DOCSLIB.ORG

Labeobarbus: Cyprinidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Labeobarbus: Cyprinidae) MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, POPULATION STRUCTURE AND TAXONOMY OF LARGE BARBINE MINNOWS (LABEOBARBUS: CYPRINIDAE) by KEBEDE ALEMU BESHERA PHILLIP M. HARRIS, COMIITTEE CHAIR LESLIE RISSLER JUAN M. LOPEZ-BAUTISTA DANIEL GRAF RICHARD MAYDEN A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biological Sciences in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2012 Copyright Kebede Alemu Beshera 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT The phylogeny, biogeography, population genetics and taxonomy of Labeobarbus (Cyprinidae), a genus of large hexaploid minnows, was estimated by a variety of phylogenetic and population genetics methods. In Chapter 2 relationships among species of large barbine minnows was examined based on analysis of variation in complete mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences. In all analyses hexaploid minnows from Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East were recovered as a monophyletic taxon. This clade diverged from European tetraploid and African diploid and tetraploid lineages approximately 13 MYA. The earliest cladogewnetic event within this clade occurred ca 5.0 MYA giving rise to Sub-Saharn African and Saharan African-Levant clades. Subsequent cladodenesis within the clade took place during the Plio-Pleistocene. Chapter 3 investigated the phylogeography of Labeobarbus intermedius across its geographic distribution in Ethiopia based on analysis of complete cyt b gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis recovered two distinct geographic lineages (northern and southern) within L. intermedius, which diverged from each other ca Late Pleistocene consistent with the timing of Pleistocene volcanic activities in East Africa. Chapter 4 developed microsatellite DNA markers for use in Chapter 5. Seventy-two microsatellite primers were developed based on a genomic library of Labeobarbus intermedius employing next generation 454 sequencing. Six polymorphic loci were examined over 35 L. intermedius specimens and tested for cross-species amplification in other Labeobarbus taxa. Genetic diversity was high with 99 alleles identified in L. intemedius with an average of 16.5 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygocity ranged from 0.8-1.0 across all loci. These loci also ii amplified successfully across all taxa. In Chapter 5, ten microsatllite DNA loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cyt b gene sequences were analyzed to investigate population structure and evolutionary relationships within the Labeobarbus species flock of Lake Tana. Phylogenetic analyses based on COI and cyt b gene sequences consistently rejected the monophyly of Lake Tana Labeobarbus haplotypes and recovered all haplotypes as part of a larger clade that contained haplotypes from independent drainages throughout Ethiopia. Bayesian clustering analysis of ten microsatellite markers employing STRUCTURE revealed little genetic differentiation within the Lake Tana Labeobarbus suggesting that alleles were shared among individuals and putative species in the species flock. The resolved phylogeny and lack of population differentiation in Lake Tana Labeobarbus may suggest either these evolutionary lineages are at an early stage of an ongoing adaptive radiation in Lake Tana or lack of signal in molecular markers examined. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Alemu Beshera and Ayelech Wodajo, for all what they have done for me including giving me the opportunity to see the light. iv LIST OF ABREVIATIONS a mean number of alleles per locus A Adenine ABI Applied Biosystems AMOVA Analysis of Molecualr Variance ANL Addis Ababa-Nekemt lineament AWMISET Agricultural Water Management Information System of Ethiopia bp base pairs BP before present C Cytocine Ca around CAR Central African Republic CBOL Barcode of Life CI Credible Interval CO1 Cytochrome Oxydease I gene CRV Central Rift Valley CTOL Cypriniformis Tree of Life Cytb cytochrome b gene o C Degree Celsius DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNASP DNA Sequence Polymorphism (Software for analysis of DNA polymorphism) v DNTP Deoxy Ribonucleotide Triphosphate DRC Democratic Republic of Congo e.g. For example EtOH ethanol Et al. and others FAM Carboxyfluorescein F Forward primer FIG Figure FS Fu’s (1997) demographic statistic FIS Hardy Weinberg (Fixation Index) G Guanine GBL Goba-Bonga Lineament GBN GenBank number GIS inbreeding coefficient GTR+ Γ Generalized Time Reversible (model of DNA evolution) h haplotype diversity Hd haplotype diversity HEX Hexachloro-fluorescein HN Haplotype number Hap Haplotype HiDi Highly deionized vi H2O Water HE Expected Heterozygocity HN Haplotype number HO Observed heterozygocity HPD Highest Posterior Density Interval Ht Total heterozygocity i.e. That is to say IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature K The number of genetically differentiated clusters ΔK rate of change in the log probability of data between successive K values KU Kansas Universisty µ Micro µL Microliter µM Micromolar mtDNA mitochondrial DNA ncDNA nuclear DNA MCMC Markov chain MgCl2 Magnesium Chloride MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex ML Maximum Likelihood MY million years vii MYA million years Ago MP Maximum Parsimony Ng Nanogram NA Number of alleles NS Number of samples NSF National Science Foundation OTU Operational Taxonomic Unit P p-value PAUP Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (Computational phylogenetics program) PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PEG Polyethylene Glycol PMY Percent per million years R Reverse primer R2 Statistical test (developed by by Ramos-Onsins and Rozas, 2002) for detecting population growth RNAse Ribonuclease (type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA) RV Rift Valley SA Allele size range SAIAB South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity SL Standard length SLC Sampling locality coordinates viii SRV Southern Rift Valley ФST statistical measure of population differentiation R2 statistics used to detect departures from constant population size RAxML Randomized Accelerated Maximum Likelihood T Thymine TAMRA One of four Fluorescent dyes used to label DNA templates TCS Phylogenetic network estimation software using Statistical Parsimony TBR Tree-Bisection-Reconnection Tm Annealing temperature TMRCA time to Most Common Ancestor UAIC University of Alabama Ichthyological Collections YA years ago ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are especially due to Dr. Phillip M. Harris, my advisor, for his support and guidance from developing to completion of this dissertation. I couldn’t have done this work without his help. I am also grateful to my Graduate Committee members, Drs. Leslie Rissler, Daniel Graf, Juan Lopez-Bautista, and Richard Mayden, for their support throughout this dissertation and constructive comments on the manuscript. Financial support of the Cypriniforms Tree of Life Project was invaluable in allowing me to conduct fieldwork in Ethiopia and covering all costs associated with my dissertation. My appreciation also goes to the Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School, The University of Alabama, for providing additional financial assistance. I express my thanks to South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) and University of Kansas Fish Collection for providng some samples used in this dissertation, Jimma University for logistic support during field work, local fisheries departments and personnel in Ethiopia for their assistance in field collections. I can’t say enough to thank my friend, Brook Fluker, for the love, respect and support he showed me, taking time out of no time to share information, help in data analysis and reviewing some papers. I thank, my friend, Berhanu Tekle, who gave me constant support through this long, adventurous and sometimes arduous journey and helped me endure at times when the going was tough. I am grateful to Lindsay Clark, Yonathan Berhanu, and Yonas Goiton for their technical support. I also thank my friends Michael Sandel, Justin Bagley, Grey Hubbard, Jenjit x Khudamrongsawat, Nathan Whelan, Alex Teoh, and John Pffefier for their helpful discussions and comments and the late Wally Holznagel for sharing his vast knowledge on Molecular techniques and his assistance in the lab. Finally, I thank my kids, Ruth, Candor, and Yanet, whose presence inspires me and gives me purpose to keep on going and my wife Tigist for assisting and supporting me through this process. Without them on my side nothing of this would have been possible. My parents deserve special thanks for their love and encouragement along with my brothers (Dagne, Shiferaw, Eyob, Getnet, and Yibeltal) who supported me all the way. xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………….……..…………………………………………………………….ii DEDICATION..………………………………..…………………………………………………iv LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ………………...……………………………………………………v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..……………………………………………………………………….x LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………..xiii LIST OF FIGURES….…………………………………………………..……………………...xiv CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION….………...………………………………………1 CHAPTER 2: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENEY OF LARGE HEXAPLOID BARBINE MINNOWS (LABEOBARBUS: CYPRINIDAE)…..……………………………….…….7 CHAPTER 3: MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF LABEOBARBUS INTERMEDIUS (CYPRINIDAE), EAST AFRICA…………………….…………….37 CHAPTER 4: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SIX NOVEL MICROSATELLITE LOCI IN LABEOBARBUS INTERMEDIUS (CYPRINIDAE) AND THEIR CROSS-SPECIES UTILITY IN THE LAKE TANA LABEOBARBUS SPECIES FLOCK………..………………………………………….60 CHAPTER 5: NUCLEAR MICROSATELLITE AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MARKERSREVEAL EXTREMELY
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Southern Iraq Herpetofauna
    Vol. 3 (1): 61-71, 2019 A Review of Southern Iraq Herpetofauna Nadir A. Salman Mazaya University College, Dhi Qar, Iraq *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The present review discussed the species diversity of herpetofauna in southern Iraq due to their scientific and national interests. The review includes a historical record for the herpetofaunal studies in Iraq since the earlier investigations of the 1920s and 1950s along with the more recent taxonomic trials in the following years. It appeared that, little is known about Iraqi herpetofauna, and no comprehensive checklist has been done for these species. So far, 96 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded from Iraq, but only a relatively small proportion of them occur in the southern marshes. The marshes act as key habitat for globally endangered species and as a potential for as yet unexplored amphibian and reptile diversity. Despite the lack of precise localities, the tree frog Hyla savignyi, the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibunda and the green toad Bufo viridis are found in the marshes. Common reptiles in the marshes include the Caspian terrapin (Clemmys caspia), the soft-shell turtle (Trionyx euphraticus), the Euphrates softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), geckos of the genus Hemidactylus, two species of skinks (Trachylepis aurata and Mabuya vittata) and a variety of snakes of the genus Coluber, the spotted sand boa (Eryx jaculus), tessellated water snake (Natrix tessellata) and Gray's desert racer (Coluber ventromaculatus). More recently, a new record for the keeled gecko, Cyrtopodion scabrum and the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus sochureki) was reported. The IUCN Red List includes six terrestrial and six aquatic amphibian species.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture
    Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture Volume 7 Part 1 The Leichhardt diaries Early travels in Australia during 1842-1844 Edited by Thomas A. Darragh and Roderick J. Fensham © Queensland Museum PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone: +61 (0) 7 3840 7555 Fax: +61 (0) 7 3846 1226 Web: qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 1440-4788 NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the Editor in Chief. A Guide to Authors is displayed on the Queensland Museum website qm.qld.gov.au A Queensland Government Project 30 June 2013 The Leichhardt diaries. Early travels in Australia during 1842–1844 Diary No 2 28 December - 24 July 1843 (Hunter River - Liverpool Plains - Gwydir Des bords du Tanaïs au sommet du Cédar. - Darling Downs - Moreton Bay) Sur le bronze et le marbre et sur le sein des [Inside the front cover are two newspaper braves cuttings of poetry, The Lost Ship and The Et jusque dans le cœur de ces troupeaux Neglected Wife. Also there are manuscript d’esclaves stanzas of three pieces of poetry. The first Qu’il foulait tremblans sous son char. in German, the second in English from Jacob Faithful by Frederick Maryatt, and the third [On a reef lashed by the plaintive wave in French.] the navigator from afar sees whitening on the shore Die Gestalt, die die erste Liebe geweckt a tomb near the edge, dumped by the Vergisst sich nie billows; Um den grünsten Fleck in der Wüste der time has not yet darkened the narrow Zeit stone Schwebt zögernd sie and beneath the green fabric of the briar From the German poem of an English and of the ivy lady.
    [Show full text]
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • A Manual for Commercial Production of the Tiger Barb, ~C~T Etnlnmmi
    saeAU-8-97-002 C3 A Manual for Commercial Production of the Tiger Barb, ~c~t etnlnmmI. A T p y P i d T k Sp By: Clyde S. Tamaru, Ph.D. Brian Cole, M.S. Richard Bailey, B.A. Christopher Brown, Ph.o. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number 129 Commercial Production of Tiger 8arbs ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manual is a combined effort of three institutions, United States Department of Agriculture Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture CTSA!, and University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service SGES! and Aquaculture Development Program ADP!, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. Financial support for this project was provided by the Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture through grants from the US Department of Agriculture USDA grant numbers 93-38500-8583 and 94-38500-0065!. Production of the manual is also funded in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, project kA/AS-1 which is sponsored by the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology SOEST!, under institutional Grant No. NA36RG0507 from NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-96-01. Support for the production of the manual was also provided by the Aquaculture Development Program, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, as part of their Aquaculture Extension Project with University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension, Service Contract Nos. 9325 and 9638. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USDA or any of its sub-agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Kenya's Elephants
    The status of Kenya’s elephants 1990–2002 C. Thouless, J. King, P. Omondi, P. Kahumbu, I. Douglas-Hamilton The status of Kenya’s elephants 1990–2002 © 2008 Save the Elephants Save the Elephants PO Box 54667 – 00200 Nairobi, Kenya first published 2008 edited by Helen van Houten and Dali Mwagore maps by Clair Geddes Mathews and Philip Miyare layout by Support to Development Communication CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations iv Executive summary v Map of Kenya viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Survey techniques 4 3. Data collection for this report 7 4. Tsavo 10 5. Amboseli 17 6. Mara 22 7. Laikipia–Samburu 28 8. Meru 36 9. Mwea 41 10. Mt Kenya (including Imenti Forest) 42 11. Aberdares 47 12. Mau 51 13. Mt Elgon 52 14. Marsabit 54 15. Nasolot–South Turkana–Rimoi–Kamnarok 58 16. Shimba Hills 62 17. Kilifi District (including Arabuko-Sokoke) 67 18. Northern (Wajir, Moyale, Mandera) 70 19. Eastern (Lamu, Garissa, Tana River) 72 20. North-western (around Lokichokio) 74 Bibliography 75 Annexes 83 The status of Kenya’s elephants 1990–2002 AcKnowledgemenTs This report is the product of collaboration between Save the Elephants and Kenya Wildlife Service. We are grateful to the directors of KWS in 2002, Nehemiah Rotich and Joseph Kioko, and the deputy director of security at that time, Abdul Bashir, for their support. Many people have contributed to this report and we are extremely grateful to them for their input. In particular we would like to thank KWS field personnel, too numerous to mention by name, who facilitated our access to field records and provided vital information and insight into the status of elephants in their respective areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor.Michigan
    OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR.MICHIGAN THE CYPRINID DERMOSPHENOTIC AND THE SUBFAMILY RASBORINAE The Cyprinidac, the largest family of fishes, do not lend themselves readily to subfamily classification (Sagemehl, 1891; Regan, 1911 ; Ramaswami, 195513). Nevertheless, it is desirable to divide the family in some way, if only to facilitate investiga- tion. Since Gunther's (1868) basic review of the cyprinids the emphasis in classification has shifted from divisions that are rcadily differentiable to groupings intended to be more nearly phylogenetic. In the course of this change a subfamily classifica- tion has gradually been evolved. Among the most notable contributions to the development of present subfamily concepts are those of Berg (1912), Nikolsky (1954), and Banarescu (e-g. 1968a). The present paper is an attempt to clarify the nature and relationships of one cyprinid subfamily-the Rasborinae. (The group was termed Danioinae by Banarescu, 1968a. Nomen- claturally, Rasborina and Danionina were first used as "family group" names by Giinther; to my knowledge the first authors to include both Rasbora and Danio in a single subfamily with a name bascd on one of these genera were Weber and de Beaufort, 1916, who used Rasborinae.) In many cyprinids, as in most characins, the infraorbital bones form an interconnected series of laminar plates around the lower border of the eye, from the lacrimal in front to the dermo- sphenotic postcrodorsally. This series bears the infraorbital sensory canal, which is usually continued into the cranium above the dcrmosphenotic. The infraorbital chain of laminar plates is generally anchored in position relative to the skull anteriorly and 2 Gosline OCC.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of Lower Omo River and the Ethiopian Part of Lake Turkana, East Africa
    Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of Lower Omo River and the Ethiopian Part of Lake Turkana, East Africa Mulugeta Wakjira Addis Ababa University June 2016 Cover photos: Lower Omo River at Omorate town about 50 km upstream of the delta (upper photo); Lake Turkana from Ethiopian side (lower photo). © Mulugeta Wakjira and Abebe Getahun Fish diversity, Community structure, Feeding ecology, and Fisheries of lower Omo River and the Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, East Africa Mulugeta Wakjira A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences) June 2016 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE PROGRAM This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Mulugeta Wakjira entitled, "Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of lower Omo River and the Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, East Africa", and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Science) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee Examiner (external): Dr. Leo Nagelkerke Signature ____________ Date_________ Examiner (internal): Dr. Elias Dadebo Signature ____________ Date_________ Advisor: Dr. Abebe Getahun Signature ____________ Date__________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator Abstract Ethiopia has a freshwater system in nine major drainage basins which fall into four ichthyofaunal provinces and one subprovince. Omo-Turkana Basin, spanning considerable geographic area in southwestern Ethiopia and northern Kenya, essentially consists of Omo River (also known as Omo-Gibe) and Lake Turkana.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Habits of Tinfoil Barb, Barbonymus Schwenenfeldii in the Tasik River, South Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra, Indonesia by Eri Yusni
    Feeding habits of Tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwenenfeldii in the Tasik River, South Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra, Indonesia by Eri Yusni Submission date: 21-Apr-2021 10:07AM (UTC+0700) Submission ID: 1565275453 File name: Feeding_habits_of_Tinfoil_barb,_Barbonymus_schwenenfeldii_in.pdf (622.06K) Word count: 3752 Character count: 19292 1 10 12 18 14 1 24 7 7 1 25 16 11 4 2 14 15 6 13 22 8 13 2 20 3 21 19 9 23 5 16 17 Feeding habits of Tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwenenfeldii in the Tasik River, South Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra, Indonesia ORIGINALITY REPORT 13% 9% 9% 6% SIMILARITY INDEX INTERNET SOURCES PUBLICATIONS STUDENT PAPERS PRIMARY SOURCES 1 Submitted to Institut Pertanian Bogor Student Paper 1% 2 onlinelibrary.wiley.com Internet Source 1% 3 academicjournals.org Internet Source 1% Muhammad Azfar-Ismail, Mohd Salleh 4 % Kamarudin, Fadhil Syukri, Kamil Latif. "Larval 1 development of a new hybrid Malaysian mahseer (Barbonymus gonionotus ♀ × Tor tambroides ♂)", Aquaculture Reports, 2020 Publication 5 Submitted to Udayana University Student Paper 1% 6 www.scialert.net Internet Source 1% Mohammad Mustakim, Sutrisno Anggoro, 7 % Frida Purwanti, Haeruddin. " Food habits and 1 trophic level of in floodplain lake, Lake Semayang, East Kalimantan ", E3S Web of Conferences, 2020 Publication 8 link.springer.com Internet Source 1% A Muhtadi, R Leidonald, Desrita. "Habitat 9 % characteristics and water quality status in the 1 Batangtoru Watershed, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia", IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020 Publication 10 boptnlantai4msp.blogspot.com Internet Source 1% 11 ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id Internet Source 1% 12 www.coursehero.com Internet Source 1% Desrita, I S Tamba, A Muhtadi, J Ariyanti, R 13 % Leidonald.
    [Show full text]
  • 505 the Lost Language of Ancient
    MEDICINA NEI SECOLI ARTE E SCIENZA, 30/2 (2018) 505-530 Journal of History of Medicine Articoli/Articles THE LOST LANGUAGE OF ANCIENT BABYLONIAN PLANTS: FROM MYTH TO MEDICINE BARBARA BÖCK Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterráneo y Oriente Próximo Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, ES SUMMARY The Sumerian myth of Enki and Ninḫursaga, which conveys Enki’s metaphorical nature as power behind the irrigation of the Mesopotamian marshlands, contains a passage that brings together plants, pains and deities. The raison d’être for the choice of these eight plants has so far escaped scholars. In analysing the evidence for the plants according to cuneiform literary and medical sources the present contribution offers a discussion of their nature and possible connection with the god Enki providing thus an explanation for their choice and shedding light on the storyteller’s motivation for including the episode on plants in the myth. Although Ancient Babylonians did not produce mythological nar- rations or other literary traditions about plants comparable to the Classical world, references to the plant kingdom indeed entered the cuneiform belles-lettres. A rather bizarre passage that brings togeth- er plants, pains and deities and which will be discussed in the present contribution is included in the Sumerian myth about the god of wis- dom and sweet waters, Enki, and Ninhursag, a mother goddess. The narration is also known as “Sumerian Epic of Paradise” as coined by its first editor Stephen Langdon in 19151. The Sumerologist S.N. Kramer observed that it “is one of the more interesting, intricate, Key words: Enki and Ninḫursaga - Enki and Fishes - Aquatic Plants - Medicine and Myth 505 Barbara Böck and imaginative myths in the Sumerian repertoire, but also one of the most enigmatic and frustrating”2.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands of Kenya
    The IUCN Wetlands Programme Wetlands of Kenya Proceedings of a Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya "11 S.A. Crafter , S.G. Njuguna and G.W. Howard Wetlands of Kenya This one TAQ7-31T - 5APQ IUCN- The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948 , IUCN— The World Conservation Union brings together States , government agencies and a diverse range of non - governmental organizations in a unique world partnership : some 650 members in all , spread across 120 countries . As a union , IUCN exists to serve its members — to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts , strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals . Through its six Commissions , IUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups . A central secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources , as well as providing a range of services . The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies , and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises . Operations are increasingly decentralized and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices , located principally in developing countries . IUCN — The World Conservation Union - seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world . IUCN Wetlands Programme The IUCN Wetlands Programme coordinates and reinforces activities of the Union concerned with the management of wetland ecosystems .
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE CHINA Revision of Cyprinus Maomingensis Liu 1957
    SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences • RESEARCH PAPER • July 2015 Vol.58 No.7: 1123–1132 doi: 10.1007/s11430-015-5085-7 Revision of Cyprinus maomingensis Liu 1957 and the first discovery of Procypris-like cyprinid (Teleostei, Pisces) from the late Eocene of South China CHEN GengJiao1,4*, CHANG Mee-Mann2 & LIU HuanZhang3 1 Natural History Museum of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530012, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolutionary and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; 3 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; 4 State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China Received August 25, 2014; accepted December 30, 2014; published online May 4, 2015 Fossil cyprinids from the upper part of the upper Eocene Youganwo Formation of Maoming, Guangdong, China were first studied in 1957 by Liu, who referred the only specimen to the genus Cyprinus as a new species, C. maomingensis. And this was suggested as one of the earliest records for fossil cyprinids. Unfortunately, this specimen is poorly preserved and reveals no more morphological information than its serrated last unbranched dorsal and anal fin rays. Recently, some new specimens were unearthed from the same locality, where C. maomingensis was discovered. In addition to the serrated dorsal and anal fin rays, these new materials also show that the pattern and shape of their pharyngeal teeth obviously differ from that of Cyprinus but resemble that of Procypris. However, its number of the branched dorsal fin rays and number of vertebrae are much less than that in Procypris.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Habits and Trace Metal Concentrations in the Muscle of Lapping Minnow Garra Quadrimaculata (Rüppell, 1835) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia
    Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v8i2.2 Feeding habits and trace metal concentrations in the muscle of lapping minnow Garra quadrimaculata (Rüppell, 1835) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia Yosef Tekle-Giorgis1*, Hiwot Yilma2 and Elias Dadebo2 1School of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 336, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia (*[email protected]). 2Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. ABSTRACT Diet composition and trace metal concentration in the muscle of the lapping minnow Garra quadrimaculata (Rüppell, 1835) was investigated to study the trophic status of the species as well as to assess the level of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the body of the fish. The study was conducted based on 328 gut samples collected from February to March (dry months) and from August to September (wet months) of the year 2011. Frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods were employed in this study. Detritus, fish eggs, macrophytes, phytoplankton and insects occurred in 54.9%, 16.2%, 43.9%, 56.4% and 26.6% of the guts, respectively and comprised 27.1%, 22.2%, 18.2%, 18.2% and 14.1% of the total volume of food, respectively. The proportions of different food items consumed varied during the dry and wet months. Fish eggs and detritus were the dominant food items during the dry months. Macrophytes and insects were also common in the diet. During the wet months, phytoplankton was the most dominant food item (33.5% by volume). Macrophytes, detritus and insects were also important in the diet.
    [Show full text]