Law of Thesea

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Law of Thesea Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs Law of the Sea Bulletin No. 83 asdf United Nations New York, 2014 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Furthermore, publication in the Bulletin of information concerning developments relating to the law of the sea emanating from actions and decisions taken by States does not imply recognition by the United Nations of the validity of the actions and decisions in question. IF ANY MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE BULLETIN IS REPRODUCED IN PART OR IN WHOLE, DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SHOULD BE GIVEN. Copyright © United Nations, 2013 Page I. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA ......................................................... 1 Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the Convention relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks ................................................................................................................ 1 1. Table recapitulating the status of the Convention and of the related Agreements, as at 30 November 2013 ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements, as at 30 November 2013 ................................................................................ 9 a. The Convention ....................................................................................................................... 9 b. Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention ............................... 11 c. Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks ................................................. 13 3. Declarations by States .................................................................................................................... 14 a. Communications related to the Declaration made by Ecuador upon accession ...................... 14 i. Spain ................................................................................................................................ 14 ii. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .................................................. 14 iii. European Union ............................................................................................................... 14 iv. Greece .............................................................................................................................. 15 b. Objections related to the Declaration made by Ecuador upon accession ................................ 15 i. Sweden ............................................................................................................................. 15 ii. Germany .......................................................................................................................... 16 iii. Ireland .............................................................................................................................. 16 iv. Latvia ............................................................................................................................... 17 v. Netherlands ...................................................................................................................... 17 vi. Belgium ............................................................................................................................ 18 vii. Finland ............................................................................................................................. 18 iii CONTENTS (continued) viii. Italy .................................................................................................................................. 19 II. LEGAL INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA ..................................................................................................................................... 20 A. National Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 20 1. Tuvalu ............................................................................................................................................ 20 a. Maritime Zones Act 2012 ....................................................................................................... 20 b. Declaration of Archipelagic Baselines 2012 ........................................................................... 25 c. Declaration of Territorial Sea Baselines 2012 ........................................................................ 27 d. Declaration of the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf 2012 .............................................. 29 e. Declaration of the Outer Limits of the Exclusive Economic Zones 2012 ............................... 32 f. Declaration of the Outer Limits of the Territorial Sea 2012 ................................................... 34 2. Nicaragua: Decree No. 33-2013 .................................................................................................. 35 B. Bilateral Treaties ................................................................................................................................... 37 Tuvalu and Kiribati: Agreement between Tuvalu and Kiribati concerning their maritime boundaries, 29 August 2012 ................................................................................................... 37 III. COMMUNICATIONS BY STATES ........................................................................................................... 40 1. Cyprus: Letter dated 17 October 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General ....................................................................... 40 2. Costa Rica: Letter dated 23 October 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Costa Rica to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General ................................................................. 42 3. Cyprus: Letter dated 29 October 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General ....................................................................... 43 4. Colombia: Letter dated 1 November 2013 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs addressed to the Secretary-General ..................................................................................................................... 45 5. Cyprus: Letter dated 12 November 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General ....................................................................... 46 6. Republic of Korea: Letter dated 13 November 2013 from the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General ............................... 47 iv CONTENTS (continued) IV. OTHER INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE LAW OF THE SEA ...................................................... 50 A. Relevant Documents of the Security Council of the United Nations .................................................... 50 1. Statement by the President of the Security Council ....................................................................... 50 2. Resolution 2125 (2013), adopted by the Security Council at its 7061st meeting, on 18 November 2013 ......................................................................................................................... 53 B. List of conciliators, arbitrators and experts nominated under article 2 of Annexes V, VII and VIII to the Convention .................................................................................................................................. 60 1. List of conciliators and arbitrators nominated under article 2 of annexes V and VII to the Convention (as of 30 November 2013) ................................................................................ 60 2. List of experts in the field of navigation, including pollution from vessels and by dumping, maintained by the International Maritime Organization ................................................................ 65 C. Recent Judgements, Awards, and Orders .............................................................................................. 75 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Tribunal Orders the Release of The Arctic Sunrise and the detained persons upon the posting of a bond ............................................. 75 CORRIGENDUM ........................................................................................................................................ 77 Australia: Seas and Submerged Lands (Limits of Continental Shelf) Proclamation 2012 .................... 77 v 1 I. UNITED NATIONS
Recommended publications
  • Legal Preparedness for Regional and International Disaster Assistance in the Pacific Country Profiles
    LEGAL PREPAREDNESS FOR REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE IN THE PACIFIC COUNTRY PROFILES ifrc.org The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is the world’s largest volunteer-based humanitarian network, reaching 150 million people each year through our 192-member National Societies. Together, we act before, during and after disasters and health emergencies to meet the needs and improve the lives of vulnerable people. We do so with impartiality as to nationality, race, gender, religious beliefs, class and political opinions. Guided by Strategy 2020 and Strategy 2030 – our collective plan of action to tackle the major humanitarian and development challenges of this decade – we are committed to ‘saving lives and changing minds’. Our strength lies in our volunteer network, our community- based expertise and our independence and neutrality. We work to improve humanitarian standards, as partners in development and in response to disasters. We persuade decision-makers to act at all times in the interests of vulnerable people. The result: we enable healthy and safe communities, reduce vulnerabilities, strengthen resilience and foster a culture of peace around the world. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies © International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent P.O. Box 303 Societies, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Kuala Lumpur, 2020 CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 4222 Any part of this publication may be cited, copied, translated Telefax: +41 22 733 0395 into other languages or adapted to meet local needs without E-mail: [email protected] prior permission from the International Federation of Red Cross Website: www.ifrc.org and Red Crescent Societies, provided that the source is clearly stated.
    [Show full text]
  • South Pacific
    South Pacific Governance in the Pacific: the dismissal of Tuvalu's Governor-General Tauaasa Taafaki BK 338.9 GRACE FILE BARCOOE ECO Research School of Pacific and Asian \\\\~ l\1\1 \ \Ul\\ \ \\IM\\\ \\ CBR000029409 9 Enquiries The Editor, Working Papers Economics Division Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra 0200 Australia Tel (61-6) 249 4700 Fax (61-6) 257 2886 ' . ' The Economics Division encompasses the Department of Economics, the National Centre for Development Studies and the Au.§.tralia-J.apan Research Centre from the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University. Its Working Paper series is intended for prompt distribution of research results. This distribution is preliminary work; work is later published in refereed professional journals or books. The Working Papers include V'{Ork produced by economists outside the Economics Division but completed in cooperation with researchers from the Division or using the facilities of the Division. Papers are subject to an anonymous review process. All papers are the responsibility of the authors, not the Economics Division. conomics Division Working Papers " South Pacific Governance in the Pacific: the dismissal of Tuvalu's Governor-General Tauaasa Taafaki / o:,;7 CJ<,~ \}f ftl1 L\S\\ltlR~ Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies C;j~••• © Economics Division, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 1996. This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges Under Commonwealth
    The The Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges under Commonwealth Principles Appoin An independent, impartial and competent judiciary is essential to the rule tmen of law. This study considers the legal frameworks used to achieve this and examines trends in the 53 member states of the Commonwealth. It asks: t, Te ! who should appoint judges and by what process? nur The Appointment, Tenure ! what should be the duration of judicial tenure and how should judges’ remuneration be determined? e and and Removal of Judges ! what grounds justify the removal of a judge and who should carry out the necessary investigation and inquiries? Re mo under Commonwealth The study notes the increasing use of independent judicial appointment va commissions; the preference for permanent rather than fixed-term judicial l of Principles appointments; the fuller articulation of procedural safeguards necessary Judge to inquiries into judicial misconduct; and many other developments with implications for strengthening the rule of law. s A Compendium and Analysis under These findings form the basis for recommendations on best practice in giving effect to the Commonwealth Latimer House Principles (2003), the leading of Best Practice Commonwealth statement on the responsibilities and interactions of the three Co mmon main branches of government. we This research was commissioned by the Commonwealth Secretariat, and undertaken and alth produced independently by the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law. The Centre is part of the British Institute of International and
    [Show full text]
  • China and the Law of the Sea: an Update
    IV China and the Law of the Sea: An Update Guifang Xue* Introduction his article examines the practice of the People's Republic of China with re­ Tspect to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea {1982 LOS Convention),l Two principal areas will be assessed: China's efforts to accom­ modate the challenges of the Convention to its ocean domain as a coastal State and its major maritime legislation to implement the Convention regime. The analysis begins with a brief introduction of China's maritime features and a review of its basic stance toward the Convention. This is followed by a discussion of the major challenges China encountered while establishing its ocean domain based on the Convention regime. China's efforts in implementing the 1982 LOS Convention through national legislation are examined to assess the consistency of that statu­ tory framework with Convention requirements. Finally, conclusions are drawn from China's law of the sea practice. It is shown that China, fo r its part, has been accelerating domestic procedures with a view to enabling it to comply with Con­ vention requi rements. However, China's maritime practice has not been wholly consistent with Convention provisions. At the same time, China's oceans policy adjustments indicate a move away from its previous position as solely a coastal .. Direaor and Professor, Institute for the Law of the $ea, Ocean University of China . The views expressed herein are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the government of the People's Republic of China Part of this article is built on the author's previous work entitled China and International Fisheries Law and Policy, published by Martinus NijhoffPublishers in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • A/HRC/39/8 General Assembly
    United Nations A/HRC/39/8 General Assembly Distr.: General 10 July 2018 Original: English Human Rights Council Thirty-ninth session 10–28 September 2018 Agenda item 6 Universal periodic review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review* Tuvalu * The annex is being circulated without formal editing, in the language of submission only. GE.18-11385(E) A/HRC/39/8 Introduction 1. The Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, established in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 5/1, held its thirtieth session from 7 to 18 May 2018. The review of Tuvalu was held at the 6th meeting, on 9 May 2018. The delegation of Tuvalu was headed by the Prime Minister of Tuvalu, Enele Sosene Sopoaga. At its 10th meeting, held on 11 May 2018, the Working Group adopted the report on Tuvalu. 2. On 10 January 2018, the Human Rights Council selected the following group of rapporteurs (troika) to facilitate the review of Tuvalu: Mexico, Mongolia and Senegal. 3. In accordance with paragraph 15 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21, the following documents were issued for the review of Tuvalu: (a) A national report submitted/written presentation made in accordance with paragraph 15 (a) (A/HRC/WG.6/30/TUV/1); (b) A compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) (A/HRC/WG.6/30/TUV/2); (c) A summary prepared by OHCHR in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) (A/HRC/WG.6/30/TUV/3); 4.
    [Show full text]
  • PAZIFIK IM ÜBERBLICK PNA Wollen Tunfischfang Reduzieren
    Pazifik aktuell Nr. 85 / Februar 2011 ses reguliert, wie viele Schiffe an stände, andererseits soll die PAZIFIK IM ÜBERBLICK wie vielen Tagen jährlich Tun- künstlich erzeugte Verknappung fisch jagen dürfen. Im letzten im Fang den Pazifikstaaten hö- Jahr handelte es sich dabei um here Einkünfte durch den Ver- 40.000 so genannte „Schiffsta- kauf ins Ausland sichern. Die PNA wollen Tunfischfang ge“ (ein Quotient aus der Anzahl PNA sprachen sich bei ihrem reduzieren der Schiffe und Anzahl der Ta- Gipfeltreffen auch dafür aus, den ge). Diese Anzahl soll im bereits Tunfisch direkt im Land zu ver- Im Jahr 2011 soll im westlichen angelaufenen Jahr 2011 auf arbeiten, was sich wegen der und zentralen Pazifik 30 % we- 28.469 Tage reduziert werden, Konkurrenz durch die angren- niger Tunfisch gefangen werden um so eine größere Nachhaltig- zenden asiatischen „Billiglohn- als in den vergangenen zwei keit bei der Bewirtschaftung der länder“ zunehmend als unrenta- Jahren. Das ist zumindest der von Überfischung bedrohten bel erweist. So gibt es heute in Plan des im Dezember letzten Tunfischbestände im westlichen Amerikanisch-Samoa nur noch Jahres stattgefundenen Runden Pazifik zu erreichen. Im vergan- eine Tunfisch verarbeitende Tisches der Mitgliedsländer des genen Jahr hatten die Pazifik- Konservenfabrik, vor Jahren wa- so genannten „Nauru Agree- staaten 4.308 „fishing days“, ren es noch drei. Der Gouver- ment“ (Parties to the Nauru wohingegen die Fischfangflotten neur von Amerikanisch-Samoa, Agreement, PNA). Dabei handelt aus dem Ausland 17.984 Togiola Tulafono, sprach sich es sich um acht pazifische Staa- Schiffstage zur Verfügung hat- dafür aus, den Tunfisch unmit- ten: Papua-Neuguinea, Salomo- ten.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transnational Law of the Sea
    Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 21 Number 2 Article 6 1-1-2021 A Transnational Law of the Sea Josh Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Josh (2021) "A Transnational Law of the Sea," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 21: No. 2, Article 6. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol21/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Transnational Law of the Sea Josh Martin Abstract It is widely accepted that we are presently struggling to govern the vast expanse of the ocean effectively. This Article finally gets to the real cause of much of the failures of the law of the sea: Westphalian sovereignty. In particular, it evidences that certain features of our obstinate model of public international law—such as sovereign exclusivity, equality, and territoriality—can be linked with a large majority of the governance “gaps” in the global ocean context. It thereby exonerates the falsely accused Grotius’s mare liberum doctrine and flag state regulation, which both still continue to receive an unmerited level of condemnation. This Article also argues that worldwide searches for new integrated systems of ocean management are, in fact, a search for a new paradigm of governance, well-known among lawyers, but yet to be thoroughly analyzed in the law of the sea context, that of transnational law and governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship
    COMPARATIVE REPORT 2020/01 COMPARATIVE FEBRUARY REGIONAL 2020 REPORT ON CITIZENSHIP LAW: OCEANIA AUTHORED BY ANNA DZIEDZIC © Anna Dziedzic, 2020 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Requests should be addressed to [email protected]. Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Global Citizenship Observatory (GLOBALCIT) Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law: Oceania RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-Comp 2020/1 February 2020 Anna Dziedzic, 2020 Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ cadmus.eui.eu Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, created in 1992 and currently directed by Professor Brigid Laffan, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research on the major issues facing the process of European integration, European societies and Europe’s place in 21st century global politics. The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes, projects and data sets, in addition to a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration, the expanding membership of the European Union, developments in Europe’s neighbourhood and the wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Third Law of the Sea Convention Jonathan L
    American University International Law Review Volume 15 | Issue 3 Article 2 2000 Fostering Protection of the Marine Environment and Economic Development: Article 121(3) of the Third Law of the Sea Convention Jonathan L. Hafetz Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Hafetz, Jonathan L. "Fostering Protection of the Marine Environment and Economic Development: Article 121(3) of the Third Law of the Sea Convention." American University International Law Review 15, no. 3 (2000): 583-637. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOSTERING PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ARTICLE 121(3) OF THE THIRD LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION JONATHAN L. HAFETZ* INTRODUCTION ....... ................................ 584 I. ARTICLE 121(3) AND THE TREATMENT OF ISLANDS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ............... 587 A. ISLANDS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW BEFORE THE THIRD UN CLOS .......................................... 587 B. ARTICLE 121 AND THE STATUS OF ISLANDS AFTER UN CLO S 1 .............................................. 589 1. Origins of Article 121(3) ................................ 589 2. InterpretingArticle 121(3) ............................... 591 II. UNCLOS II AND THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ................................. 595 A. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSE OF THE THIRD UNCLOS ... 596 1. Requiring States to Protect the Marine Environment ..... 596 2. BalancingMarine Environmental Protectionand Economic Development ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project
    Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Management Plan GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project Environmental and Social Management Plan Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Management Plan GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Disclaimer This Environmental and Social Management Plan has been prepared for the submission of the proposal to the Green Climate Fund for the purposes of assisting in the assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposal. This Environmental and Social Management Plan has been prepared prior to undertaking an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Normally, an Environmental and Social Management Plan would be prepared following baseline studies and then the subsequent impact assessment contained within the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (or commonly known as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)) and would form the basis for the construction and operational environmental and social management plans. As no Environmental and Social Impact Assessment have been undertaken for the projects, this Environmental and Social Management Plan has been prepared solely on the author’s experience with projects of this nature and in consideration of international good practice for these types of projects. Accordingly, the Environmental and Social Management Plan will be subject to change following the preparation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment/s. Assumptions The following assumptions have been made in the preparation of this Environmental and Social Management Plan: 1. all components of the proposal will have an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment/s prepared prior to the construction and operation of the specific project components; 2. none of the projects will require the displacement of people; 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Women to Contest for the General Election Stories This Week: by Semi Malaki
    Publication of Tuvalu MediaMarch Department 9, 2015 Government of Tuvalu Email: [email protected] March 9, 2015 Fenui e-newsletter is publicized with the approval of the Tuvalu Media General Manager Melali Taape Three women to contest for the General Election Stories this week: By Semi Malaki THREE women in Tuvalu have Tuvalu High Commis- the desire to contest for Tuvalu sion to NZ presented General Election on March 19. credentials Following the closing of nominations for candidates late Page 2 last month, three women from two different electoral districts were nominated to contest this Six candidates con- year’s election. testing from Nui Elec- They include Hilia Vavae toral District from the Nanumea Electoral Dis- trict and Dr Puakena Boreham Page 3 with sitting MP Pelenike Teki- nene Isaia from Nui Electoral District. Ms Vavae is a retired civil Taiwan Artist to raise Dr Puakena Boreham one of the three women con- servant who has been heading the awareness on Tuvalu testing in Tuvalu General Election Tuvalu Meteorological Service. Photo: Kuata Taumaheke and climate change She was also contested at the Na- numea bi-election in 2014 fol- Page 5 lowing the resignation of then sitting MP Willy Telavi from Nanumea con- stituency. Dr Boreham was the Medical Superintendent at Princess Margaret Sports Hospital and she resigned to contest against the other five candidates from TASNOC is under new Nui. leadership Mrs Isaia was sitting Member of Parliament from Nui. She joined Parliament after her husband the late Isaia Taeia passed away in 2011. She Page 11 was elected in a bi-election and became Member of Parliament from Nui Is- land.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Instability in TUVALU & NAURU
    By Lisepa Paeniu Outline The issue of instability Parliamentary structures of both countries Options that could be introduced Executive Instability Motions of vote of no confidence in the Head of Government MPs defect from Government to join Opposition Instability includes: Different HoG A change in the Ministerial portfolios of Cabinet, or a new Cabinet altogether or just a new PM/President Tuvalu Year Prime Minister 1978-1981 Toaribi Lauti 1981-89 Tomasi Puapua 1989-92 Bikenibeu Paeniu 1993-96 Kamuta Latasi 1996-99 Bikenibeu Paeniu 1999-2000 Ionatana Ionatana 2000-2001 Faimalaga Luka 2001-2002 Koloa Talake 2002-04 Saufatu Sopoaga 2006-2010 Apisai Ielemia 2010 Maatia Toafa 2010-11 Willy Telavi Why is exec instability an issue? Economy suffers Lack of continuity of policies International obligations Implementation of reforms inconsistent Termination of civil servants Public confidence undermined Political Systems in Tuvalu and Nauru Westminister parliamentary systems Nauru has 18 MPs,Tuvalu has 15 MPs No formal political party system Both have HoG selected by majority in Parliament Speakers are elected as MPs No control/consequence for MPs that cross the floor No limit on when an MP tables a motion of no confidence Options 1. People to vote for PM directly (Kiribati Constitution) Section 32 of the Constitution 1979 – 1991 H.E Ieremia Tabai, GCMG (Nonouti) 1991-1994 H.E Teatao Teannaki (Abaiang) 1994-2002 H.E Teburoro Tito (South Tarawa) 2003- current H.E Anote Tong (Maiana) 2. The office of the Speaker filled by a non-elected MP (Niue Constitution) Options 2 3. MP who crosses floor to resign from Parliament and a by- election to be held (Electoral Act 1967 Samoa) 4.
    [Show full text]