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Politics, history and conceptions of democracy in Barue District, Mozambique van Dokkum, A.
2015
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citation for published version (APA) van Dokkum, A. (2015). Politics, history and conceptions of democracy in Barue District, Mozambique. VU University Amsterdam.
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Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 INTERVIEWS
Interviewee(s) Sex Interview place(s) Year(s) R/U 001 Adolfo SS M Nhazónia 2009 R 002 Adriana M F Tongogara 2010 R 003 Alberto SM M Tongogara 2010 R 004 Alice C F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 005 Ambrósio DC M Catandica 2010 R 006 Amélia C F Sabão 2010 R 007 André AG M Tongogara 2010 R 008 Andrew J M Sabão 2010 R 009 Angelina GA F Catandica 2012 R 010 António G M Catandica 2010 R 011 Arnoldo MC M Tongogara 2010 R 012 Augusto BC M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 013 Baltazar G M Nhamuca 2010 R 014 Barega B M Sabão 2010 R 015 Bento GC M Sabão 2010 R 016 Berinha A F Sanhatunze 2012 R 017 Bernardo M M Nhanzanze 2010 R 018 Bonifácio TQ M Catandica 2010 R 019 Caibossi SG M Barauro 1 2010 R 020 Chadreque FS M Nhamanga 2010 R 021 Cipriano NS M Seguma 2010 R 022 Costa FC M Chimoio 2010 R 023 Crecia JS F Nhazónia 2010 R 024 Dete E M Seguma 2010 R 025 Draiva ST M Nhamuca 2012 R 026 Dudzai MS M Chinda a 2012 U 027 Elias TM M Vulamite 2012 R 028 Elígio MB M Sabão 2012 U 029 Elisabete T F Nhachigo 2012 R, U 030 Eliza V F Matucuzi 2010 U 031 Érina J F Sabão 2010 U 032 Ernesto TM M Sabão 2010 R
341 033 Fabião JN M Catandica 2010 R 034 Sra. Faindane F Seguma 2010 R 035 Fernando SC M Sabão 2010 R 036 Fernando VGT M Catandica 2012 R 037 Filimone WN & Matias FD MM Chôa Sede 2010 R 038 Francisca M F Cagole 2009 R 039 Francisco JB M Chissano 2010 R 040 Francisco L M Sabão 2010 R 041 Fungai TN M Mangawe 2012 R 042 Girasse L M Sabão 2010 R 043 Gribete TS (& Ediasse SS) M Mpataguenha 2009, 2010 R 044 Henriques QC M Catandica 2009 R 045 Henriques Q M Chôa Sede 2010 U 046 Herbert SG M Barauro 1 2010 R 047 Ioanes CN M Catandica, Mpataguenha 2010, 2012 R 048 Isaque T M Tongogara 2010 R 049 James IM M near Chôa Sede 2012 R 050 Jorge S M Tongogara 2010 R 051 José A M Chimoio 2010 U 052 José L M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 053 José NS M Sabão 2010 R 054 Lapson JT M Seguma 2010 R 055 Lourenço J M Tongogara 2010 R 056 Lucas J M Seguma 2010 R 057 Lúcia C F Sabão 2010 R 058 Lúcia J F Sabão/Katanga 2010 U 059 Luís AC M Catandica 2010 R 060 Luís MS M Sanhatunze 2012 R 061 Luís NCM M Cruzamento Macossa 2009 R 062 Macaque A M Sabão 2010 R 063 Marcelino SN M Munene 2009 R 064 Margarita FJ F Tongogara 2010 R 065 Maria F F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 066 Mariano TP M Nhamanga 2010 R 067 Mary M F Nhachigo 2012 R
342 068 Matias SN M Mussinze 2009, 2010 R 069 Maurício JC M Nhampassa 2010 R 070 MS M Mpataguenha 2010 U 071 Melo MN M Cagole 2009, 2010 R 072 Merisina G F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 073 Micheque FS M Nhamuca 2010 R 074 Mony B F Cagole 2010 U 075 Muchabande N M Nhacuacueto 2010 R 076 Mutarato LC M Nhabuto 2012 R 077 Nanipenzi A M Nhanzunde 2010 U 078 Neto VM M Catandica 2010 R 079 Oniasse BS M Munene 2010 R, U 080 Paulino FS M Nhanzunde 2010 R 081 Pedro MN M Tongogara 2010 R 082 Pedzai SM M Tongogara 2010 R 083 Pita GN M Sabão 2010 R 084 Pita MM M Chinda 2010 R 085 Pita PC M Sabão 2010 R 086 Quenesse JS M Nhamuca 2010 R 087 Raul VR M Chissano 2010 R 088 Roberto JC M Chicodo 2012 R 089 Roberto TP M Tongogara 2010 R 090 Rosalina M F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 091 Samai M F Tongogara 2010 R 092 Samuel M M Chôa, near Sede 2010 R 093 Simão GT M Honde 2009 R 094 Soda GC M Seguma 2010 R 095 Sovria S F Tongogara 2010 R 096 Sueta AC M Tongogara 2010 R 097 Suzana C F Munene 2009 R 098 Tapera JM M Munene 2009 R 099 Tique Z M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 100 Tomás SCS M Mussianhalo 2009, 2010 R 101 Tonito MM M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 102 Vasco BN M Munene 2010 R
343 103 Vasco MM M Nhazónia 2010 R 104 Vasco T M Sanhatunze 2012 R 105 Zacarias NG M Chuala 2010 R 106 Tamme H M The Hague 2011 R 107 José JD & Ana CFD MF Macau 2012, 2013 U Note a: Interviewed at a place along the road to Chôa Sede
Other persons not listed above providing information (through email communications in 2013 and 2014 by field assistant Joaquim MM) were: Charles SN, Eulária L, João CI, Neva SM , and Suzana NJ.
344 MAPS
Map 1: Present-day Southern Africa Map 2: Present-day Mozambique with capital, provinces and provincial capitals Map 3: Main rivers in Mozambique Map 4: Approximate contours of Barue Kingdom and location of Mbombona Map 5: Colonial places in Mozambique with approximate location of prazos in 18 th century Map 6: Barue and the Mozambique Company Map 7: Barue District with administrative posts Map 8: Chiefdoms in Barue District without names of rivers (approximate contours) Map 9: Chiefdoms in Barue District with names of rivers (approximate contours)
Maps are not to scale and for illustrative purposes only. Maps 4, 5 and 6 contain present-day contours of Mozambique to ease identification of historical locations. Concerning Map 7, all earlier relevant maps I know of depict the northern boundary of Chôa Administrative Post with Nhampassa Administrative Posts as a continuation of the boundary between Catandica and Nhampassa Administrative Posts. However, such continuation must be incorrect, since the northern boundary is north of Nhabuto. In Maps 8 and 9 the main locations ( sedes ) of the three administrative posts are repeated to facilitate comparison.
Sources: - Southern Africa, Mozambique general: INDE (2009);
345 Map 1: Present-day Southern Africa
N Kigali Rwanda Bujumbura Dar-es-Salam Burundi Angola Congo Tanzania Luanda DRC
Angola Malawi Zambia Lilongwe Lusaka Harare Madagascar Namibia Zimbabwe Mozambique Windhoek Botswana Gaborone Great Zimbabwe Pretoria Maputo ruins Swaziland South Africa (Mbabane ) Cape Town Lesotho 1000 km (Maseru )
346 Map 2: Present-day Mozambique with capital, provinces and provincial capitals
ia an nz N Ta Cabo Niassa Delgao Pemba Malawi LakeNiassa Lichinga Zambia Nampula Tete Nampula Malawi Tete Zambézia
Quelimane Manica Sofala Chimoio
Zimbabwe Beira Mozambique Channel
Inhambane Gaza Inhambane
Swaziland Africa South Maputo Xai-Xai
Matola Maputo 500 km
347 Map 3: Main rivers in Mozambique
N Rovuma
Cahora Bassa hydro-electric dam LakeNiassa
Zambezi
Pungue
Mozambique Channel Save
Limpopo
500 km
348 Map 4: Approximate contours of Barue Kingdom and location of Mbombona
Chidima (Mutapa) Mungari N Missongue Lake Niassa Lake
Zambezi
Tete Mbombona S Luenha ung ue 17 °S BARUE Sena
Catandica a s o Pungue g n a o m r o 19 °S o g Manyika n Manica G ri e h Tewe C
21 °S Save
33 °E 35 °E 250 km
349 Map 5: Colonial places in Mozambique with approximate location of prazos in 18 th century
N Ibo Island LakeNiassa
Mozambique Zumbo Island Tete Angoche Sena Zambezi River Quelimane
Macequece (Manica) Sofala
Bazaruto Island
Inhambane
Lourenço Marques
500 km
350 Map 6: Barue and the Mozambique Company
N
33 °E Gu Ch
17 °S
Ta Ma Circunscrição Barue, directly under control of colonial government
22 °S Present-day Barue District
Area of operation of Mozambique Company
Present-day districts : Ch: Changara Gu: Guro Ma: Macossa Ta: Tambara
500 km
351 Map 7: Barue District with administrative posts
N
Nhampassa
Mpataguenha Nhassacara Cruzamento Macossa road to Macossa
Nhabuto
Nhampassa Nhauroa Barauro 1 Nhazónia Sabão Chinda Catandica Chôa Sede Cagole Chôa Pandagoma Honde
Catandica
Nhamatema
EN7 national road
50 km
352 Map 8: Chiefdoms in Barue District without names of rivers (approximate contours)
N
SAMANHANGA SANHAMÁUÈ
SAHATSIRO SALUANZA SABÃO MPANZE SANHATUNZE
SEGUMA MACUFA
SANHANTAMBA MPANZE
50 km
353 Map 9: Chiefdoms in Barue District with names of rivers (approximate contours)
N Mupa River
Nhabuto River Mwalazi River SAMANHANGA Pandira SANHAMÁUÈ River Caerezi River Nhamuca River Toranhanga SAHATSIRO River SALUANZA SABÃO MPANZE Nhacangale SANHATUNZE River SEGUMA Txatora River Malomwe River
MACUFA Nhazónia Ruera River River
Pungue River SANHANTAMBA MPANZE
50 km
354 PHOTOS
Photo 1: Part of zimbahwe near Catandica, 2010
Photos 2: Makombe Cassiche receives Colonel Arnold; Mungari, 1900 a: General; b: Enlarged. Left oval: probably Cassiche; right oval: probably Arnold Copyright Royal Geographical Society, London – printed with permission
Photo 3: Régulo Samanhanga with Mozambican Constitution and pangolin, Mpataguenha, 2012
Photo 4: Inauguration ceremony of Régulo José Notice Sabão, 12 May 2010 Mayor Eusébio Lambo (standing behind table) speeches after the new régulo got from the mayor his uniform and signed documents; next to him right (on photo) Régulo Jos é Notice Sabão; left Chefe de Localidade Sra. Lúcia Conforme; with part of the audience
Photos 5: Ntsuanda Mountain and ritual site a: Ntsuanda Mountain seen from Catandica. The ritual site mentioned in Appendix D is left on the mountain on the lower part of the slope. b: Future Régulo José Notice Sabão demonstrating the addressing of the spirit Chato at the rain ritual site. Left and right in the surface of the horizontal rock are holes from which the participants drink. (Posed photo, taken moments after actually addressing the spirit.)
Photo 6: 1 May manifestation, Catandica, 2010, with Frelimo flag
355
Photo 1: Part of zimbahwe near Catandica, 2010
356 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL, ONLY IN PRINT VERSION
Photo 2a: Makombe Cassiche receives Colonel Arnold; Mungari, 1900; general. Copyright Royal Geographical Society, London – printed with permission
357 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL, ONLY IN PRINT VERSION
Photo 2b: Makombe Cassiche receives Colonel Arnold; Mungari, 1900; enlarged. Left oval: probably Cassiche; right oval: probably Arnold. Copyright Royal Geographical Society, London – printed with permission
358
Photo 3: Régulo Samanhanga with Mozambican Constitution and pangolin, Mpataguenha, 2012. (The pangolin is an animal which, when found, is customarily handed over to a chief.)
359
Photo 4: Inauguration ceremony of Régulo José Notice Sabão, 12 May 2010
Mayor Eusébio Lambo (standing behind table) speeches after the new régulo got from the mayor his uniform and signed documents; next to him right (on photo) Régulo Jos é Notice Sabão; left Chefe de Localidade Sra. Lúcia Conforme; with part of the audience
360
Photo 5a: Ntsuanda Mountain and ritual site; Ntsuanda Mountain seen from Catandica. The ritual site mentioned in Appendix D is left on the mountain on the lower part of the slope.
361
Photo 5b: Ntsuanda Mountain and ritual site; future Régulo José Notice Sabão demonstrating the addressing of the spirit Chato at the rain ritual site. Left and right in the surface of the horizontal rock are holes from which the participants drink. (Posed photo, taken moments after actually addressing the spirit.)
362
Photo 6: 1 May manifestation, Catandica, 2010, with Frelimo flag
363 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations AHM Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique GJSS Graduate Journal of Social Science IESE Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos IJAHS The International Journal of African Historical Studies JAH The Journal of African History JMAS The Journal of Modern African Studies JSAS Journal of Southern African Studies MPPB Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin ; Mozambique Political Process Bulletin ; Boletim sobre o processo político em Moçambique NADA The Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Department Annual ROAPE Review of African Political Economy
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[H] Historical material, not necessarily in archives
BOURNE, KENNETH, DONALD CAMERON WATT AND DAVID THROUP (EDS.) 1995. British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print . Part I: From the mid-nineteenth century to the First World War. Series G: Africa, 1848-1914. Vol. 12: Mozambique, Nyasaland and Northeastern Rhodesia, 1899-1902. [Frederick (MD)]: University Publications of America. FRELIMO. 1962. Mozambique Political Parties Fuse . Press release 26 June.
393 ------. 1972. “Manica e Sofala”, Mozambique Revolution 53: 7. ------. 1973a. “Manica e Sofala”, Mozambique Revolution 54: 13. ------. 1973b. “Manica e Sofala”, Mozambique Revolution 55: 14. ------. 1973c. “Manica e Sofala”, Mozambique Revolution 56: 10. ------. 1974a. “Manica e Sofala”, Mozambique Revolution 59: 13. ------. 1974b. “The Lusaka Agreement”, Mozambique Revolution 60: 14-15. ------. 1977a. Programa e estatutos . N.p.: Departamento do Trabalho Ideológico da FRELIMO. ------. 1977b[1966]. “Reunião do Comité Central em Outubro de 1966”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1 . Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 36-52. ------. 1977c[1968]. “Segundo Congresso da Frelimo. Discurso oficial do Comité Central”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1 . Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 53-91. ------. 1977d[1968]. “Resoluções do II Congresso”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1 . Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 92-106. ------. 1977e[1968]. “Resoluções da 2ª. sessão do Comité Central de Setembro de 1968”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1 . Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 107-127. ------. 1977f[1969]. “Comunicado final e resoluções da 3ª. sessão do Comité Central de Abril de 1969”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1 . Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 128-147. ------. 1977g. “Comunicado final da 4ª. sessão do Comité Central da FRELIMO de Maio de 1970”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1 . Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 148-159. ------. 1978[1977]. Central Committee Report to the Third Congress of FRELIMO . London: Mozambique, Angola and Guiné Information Centre. ------. 1982[1978]. A History of FRELIMO . Salisbury: Longman Zimbabwe/Department of Ideological Work FRELIMO, Mozambique. ------. 2006. Estatutos aprovados pelo 9 o Congresso .
394 MACHEL, JOSINA. 1969. “The role of women in the Revolution”, Mozambique Revolution 41: 24-27. MACHEL, SAMORA. 1975.”The President’s message to the nation on Independence Day. A State born of our People’s struggle”, Mozambique Revolution 61: 18-23. Translated by Frelimo. MMOLE, MATHEW MICHINJI, HLOMULO CHITOFO GWAMBE AND SABASTENE SIGAUKE. 1972[1963]. “Declaration of dissolution of FRELIMO”, in Ronald H. Chilcote (ed.) Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa. Documents . Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, pp. 465-466. MONDLANE, EDUARDO CHIVAMBO. 1965a. “Presidential message”, Mozambican Revolution 14: 1-2. ------. 1972[1962]. “Dissent on Moçambique” in Ronald H. Chilcote (ed.) Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa. Documents . Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, pp. 411-422. ------. 1972[1964]. “The development of nationalism in Moçambique”, in Ronald H. Chilcote (ed.) Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa. Documents . Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, pp. 391-400. ------. 1977[1962]. “Discurso proferido pelo Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, Presidente da FRELIMO”, in FRELIMO (ed.) Documentos Base da FRELIMO 1. Maputo: Tempográfica, pp. 10-12. MONDLANE, JANET RAE. 1967. “The Mozambique Institute”, Southern Africa Bulletin 9: 1-3.
[L] Legislation
CARRILHO, JOSÉ NORBERTO (ED.). 2009. Colectânea de legislação constitucional . Maputo: Ministério da Justiça, Centro de Formação Jurídica e Judiciária. GONÇALVES, MANUEL LOPES MAIA. 1978. Código de processo penal. Anotado e comentado , second edition. Coimbra: Livraria Almedina.
395 GRACIAS, J.A. ISMAEL (ED.). 1894. Decreto de 1 de Dezembro de 1869. Carta Organica das instituções administrativas nas provincias ultramarinas . Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional. < www.fd.unl.pt >, accessed 21/11/2012. MOZAMBIQUE. 1975. Constituição da República Popular de Moçambique. Lei da nacionalidade e constituição do primeiro governo , second edition. N.p.: Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique. ------. 1977. “Lei n. o 1/77 de 1 de Setembro. Lei eleitoral para as eleições das Assembleias do Povo na República Popular de Moçambique em 1977”, Boletim da República I series (101): 470-(3)-470-(7). ------. 1990. Constitution of Mozambique [bilingual]. Edited by Tamma Hansma. Amsterdam: African-European Institute. ------. 1994a[1993]. Electoral Law of Mozambique . (Law 4/93 of 28 December.) Translated by Guido Van Hecken. Amsterdam: African-European Institute.
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397 Diário do Governo I series (274): 1793-1801.
[N] Material from newspapers and electronic news services
AFRICA REPORT . 1964a. “News in brief, March 16”, based on Christian Science Monitor information, Africa Report May, p. 18. ------. 1964b. “News in brief, August 27”, based on Northern Star information, Africa Report October, p. 26. ------. 1968. “Frelimo Congress held in Mozambique”, Africa Report October, p. 42. AFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN . 1975. “Public confessions”, Africa Research Bulletin March, p. 3567. ALLAFRICA. 1999. Mozambique: slain leader’s wife speaks out , 28 January.
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[W] Websites (selection)
CHEKWA, JOHN
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