The Stock Photography Timeline

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Stock Photography Timeline Alamy presents... 1947 1920 The Stock Timeline colour key: Magnum Photos is formed Robertstock by four photographers - Robert Photography founded by Bright blue text Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, indicates a company George Rodger and David H. Armstrong "Chim" Seymour, with a focus Navy blue text indicates on photojournalism. Magnum Roberts. Timeline a key milestone is an exclusive 'club' of the world's finest photographers. 1951 1957 1973 1975 1989 PACA is established, which The first digital French photo The British Association of Corbis is founded by Bill later became DMLA (Digital Picture Libraries & Agencies Gates in Seattle. Rumour has Media Licensing Association). scan of a photo agency Sipa Press (BAPLA) is estabished as a it, Bill Gates imagined a world The company’s mission is is established. trade body to encourage best where instead of a hanging "to promote and protect the Russell Kirsch makes a practice in the industry. picture, everybody would interests of the media licensing 176 × 176 pixel digital image have big screens on their walls community through advocacy, by scanning a photograph of displaying art. education and communication". his three-month-old son. The first recorded attempt at building a digital camera - the camera takes 23 seconds Tim Berners-Lee, a British to take its first picture in scientist at CERN, invents December 1975. the World Wide Web. Early Pre 1995 1993 1992 1990s 1990s Getty acquires Mark Getty and Jonathan Klein The first digital photograph Conceptual images become Until the early form Getty Investments, appears online of Les Horribles front and centre in the stock Tony Stone, marking looking at opportunities in the Cernettes, an all-girl science rock world, and a myriad of ‘global 1990s, all photo the beginning of the creative world. band, uploaded by Sir Tim communication’, ‘success’ and libraries used Berners-Lee who asked the band ‘teamwork’ shots become Getty portfolio. for scanned images to upload to the new clichés. physical archives. “some sort of information system CEPIC (Coordination of European he had just invented, called the Corbis acquires Picture Agencies Stock, Press and ‘World Wide Web.'” Royalty-free is born - Photodisc is Heritage) is established in Berlin, established in Seattle, selling CD Bettman. Germany. CEPIC federates 800 picture ROMs of imagery. Once you’d agencies and photo libraries in 20 The Photo CD created by Kodak. bought the images on the disc, countries across Europe, with the aim you could use them again and of being a united voice for the press, again without paying a further stock & heritage organisations of ‘royalty’ or fee. Europe in all matters relating to the photographic industry. 1996 1997 1999 2000 Getty acquires Getty Communications acquires Alamy is founded by James West, along with Microstock enters the industry as PhotoDisc to form Getty Images. his uncle Mike Fischer. At this time, a handful of large iStockphoto is founded by Bruce Hulton archive. agencies dominate the stock photo industry and Livingstone. iStockphoto began digital photography is still in its infancy. Alamy enters as a site where designers could First known publicly the market in a unique position, offering a higher share images for free. shared picture via a percentage to photographers than it retains. cell phone, by The selection criteria for image uploads is solely Dreamstime goes onlineas a royalty- Philippe Kahn. based on technical quality, giving photographers free stock photography website. more freedom with their image uploads. Google Images starts as a new place for people to find image content online. Getty buys The Image Bank from Kodak. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 Getty Images The royalty-free microstock Wikimedia Commons is created Shutterstock JupiterMedia is created by CEO image library 123RF is founded. – an online repository of free- Alan Meckler. From 2004 onwards, buys iStockphoto use images, sound, and other is founded by JupiterMedia begins acquiring and enters the Fotolia is founded by Thibaud media files. Jon Oringer in image assets, creating a separate Elziere, Oleg Tscheltzoff stock photography division called microstock market. and Patrick Chassany, and New York City. Jupiterimages, operating two becomes the biggest European Flickr is created by websites, one for free-to-use microstock agency. Ludicorp as an image and images and one for low-cost video hosting website. microstock images. 2008 2009 2010 2014 2015 Getty Images Canadian online photography Instagram launches Getty announces its embedded community 500PX is founded viewer, where images can be used Adobe acquires Fotolia. acquires by Oleg Gutsol and Evgeny as a free mobile for free in exchange for an JupiterMedia. Tchebotarev. The site was app, founded by embedded link. formerly a portfolio site, which later converted to stock Kevin Systrom and Alamy launches the Stockimo app, 2016 photography. Mike Krieger. making it possible to turn your iPhone images into cash. Flickr announces a partnership with Getty Images in which Snapwire is opened to the public Corbis sells its image licensing selected users could submit by founders Chad Newell and Sky business to VCG, and VCG then photographs for stock photo Gilbar. On this platform, buyers gives exclusive distribution rights use and receive payment. post a creative image brief or to Getty Images for those images. 'request' for the images they're looking for, and photographers respond by submitting their photos through the Snapwire website or iPhone app. .
Recommended publications
  • The Perceived Credibility of Professional Photojournalism Compared to User-Generated Content Among American News Media Audiences
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE August 2020 THE PERCEIVED CREDIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISM COMPARED TO USER-GENERATED CONTENT AMONG AMERICAN NEWS MEDIA AUDIENCES Gina Gayle Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Gayle, Gina, "THE PERCEIVED CREDIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISM COMPARED TO USER-GENERATED CONTENT AMONG AMERICAN NEWS MEDIA AUDIENCES" (2020). Dissertations - ALL. 1212. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/1212 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT This study examines the perceived credibility of professional photojournalism in context to the usage of User-Generated Content (UGC) when compared across digital news and social media platforms, by individual news consumers in the United States employing a Q methodology experiment. The literature review studies source credibility as the theoretical framework through which to begin; however, using an inductive design, the data may indicate additional patterns and themes. Credibility as a news concept has been studied in terms of print media, broadcast and cable television, social media, and inline news, both individually and between genres. Very few studies involve audience perceptions of credibility, and even fewer are concerned with visual images. Using online Q methodology software, this experiment was given to 100 random participants who sorted a total of 40 images labeled with photographer and platform information. The data revealed that audiences do discern the source of the image, in both the platform and the photographer, but also take into consideration the category of news image in their perception of the credibility of an image.
    [Show full text]
  • What Resolution Should Your Images Be?
    What Resolution Should Your Images Be? The best way to determine the optimum resolution is to think about the final use of your images. For publication you’ll need the highest resolution, for desktop printing lower, and for web or classroom use, lower still. The following table is a general guide; detailed explanations follow. Use Pixel Size Resolution Preferred Approx. File File Format Size Projected in class About 1024 pixels wide 102 DPI JPEG 300–600 K for a horizontal image; or 768 pixels high for a vertical one Web site About 400–600 pixels 72 DPI JPEG 20–200 K wide for a large image; 100–200 for a thumbnail image Printed in a book Multiply intended print 300 DPI EPS or TIFF 6–10 MB or art magazine size by resolution; e.g. an image to be printed as 6” W x 4” H would be 1800 x 1200 pixels. Printed on a Multiply intended print 200 DPI EPS or TIFF 2-3 MB laserwriter size by resolution; e.g. an image to be printed as 6” W x 4” H would be 1200 x 800 pixels. Digital Camera Photos Digital cameras have a range of preset resolutions which vary from camera to camera. Designation Resolution Max. Image size at Printable size on 300 DPI a color printer 4 Megapixels 2272 x 1704 pixels 7.5” x 5.7” 12” x 9” 3 Megapixels 2048 x 1536 pixels 6.8” x 5” 11” x 8.5” 2 Megapixels 1600 x 1200 pixels 5.3” x 4” 6” x 4” 1 Megapixel 1024 x 768 pixels 3.5” x 2.5” 5” x 3 If you can, you generally want to shoot larger than you need, then sharpen the image and reduce its size in Photoshop.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics in Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future
    Ethics in Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future By Daniel R. Bersak S.B. Comparative Media Studies & Electrical Engineering/Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 2006 Copyright 2006 Daniel R. Bersak, All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: _____________________________________________________ Department of Comparative Media Studies, August 11, 2006 Certified By: ___________________________________________________________ Edward Barrett Senior Lecturer, Department of Writing Thesis Supervisor Accepted By: __________________________________________________________ William Uricchio Professor of Comparative Media Studies Director Ethics In Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future By Daniel R. Bersak Submitted to the Department of Comparative Media Studies, School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences on August 11, 2006, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Comparative Media Studies Abstract Like writers and editors, photojournalists are held to a standard of ethics. Each publication has a set of rules, sometimes written, sometimes unwritten, that governs what that publication considers to be a truthful and faithful representation of images to the public. These rules cover a wide range of topics such as how a photographer should act while taking pictures, what he or she can and can’t photograph, and whether and how an image can be altered in the darkroom or on the computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Film Camera That Is Recommended by Photographers
    Film Camera That Is Recommended By Photographers Filibusterous and natural-born Ollie fences while sputtering Mic homes her inspirers deformedly and flume anteriorly. Unexpurgated and untilled Ulysses rejigs his cannonball shaming whittles evenings. Karel lords self-confidently. Gear for you need repairing and that film camera is photographers use our links or a quest for themselves in even with Film still recommend anker as selections and by almost immediately if you. Want to simulate sunrise or sponsored content like walking into a punch in active facebook through any idea to that camera directly to use film? This error could family be caused by uploads being disabled within your php. If your phone cameras take away in film photographers. Informational statements regarding terms of film camera that is recommended by photographers? These things from the cost of equipment, recommend anker as true software gizmos are. For the size of film for street photography life is a mobile photography again later models are the film camera that is photographers stick to. Bag check fees can add staff quickly through long international flights, and the trek on entire body from carrying around heavy gear could make some break down trip. Depending on your goals, this concern make digitizing your analog shots and submitting them my stock photography worthwhile. If array passed by making instant film? Squashing ever more pixels on end a sensor makes for technical problems and, in come case, it may not finally the point. This sounds of the rolls royce of london in a film camera that is by a wide range not make photographs around food, you agree to.
    [Show full text]
  • Photojournalism Photojournalism
    Photojournalism For this section, we'll be looking at photojournalism's impact on shaping people's opinions of the news & world events. Photojournalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e.g., documentary photography, social documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining. Timeliness The images have meaning in the context of a recently published record of events. Objectivity The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone. Narrative The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to audiences. Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles (e.g., physical danger, weather, crowds, physical access).
    [Show full text]
  • The Castle Studies Group Bulletin
    THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP BULLETIN Volume 21 April 2016 Enhancements to the CSG website for 2016 INSIDE THIS ISSUE The CSG website’s ‘Research’ tab is receiving a make-over. This includes two new pages in addition to the well-received ‘Shell-keeps’ page added late last News England year. First, there now is a section 2-5 dealing with ‘Antiquarian Image Resources’. This pulls into one News Europe/World hypertext-based listing a collection 6-8 of museums, galleries, rare print vendors and other online facilities The Round Mounds to enable members to find, in Project one place, a comprehensive view 8 of all known antiquarian prints, engravings, sketches and paintings of named castles throughout the News Wales UK. Many can be enlarged on screen 9-10 and downloaded, and freely used in non-commercial, educational material, provided suitable credits are given, SMA Conference permissions sought and copyright sources acknowledged. The second page Report deals with ‘Early Photographic Resources’. This likewise brings together 10 all known sources and online archives of early Victorian photographic material from the 1840s starting with W H Fox Talbot through to the early Obituary 20th century. It details the early pioneers and locates where the earliest 11 photographic images of castles can be found. There is a downloadable fourteen-page essay entitled ‘Castle Studies and the Early Use of the CSG Conference Camera 1840-1914’. This charts the use of photographs in early castle- Report related publications and how the presentation and technology changed over 12 the years. It includes a bibliography and a list of resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Foveon FO18-50-F19 4.5 MP X3 Direct Image Sensor
    ® Foveon FO18-50-F19 4.5 MP X3 Direct Image Sensor Features The Foveon FO18-50-F19 is a 1/1.8-inch CMOS direct image sensor that incorporates breakthrough Foveon X3 technology. Foveon X3 direct image sensors Foveon X3® Technology • A stack of three pixels captures superior color capture full-measured color images through a unique stacked pixel sensor design. fidelity by measuring full color at every point By capturing full-measured color images, the need for color interpolation and in the captured image. artifact-reducing blur filters is eliminated. The Foveon FO18-50-F19 features the • Images have improved sharpness and immunity to color artifacts (moiré). powerful VPS (Variable Pixel Size) capability. VPS provides the on-chip capabil- • Foveon X3 technology directly converts light ity of grouping neighboring pixels together to form larger pixels that are optimal of all colors into useful signal information at every point in the captured image—no light for high frame rate, reduced noise, or dual mode still/video applications. Other absorbing filters are used to block out light. advanced features include: low fixed pattern noise, ultra-low power consumption, Variable Pixel Size (VPS) Capability and integrated digital control. • Neighboring pixels can be grouped together on-chip to obtain the effect of a larger pixel. • Enables flexible video capture at a variety of resolutions. • Enables higher ISO mode at lower resolutions. Analog Biases Row Row Digital Supplies • Reduces noise by combining pixels. Pixel Array Analog Supplies Readout Reset 1440 columns x 1088 rows x 3 layers On-Chip A/D Conversion Control Control • Integrated 12-bit A/D converter running at up to 40 MHz.
    [Show full text]
  • Telling Stories to a Different Beat: Photojournalism As a “Way of Life”
    Bond University DOCTORAL THESIS Telling stories to a different beat: Photojournalism as a “Way of Life” Busst, Naomi Award date: 2012 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Telling stories to a different beat: Photojournalism as a “Way of Life” Naomi Verity Busst, BPhoto, MJ A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Media and Communication Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Bond University February 2012 Abstract This thesis presents a grounded theory of how photojournalism is a way of life. Some photojournalists dedicate themselves to telling other people's stories, documenting history and finding alternative ways to disseminate their work to audiences. Many self-fund their projects, not just for the love of the tradition, but also because they feel a sense of responsibility to tell stories that are at times outside the mainstream media’s focus. Some do this through necessity. While most photojournalism research has focused on photographers who are employed by media organisations, little, if any, has been undertaken concerning photojournalists who are freelancers.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Pixel Imaging Via Compressive Sampling
    © DIGITAL VISION Single-Pixel Imaging via Compressive Sampling [Building simpler, smaller, and less-expensive digital cameras] Marco F. Duarte, umans are visual animals, and imaging sensors that extend our reach— [ cameras—have improved dramatically in recent times thanks to the intro- Mark A. Davenport, duction of CCD and CMOS digital technology. Consumer digital cameras in Dharmpal Takhar, the megapixel range are now ubiquitous thanks to the happy coincidence that the semiconductor material of choice for large-scale electronics inte- Jason N. Laska, Ting Sun, Hgration (silicon) also happens to readily convert photons at visual wavelengths into elec- Kevin F. Kelly, and trons. On the contrary, imaging at wavelengths where silicon is blind is considerably Richard G. Baraniuk more complicated, bulky, and expensive. Thus, for comparable resolution, a US$500 digi- ] tal camera for the visible becomes a US$50,000 camera for the infrared. In this article, we present a new approach to building simpler, smaller, and cheaper digital cameras that can operate efficiently across a much broader spectral range than conventional silicon-based cameras. Our approach fuses a new camera architecture Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSP.2007.914730 1053-5888/08/$25.00©2008IEEE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE [83] MARCH 2008 based on a digital micromirror device (DMD—see “Spatial Light Our “single-pixel” CS camera architecture is basically an Modulators”) with the new mathematical theory and algorithms optical computer (comprising a DMD, two lenses, a single pho- of compressive sampling (CS—see “CS in a Nutshell”). ton detector, and an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter) that com- CS combines sampling and compression into a single non- putes random linear measurements of the scene under view.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Home Automation Experience
    Enhancing the home automation experience When it comes selecting the appropriate CMOS image sensor for a home automation IoT device what do you need to take into account? Radhika Arora explains ensors are at the heart of the are called zoom lenses, those with the lens, and the focal length of the Internet of Things (IoT) Ixed focal length are prime lenses. lens. Larger aperture (smaller f- revolution and most Within Ixed focal length, lenses of number) results in a shallower DOF. Sapplications will deploy multiple shorter focal length are called wide- Closer focus distance results in a sensors including an image sensor. angle lenses (14 to 35mm, 114 to shallower DOF, which is appropriate for The more compelling home automation 64°). Longer-focal-length lenses are artistic imaging. It focuses on the products tend to deploy cameras referred to as long-focus lenses subject at hand and dims out the which are commonly based around a (85mm to >300mm, 30° to <1° FOV) background, highlighting the main CMOS image sensor and this, coupled and are used to magnify distant object. For a given f-number, increasing with sophisticated computer vision objects. the magniIcation, either by moving the algorithms, look set to become the For example, home security camera closer to the subject or using ‘brains’ of the smart home. cameras which make up a large a lens of greater focal length, Field of View (FOV) is what is visible portion of the IoT typically have wide decreases the DOF; decreasing through the camera at a particular angle Ixed focal length lenses with magniIcation increases DOF.
    [Show full text]
  • One Is Enough. a Photograph Taken by the “Single-Pixel Camera” Built by Richard Baraniuk and Kevin Kelly of Rice University
    One is Enough. A photograph taken by the “single-pixel camera” built by Richard Baraniuk and Kevin Kelly of Rice University. (a) A photograph of a soccer ball, taken by a conventional digital camera at 64 64 resolution. (b) The same soccer ball, photographed by a single-pixel camera. The image is de- rived× mathematically from 1600 separate, randomly selected measurements, using a method called compressed sensing. (Photos courtesy of R. G. Baraniuk, Compressive Sensing [Lecture Notes], Signal Processing Magazine, July 2007. c 2007 IEEE.) 114 What’s Happening in the Mathematical Sciences Compressed Sensing Makes Every Pixel Count rash and computer files have one thing in common: compactisbeautiful.Butifyou’veevershoppedforadigi- Ttal camera, you might have noticed that camera manufac- turers haven’t gotten the message. A few years ago, electronic stores were full of 1- or 2-megapixel cameras. Then along came cameras with 3-megapixel chips, 10 megapixels, and even 60 megapixels. Unfortunately, these multi-megapixel cameras create enor- mous computer files. So the first thing most people do, if they plan to send a photo by e-mail or post it on the Web, is to com- pact it to a more manageable size. Usually it is impossible to discern the difference between the compressed photo and the original with the naked eye (see Figure 1, next page). Thus, a strange dynamic has evolved, in which camera engineers cram more and more data onto a chip, while software engineers de- Emmanuel Candes. (Photo cour- sign cleverer and cleverer ways to get rid of it. tesy of Emmanuel Candes.) In 2004, mathematicians discovered a way to bring this “armsrace”to a halt.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Page
    ‘An evaluation of Flickr’s distributed classification system, from the perspective of its members, and as an image retrieval tool in comparison with a controlled vocabulary’ A dissertation submitted for an MA in: Information Services Management London Metropolitan University September 2008 By Samuel Piker Abstract The profusion of digital images made available online presents a new challenge for image indexing. Images have always been problematic to describe and catalogue due to lack of inherent textual data and ambiguity of meaning. Because professionally- applied metadata is not practical for most open, web-based collections a solution has been sought in the form of tags, simple keywords that can be attached to an image by any web user. Together tags form a flat structure known as distributed classification, or more popularly as a folksonomy. This research follows the debate surrounding folksonomies and aims to fill the gaps in understanding of why people tag and how effective they find them for searching, using the photo-sharing website Flickr as the focus. Open-ended questionnaires were sent out to members of the site who use tags, with the opportunity to post comments to an online discussion space. The other key gap identified in the literature is a systematic comparison between a tag-based system and a more traditional controlled vocabulary, to test out the claims made regarding tagging’s suitability for searching and browsing. For this purpose Flickr has been compared with Getty Images using a series of test themes. The small number of people who replied to the questionnaire gave detailed answers that confirmed several of the assertions made about tags: they are accepted despite their flaws (sloppiness and potential for inaccuracy) because they serve their purpose to a satisfactory level.
    [Show full text]