X 9X 10X TURNING Turning Turning VEHICLES Vehicles Vehicles TO Must Yield to Must Yield to

Typeface: Standard Alphabet Series D Typeface: ClearviewHwy 3-B Size: 3" Size: 3"

Code: R10-15 Sign Size: 30" x 30" Sign Size: 30" x 30" Spacing reduced by -40

Legend Word Size Typeface Spacing TURNING 3" D Default VEHICLES 3" D -20% TO 3" D Default

1-145 R10-16 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-16.pdf U-Turn Yield To Right Turn U-Turn Yield To Right Turn 18 x 24 2 D 24 x 30 3 D 30 x 36 4 D

1-146 R10-17a Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-17a.pdf Right On Red Arrow After Stop Right On Red Arrow After Stop 30 x 36 4 D 36 x 48 5 D 1-147 OMIT R10-18 Traffic Laws Photo Enforced Traffic Laws Photo Enforced 24 x 12 2 C 1-147 OMIT R10-18 Traffic Laws Photo Enforced Traffic Laws Photo Enforced 36 x 18 3 C 1-147 OMIT R10-18 Traffic Laws Photo Enforced Traffic Laws Photo Enforced 72 x 36 6 C 1-147 NEW R10-18 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-18.pdf Traffic Laws Photo Enforced Camera Symbol(S1) Traffic Laws Photo Enforced 36 x 24 3 C Camera 1-147 NEW 48 x 30 4 C Camera 1-147 NEW 54 x 36 4.5 C Camera

1-148 R10-19 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-19.pdf Photo Enforced Photo Enforced 24 x 18 3D 36 x 30 4D 48 x 36 6D

NEW R10-19P Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-19P.pdf Photo Enforced (plaque) Symbol Sign 24 x 12 Camera NEW 36 x 18 Camera NEW 48 x 24 Camera

1-149 Replaced? R10-20a (3) Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-20a.pdf Mon-Fri (3 Lines) Mon-Fri 7-9 AM 4-7 PM 24 x 24 4C See R10-20aP Below 30 x 30 5 C 48 x 48 8 C

1-149 Replaced? R10-20a (2) Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-20a.pdf Sunday (2 Lines) Sunday 7-11 AM 24 x 18 3 D See R10-20aP Below 30 x 24 4 D 48 x 36 6 D

NEW R10-20aP Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-20aP.pdf Day(s) and Times (plaque) (2 Lines) Sunday 7-11 AM 24 x 18 4 C NEW R10-20aP Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-20aP.pdf Day(s) and Times (plaque) (3 Lines) Mon-Fri 7-9 AM 4-7 PM 24 x 24 4C

1-150 R10-21 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-21.pdf Left Turn Signal Yield On Green Left Turn Signal Yield On Green Green Circle Symbol(S1) 18 x 24 2.5 C 3C Green Circle Horizontal Bar 24 x 30 3 C 4C Green Circle Horizontal Bar 30 x 36 4 C 5C Green Circle Horizontal Bar

1-151 R10-22 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-22.pdf Bike Actuation To Request Green Wait On Bike Actuation Symbol(S1) 12 x 18 1.75 B Bicycle 2 Vertical Bars

NEW R10-23 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-23.pdf Crosswalk - Stop on Red Crosswalk Stop On Red Red Circle Symbol(S1) 24 x 30 4 B 5DPLUS 50% 4D Red Circle

NEW R10-24 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-24.pdf Bicyclist Push Button for Green Light Bicycle Symbol(S1) Push Button Symbol(S2) Push Button For Green Light 9 x 15 1C Bicycle (6-7) Push Button

NEW R10-25 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-25.pdf Push Button to Turn On Warning Lights Push Button(S1) Push Button to Turn On Warning Lights 9 x 12 1C Push Button

NEW R10-26 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-26.pdf Bicyclist Push Button for Green Light Bicycle Symbol(S1) Push Button Symbol(S2) Push Button for Green Light (Arrow) 9 x 15 1C Bicycle (6-7) Push Button Arrow

NEW R10-27 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-27.pdf Left Turn Yield on Flashing Red Arrow After Stop Left Turn Yield on Flashing Red Arrow After Stop 30 x 36 3.5 C

NEW R10-28 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-28.pdf XX Vehicles Per Green One Vehicle Per Green 24 x 30 4 D 4C

NEW R10-29 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-29.pdf XX Vehicles Per Green Each Lane 1 Vehicle Per Green Each Lane 36 x 24 5 D 4D

NEW R10-30 Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-30.pdf Right Turn on Red Must Yield to U-Turn Right Turn on Red Must Yield to U-Turn 30 x 36 3.5 C

NEW R10-31P Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-31P.pdf At Signal (plaque) At Signal 24 x 9 4B

NEW R10-32P Regulatory PDF Collection/R10-32P.pdf Push Button - Extra Crossing Time (plaque) Push Button For 2 Seconds For Extra Crossing Time 9 x 12 1C

1-152 R11-1 Regulatory PDF Collection/R11-1.pdf Keep Off Median Keep Off Median 24 x 30 5 C PLUS 50% 5CMINUS 20% 36 x 48 8 C PLUS 50% 8CMINUS 20% 48 x 60 10 C PLUS 50% 10 C MINUS 20%

1-153 R11-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R11-2.pdf Road Closed Road Closed 48 x 30 8D

1-154 R11-3a Regulatory PDF Collection/R11-3a,R11-3b.pdf Road Closed 10 Miles Ahead Local Traffic Only Road Closed 10 Miles Ahead Local Traffic Only 60 x 30 6 C 5C 4C 1-154 R11-3b Regulatory PDF Collection/R11-3a,R11-3b.pdf Bridge Out 10 Miles Ahead Local Traffic Only Bridge Out 10 Miles Ahead Local Traffic Only 60 x 30 6 C 5C 4C

1-155 R11-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R11-4.pdf Road Closed To Thru Traffic Road Closed To Thru Traffic 60 x 30 6 C 5C

1-156 R12-1 Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-1.pdf Weight Limit (English) Weight Limit 10 Tons 24 x 30 4 D 5E 5D 36 x 48 6 D 8E 8D

1-157 R12-1(M) Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-1(M).pdf Weight Limit (Metric) Weight Limit 9t 24 x 30 4 D 10 E Optically Space 36 x 48 6 D 16 E Optically Space

1-158 R12-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-2.pdf Axle Weight Limit (English) Axle Weight Limit 5 Tons 24 x 30 4 D 5DMINUS 50% 36 x 48 6 D 8DMINUS 50%

1-159 R12-2(M) Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-2(M).pdf Axle Weight Limit (Metric) Axle Weight Limit 4.5t 24 x 30 4 D 5DOptically Space 36 x 48 6 D 8DOptically Space

1-160 R12-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-3,R12-4.pdf Weight Limit (English) No Trucks Over 7000 Lbs Empty Wt 24 x 36 6 D 5C 3D

1-160 R12-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-3,R12-4.pdf Weight Limit (English) Weight Limit 2 Tons Per Axle 10 Tons Gross 36 x 24 4 C 3.25 C

1-161 R12-3(M) Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-3(M),R12-4(M).pdf Weight Limit (Metric) No Trucks Over 3200 kg Empty Wt 24 x 36 6 D 5C 3D

1-161 R12-4(M) Regulatory PDF Collection/R12-3(M),R12-4(M).pdf Weight Limit (Metric) Weight Limit 1.8t Per Axle 9t Gross 36 x 24 4 C 3.25 C

44 18 x 24 4 D 4D RTF 24 x 30 6 D 6D RTF 36 x 48 8 D 8D RTF 48 x 60 10 D 10 D RTF

1-62 R4-2 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-2.pdf Pass With Care Pass With Care 12 x 18 3 C 18 x 24 4 C Study Objective (Sample 4) Telegraphic design24 x for30 6 C site-speciﬁc: motorist/cyclist conﬂict 36 x 48 8 C Phase III Study Objective (Sample 5) 48 x 60 10 C 1-63 R4-3 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-3.pdf Slower Traffic Keep Right Slower Traffic Keep Right 12 x 18 1.75 D MINUS 25% 1.75 D 18 x 24 3 D MINUS 25% 3D 24 x 30 4 D MINUS 25% 4D 36 x 48 6 D MINUS 25% 6D 48 x 60 8 D MINUS 25% 8D

1-64 R4-4 Regulatory PDF Collection/R4-4.pdf Begin Right Turn Lane-Yield To Bikes Begin Right Turn Lane (Arrow) Yield To Bikes 36 x 30 4 C 4BMINUS 20% 4B Arrow

1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X 9X 10X 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X 9X 10X BEGIN BEGIN Begin Right Turn Lane Right Turn Lane RIGHT TURN LANE RIGHT TURN LANE Right Turn Lane YIELD TO BIKES Yield To Bikes

YIELD TO BIKES Typeface: Standard Alphabet Series C Typeface: ClearviewHwy 2-B Yield to Bikes Yield to Bikes Size: 4" Size: 4"

Code: R4-4 Sign Size: 36" x 30" PHASE III Objective Sign Size: 36" x 30" Type height reduced from 4" to 3.5" Spacing reduced by -35 Legend Word Size Typeface Spacing Negative contrast switched to Positive contrast BEGIN 4" C Default RIGHT 4" B -20% TURN 4" B -20% LANE 4" B -20% YIELD 4" B Default TO 4" B Default BIKES 4" B Default