Copyright © 2002 by Sealaska Heritage Institute Contents
AIl rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted Preface 5 in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, Acknowledgments 7 recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 1. Greetings and departures, visiting 9 2. General commands: Home, classroom, preschool, camp, ISBN 0-9679311-1-8 hygene, discipline 13 3. Compliments; dating, schmoozing, and sweet talking 17 Book design and copyediting by Michael D. Travis 4. Months, seasons, days, time referenc"es 19 Front and back cover photos copyright © Mark Kelly, used with permission 5. Introducing one's self, personal phrases, living and staying in places 23 6. Health and medical 25 Printed by Alaska Litho, Inc., Juneau, Alaska 7. Feelings I: Happy and sad 27 First printing, May 2002: 2,000 copies 8. Feelings II: Having, needing, wanting, sleepy 29 9. Cooking, eating, talking about food 31 10. Kinship 36 11. Reporting news, giving messages 40 12. Ceremonial situations, invitations to speak, models for public speaking 41 13. Coming, going, and traveling 42 14. Locations and directions 44 15. Sizes and shapes, conditions and attributes (dimensional verbs) 46 16. Colors 49 17. Numbers and counting 51 18. Weather 55 19. Commands I: Washing things and self 57 20. Commands II: Giving, taking, carrying, bringing, handling 59 21. Commands III: Opening and closing things 62 22. Commands IV: Putting on and taking off clothes 64 ({ Ii
23. Hunting 69 24. Fishing, tides, and water 70 25. Plants, gardens, and nature 73
Appendix I: Tlingit spelling conventions 75 Appendix 11: Contractions - Tlingit contraction and assimilation rules (morphophonemics) 85 Preface
It is with great enthusiasm that we welcome Ungit K'tina;>; Sa! Say It in Tlingit: A Tlingit Phrase Book into the growing body of materials that support the learning of the Tlingit language. Tlingit is an American Indian language of Southeast Alaska and adjacent por tions of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory. It is classified linguistically as part of the Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit language family because it shows clear simi larities in grammatical structure to the Eyak and Athabaskan languages. These Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages appear to be unique among human languages, carrying to exquisite heights an attention to the detail of the form of an object when determining how to use an accompanying verb. The Tlingit language itself is unique in four sounds that seem to be found in no other language on our planet. There is, of course, a certain irony in depending upon a written medium for a language that has survived and flourished for thousands of years without being written. Yet written and electronic media can serve the TIingit people in celebrat ing and promiting their language through the twenty-first century. As an aid to you, the students of the language, Ungit K'eina;>; Sa! provides a useful companion to your efforts to make the language a living part of your life. Browse through this phrase book and identify the situations in your life where you could use a Tlingit phrase with someone else in a meaningful context. For those of you, too, who are students of Tlingit linguistics, this book offers a multitude of carefully selected samples of sentences for your analysis. Practice locating and identifying the morphemes within TIingit words, and the underly ing logic of the language will open to you. The Tlingit language is a very complex one, as are all human languages. For speakers of English-only, the gulf between this and the Tlingit language may in deed seem very wide. But take heart in the knowledge that people have been
5 ··'.1
1 learning this beautiful language for thousands of years and know that you can as well. If you find the courage to start using one or two new phrases each day and make it a practice to do so with other Tlingit language enthusiasts, you, too, can become a Tlingit speaker.
Roy D. Iutzi-Mitchell, Sociolinguist Sealaska Heritage Institute Acknowledgments Juneau, May 2002 Thanks first of all to those who contributed material for this book, and to col leagues upon whose works we have drawn. These include: Constance Naish and Gillian Story, typescript Tlingit lessons from the late 1960s; Jeff Leer, typescript lessons from Alaska Methodist University (1971-72), Alaska Methodist University manuscript lessons (1972-73), Sheldon Jackson College ditto-master lessons (1975), typescript conversational dictionary (1976); Dog Point Fish Camp phrase booklet, produced by Roby Littlefield (Sitka, 1998); At Yatx'i Satu Kei Nas.aK Preschool phrases auneau); and participant projects from the Tlingit Language Summer In stitute aune 1999). We have also incorporated parts of our own work from other projects, including: Beginning Tlingit, Intermediate Tlingit (work in progress), Tlin git and Haida Head Start working draft TPR lessons, and various work developed as part of the Juneau School District "Teachers Teaching Tlingit" seminars. Thanks also to the many colleagues, teachers, and students who reviewed and field tested earlier drafts of the Phrase Book, and offered encouragement and sug gestions as members of the advisory group. In the final months of the project, we thank Gillian Story for taking a long-distance look at the draft from her current field base in northern Canada. (We also thank Constance Naish, who was too far distant in Nairobi to draft for proof-reading, but who, along with Gillian, always remains with Tlingit language activity in spirit.) We especially thank Jeff Leer for his proofreading of the manuscript and for his patience in responding to the end less questions that arose. Whatever errors remain, remain our own for putting them there in the first place. Such a phrase book is an open-ended project, and we hope to improve and expand this initial effort in future editions.
Nora Marks Dauenhauer Richard Dauenhauer Juneau, May 2002
6 7 1. Greetings and departures, visiting
Cultural note. Traditionally, there were no specific greetings in Tlingit, but nowa days, because of the influence of Euro-American culture, expressions correspond ing to "How are you?" are commonly used as a greeting.
How are you? Waa sa i yatee? or (usually w/physical emphasis) Waa sas i yatee? How are you? Waa sa i tuwatee? (usually w/emotional emphasis) I'm OK. Tleil waa sa "at uti. OK. Tleil waa sa. S/he's OK. TIe! waa sa uti. I'm fine. Xat yak'';;. How's (your father)? Waa sa yatee (i eesh)? My father's fine. A" eesh yak'';;. Not good. Tleil ushk'e. Come in. [s]' Neil guo Come in. [p] Neil yi.a. Come here. [s] Haagu. Come here. [p] Haat yLii. Oh, you came I you're here. [s] Haaw, haat iyag6t. Oh, you came you're here. [p] Haaw, haat yeey.at. It's good to see you. [p] Yak'ei yee "wsateeni. I'm happy to see you. [s] A" toowu sigoo i"wsateeni. Thank you for coming. [s] Gunalcheesh haat yigoodi. Thank you for coming. [p] Gunalcheesh haat yeey.aadi.
'Throughout this book [5] and [pi denote singular and plural forms.
9 Give me your hand. ("Put 'er there.") Haandei i jin. I'm scared. Atsganee! Sit down. [s] Ganu. word, speech, language yoo K'atank Sit down. [p] Gayki. Tlingit language Lingit yoo K'atangi Have (here's) a chair. Yaadu kaayagajeit Haida language Deikeenaa yoo K'atangi (or kaaya!sijeit or kaayagijeit). Do you hear me? Kat iya.aKch ge? Have (there's) a chair. Weidu kaayagajeit. Do you understand me? Kat K'eeya.iiKch ge? Here's two dollars. Yaadu deiK daanaa. Do you understand Tlingit? Lingit age K'eeya.aKch? Yes. Aaa. Yes, I understand Tlingit. Aaa, Lingit K'aKa.aKch. No. Tlt~ik'. Yes, a little. Aaa, ch'a yei gugeink'. or That's good. Yak'ei awe. Aaa, ch'a yei gugeik'. Amazing. Likoodzi. I'm learning Tlingit. Lingit sh tUKaltoow. Poor thing! Eeshaan. Well! See how you are! Dooooooo! What do you call this (in Tlingit)? Go away! Shoo! Scram! Chuk! or Waa sa duwasaakw yaat'aa (Lingit K'einal;)? or ]uk! Waa sa duwasaakw yaat'iit (Lingit K'einaK)? or -;.') Go away already! Get lost! ]uk dei! Waa sa duwasaakw yaat'it (Lingit K'einaK)? Too much! (Wow! Gee whiz!) Hadlaa! or Dlaa! How do you say "table" (in Tlingit)? More? Tsook'? Waa sa duwasaakw "table" (Lingit K'einaK)? That's all. (That's enough.) Dei awe. It's all gone. Hooch' (awe). or I know (it). Kwasikoo. Hooch'k'. I don't know. TIe! Kwasaku. Let me see (or think). Shk'e. Do you [s] know? Yisikoo ge? cute/tiny oosk'or Do you [p] know? Yeeysikoo gel 6osk'i or We know. Wutusikoo. ooxk1 We don't know. TIe! wutusaku. That's right; right on. Yei awe. S/he knows. Awsikoo. That's true. A yaK awe. S/he doesn't know. TIe! awusku. Yuck! Eee! They know. Has awsikoo. Whew! Xwei! They don't know. TIel has awusku. Well! Haa'! or I see (saw / caught sight of) it. Kwasiteen. Hal! I didn't see it. TIe! Kwasateen. Well (surprise). Haaw. Did you [s] see it? Yisiteen age? That's what you get.. Hachgwa'. or Did you [p] see it? Yeeysiteen age? Chgwa'. Didn't you [p] see it? TIe! ak.we yeeysateen? My gosh. Aganaa! We saw it. Wutusiteen.
10 11 We didn't see it. Tiel wutusateen. 2. General commands: Home, classroom, preschool, S/he saw it. Awsiteen. camp, hygene, discipline S/he didn't see it. Tiel awusteen. They saw it. Has awsiteen. Come here. [s] Haagii. They didn't see it. TiEl has awusteen. Come here. [p] Haat yi.a. Come in. [s] Neil gu. There is no single word in Tlingit for "please." Instead, there are ways of modify- . Come in. [p] Neil yi.. Tell me again. Tsu
een kananeek. or Listen. [p] 19nayis.a
. Tsu "aan kananeek. Listen to me. [s] Ax seide kinees.aa". or Tell me in Tlingit. Lingit "'eina,, "aan kananeek. Ax ,,'eide kinees.a
. Go ahead, speak. [s] G60k, yoo ,,' atan. Listen to me. [p] A" seide kinayis.a
. aT Go ahead, speak. [p] G60k, yoo ,,'ayla.a. A" ,,'eide kinayis.a
. Is that right? Ch'a a ya" ak.we? Is this right? Yei akwshe? or Say it. [s] Yei yanaka. OT Yei kwshe? Yei wunaka.
14 15 Give me the boots. AK jeet yei sane we sel'x'wan. That's right. Yei awe. Make a fire now. Shoot ida.ak dei. That's enough! Dei awe! Go buy some apples. X'aax'gaa neelhoon. Take it; here, take it. Na. Time to play! Ash kulyat gaawil aya! Hand it over. Haahee. It's time to play outside. Gaanx' ash kulyat gaawil aya. Go / go ahead (already). Gook. Let's go play. Ash kanaKtoolyat. (or) Gook del. Let's go outside. Gaande naKtoo.aat. Stop. Tliyeix'. or Let's gather together. Woosh kaanaK gaKtuda.aat. Tleiyeix'. Let's make a circle. Wooshduwagigin naKtuda.aat. Stop now. Ihi de. Let's stand in a circle. Wooshduwagigin naKtoonaak. Wait. Li sle. or Stand in a circle. [P] Wooshduwagigin yan yinak. Ihi s'e. Hold hands. Woosh jin gaylashaat. or Watch. (or "Look.") Latin. Woosh jin gayilshaat. Look here. [s] (short form) Gan. We're getting ready to go to the gym. Gym-de at wutuwaxoon. Look here. [s] (long form) Haat eelgin. or It's your tum. I eet koowahaa. Haat eelgen. You're on. (used for singing only) Goosh wa.eich. Look here. [p] (long form) Haat ayeelgin. or Face that way. [p] Tliyaade aa yaK yinaak. Haat ayeelgen. Face me. [p] AK dayeen aa yaK yinaak. Go to sleep. [s] Nata. or Face that way. [s] Tliyaade aa yaK haan. Nata dei. (firmer tone) or Face me. [s] AK dayeen aa yaK haan. Nashta. (in grouchier tone) Stand in the middle. [s] A digiygei yan han. Go to sleep. [p] Nayxeix'w. Hurry, hurry. Tlaakw, tIaakw. Let's go! Gook dei! Shhhh; hush. Jaaaaa. 3. Compliments; dating, schmoozing, and sweet talking Scram! Shoo! Chuk! or Juk! You [s] brushed your teeth well. K'idein yee.6os' i OOK. Don't! (Don't touch; leave it alone.) Eeli. or You [p] brushed your teeth well. K'idein yeey.oos' yee OOK. IIi. or You are studying well. K'idein sh too eetoow. Li. or You're dressed nice. Yak'ei aadei sh idi.uwu yeo Ihi. Your shirt is very fancy. !';unaK kaligei i k'oodas'i. Drink (it). Idana. Your shirt is very cute. !';unaK shakligei i k'oodas'L Eat (it). Xa! You [s] are dressed up. Yan sh yidzinei. Give me something to eat. AE K'eiK at nati. You [p] are dressed up. Yan sh yeeydzinei. Dry your shoes. I teeli K'aksadux'. We are all dressed up. Yan sh wutudzinei. Tie your shoe laces. I teeli K'akadzaasi ksadux'.
17 16 They are all dressed up. Yan has sh wudzinei. Kiss me. Al!; ,,'eit yees.a. I will dress up. Yande sh kwsanei. or Kiss me, honey. Al!; ,,'eit yees.ak'. Yande sh kukasanei. Let me kiss you. I ,,'eit yakas.aayi. I'll put on a tie. Necktie kaade kjswdatsaak. I want to kiss you. Al!; tuwaa sigoo i ,,'!'it yal!;Was.aayi. I love you. I"si"an. I don't want to kiss you. TIel a" tuwaa ushgii i ,,'eit ya"was.aayi. We love you. ltusi"an. I don't want you to kiss me. Tleil a" tuwaa ushgii a" ,,'!'it yayis.aayi. Do you love me? Kat isi"an gel Don't kiss me. Tleil a" "'ei,, yees.aayeek. S/he loves him/her. Asi"an. She doesn't want him to kiss her. Tleil du tuwaa ushgii du ,,'eit We love each other. Woosh tudzi"an. yawus.aayi. We don't love each other. Tli'1 woosh toos"an. They are kissing Wooch "'!'i,, has yas.aa. You're cute. Ishakligi'i. (each other, repeatedly). S/he hates him/her. A shik'aan. They are French kissing. Has du ,,'I' teen woosh has ,,'adal'aa. S/he hates me. Kat shik'aan. Are they stuck together by the Gwal de wooch ,,'eide kudaxat. I hate you. I"shik'aan. mouth already? S/he respects you. Ee yaa awoonei. S/he is respectable/honorable. Sh yaa awudinei. Do you want to go to the movies? Show-de ge i tuwatee? 4. Months, seasons, days, time references Do you want to go to lunch/dinner? Satgawsaan at"aayide ge i tuwatee? or Sitgawsaan at"aayide ge i tuwatee? The traditional TIingit names of the months are no longer used, and are not clearly du tseiyi his/her sweetheart understood today. The names varied slightly from community to community. a" tseiyi my sweetheart Emmons collected seven different sets of names. Some of the calendars had thir teen months, because the traditional Tlingit calendar was lunar rather than solar. S/he is kissing him/her (repeatedly). A K'eiK yas.aa. The year began in July, with the return of the fish. The year ended in June, with Tli'1 a ,,'eit yawus.aa. S/he is not kissing him/her. the thirteenth month added after June. The list below is of the most commonly S/he kissed him/her. A ,,'eit yawdzi.aa. used names, with a few of the most common variants. For the most detail on the (or "S/he is kissing him/her, but only once. ") months, see Emmons and de Laguna The Tli'ngit Indians (University of Washing He kissed the ice. (at Olympics) T'eex' kat yawdzi.aa. ton Press 1991:423-26; 461-63), and for a classroom unit see Dolly Garza Tlingit S/he will kiss him/her. A ,,'eide yakgwas.aa. Moon and Tide Teaching Resource (University of Alaska Sea Grant 1999:27-28). A" ,,'eit yawdzi.aa. S/he kissed me. There are several ways to translate the names: salmon moon; moon of salmon; Du ,,'!'it ya"wdzi.aa. I kissed her/him. salmon month; month of salmon. The English word "month" is also related to Woosh ,,'eit yawtudzi.aa. We kissed. IImoon." We were kissing. Woosh ,,'!'it yawtus.aayin. We didn't kiss. Tli'1 woosh ,,'!'it yawtoos.a. I I didn't kiss her/him. Tli'1 du ,,'!'it ya"was.aa. ~ I won't kiss her. TIi'1 du ,,'i'ide yakjswas.aa. I won't kiss you. Tli'1 i ,,'!'ide yakjswas.aa.
18 19 July: "J,aat disi" Salmon month; when the fish return. Variant:" At gataa disi" Fat summer kutaan moon; when the animals are fat. It's getting to be summer. Kutaande yaa kunahein. It's summer now. Kutaant yaa koowahaa. August: "Shaa xeiyi dis;" Mountain shadow month; origin unclear, but seems to winter/year taakw refer to either berries or snow patches on the mountain sides. fall, autumn yeis early spring yaKkuha September: "Dis yadi" Child moon; young moon; little moon. Seems to refer to spring taakw.eetee weaning: "Weaning month," when food is beginning to become scarce and we do week/Sunday sindi K'aak (less common) aT with less. Variants: "S'aaK disi" Ground hog month; when it prepares its nest. sande K'aak or "S'aK Wia disi" Mother of ground hog month. sandi K'aak month/moon dis October: "Dis tlein" Big moon; when animals are in their prime condition; wild pre-dawn kee;K'e OT fowl are abundant; people return to winter villages with summer food supplies. keiK'e dawn kee.a or November: "Kukahaa dis" Digging/scratching moon; when bears dig and prepare kei.a their winter dens. morning s'ootaat or ts'ootaat (most common) December: "Shaana!! dis" Through-the-head month; when hair shows on the seal this morning ya s'ootaat embryo's head. day/afternoon yakyee or yagiyee January: "T'aawa/s disi" Canada Goose month; when geese fly and call. noon sitgawsaan dusk xLaat February: "S'eek disi" Black bear month; when the cubs are born. evening xaanaa this evening ya xaanaa March: "Heen taand!! kayaani disi" Month of underwater plant budding. night taat this night ya taat April: "X'eigaa kayaani disi" Month of true plant budding; when land plants begin midnight taat sitgawsaani to bud and sprout. last night nisdaat the other day tliyaatge May: "At gada!! it yinaa disi" Month before giving birth (literally, "breeding"); be today yaa yagiyee or fore the animals give birth. yaa yakyee yesterday tatge June: "At gada!l,it disi" Birth moon; when animals give birth (breed). Variants: day before yesterday tatge tliya aa kat "Xaawakw disi; Dlixaawakw disi" Shedding moon; when animals shed winter coats. tomorrow seigan aT seiganinxt OT Thirteenth month: "Jinkaat wanaak /sa nas'k aa" Ten and another three (things). seiganin
20 21 tlel nale or day after tomorrow seigan tliya.aa kadin hel unale or every day ch'a tlakw yageeyi tleli or all day long yaa yagiyee kaana~ or yaa yakyee kan~ tlele or tleinli or How long? Waa yeekoowaat' sa? tleinle a long time yei yeekoowaat' maybe a short time (ago) yei yeeguwaatl' shakde or It's getting to be a long time. Yei yaa yeekunayat'. shakdei probably kwshe now yeedat I don't know for sure. gushe from now yaa yeedadida~ ago; since shoonaaxeex (see example below) All right. Tleil waa sa uti. It's three years since he got married. or all ldakat or Three years have elapsed since he got married. ch'a ldakat everyone ldakat kaa Nas'k taakw shunaaxeex aada~ aawashayi yeo just now yeisoo or everything ldakat at yeisu all kinds ldakat yeide
'0 everywhere ldakat ye a while ago dziyaak always ch'a tlakw .- any which way, any old way, ch'a koogeiyi (only) now and then; sometimes, once in a while . haphazardly (ch 'as) waanganeins or ••• waanganeins or •• waanganeens 5. Introducing one's self, personal phrases, living and .i staying in places When (wa~ it)? Gwatk sa? or .- Gwatgeen ~a? .~ What's your name? Waa sa i duwasaakw? When (shall we)? Gwatgeenx' sa? My name is Mary. Mary yoo ~at duwasaakw. When did you eat? Gwatk sawe at iya~aa? a· ~ Her name is Mary. Mary yoo duwasaakw. 1 just ate. Yeisoo awe at ~waa~aa. . S/he was born. Kuwdzitee. When will you eat? Gwatgeen sawe at gagee~aa? . S/he was born in Juneau. Juneau-x' kuwdzitee. in a while dZiyaageen or I was born in Juneau. Juneau-x' ku~wdzitee. dziyaageenx' ••.~ S/he moved to Juneau. Juneau-t wudIitsuw. I'll eat in a while. Dziyaageenx' awe tsa at kuka~aa. I moved to Juneau. Juneau-t ~adlitsuw. almost tleil unale or We moved to Juneau. tle! unale or Juneau-t wutudlitsuw. :: John named me so. John-ch yoo ~at uwasaa. he! unale or My grandparent named me so. A~ ~at tleil nale or :; leelk'wch yoo uwasaa. ~ 22 ... 23 John named me Harry. John-ch Harryy60 "at uwasaa. His/her grandchild is staying with Ou dach"an(k') du "anx' yd yatee. How old are you? X'oon taakw sa(we) wa.e? or him/her. X'oon sa i kataagu? Who's going to be staying in your Aadoo sa(we) i hidix' yH gwatee? or Four years old. Oaax'oon taakw. house? Aadoo sa(we) i hidi yee(x') yd gwatee? Five years old. Keijin taakw. Who's going to be staying with you? Aadoo sa(we) yee "anx' yd gwatee? Do you have sisters/brothers? I t'aai9c'i ge kudzitee? Are they in the store? Hoon daakahidi yeewii ge his? Where is s/he staying/living? Goox' sa ya yd yatee? They used to live in Raven House. veil Hitx' (awe) yd has teeyin. or Where is s/he sleeping? Gooxl sa tei?;? yen Hit yee(x') (awe) yd has teeyin. Where are you staying? Goox' sa ya yd iyatee? Did your maternal uncles used to live in Raven House? Where is your father living? Goox' sa yei yatee i eesh? yen Hitx' ak.we yei has teeyin i kaak his? or I'm living in Juneau. Juneau-x' aya yei "at yatee. Ydl Hit yee(x') ak.we yd has teeyin i kaak his? We're staying with our relative. Haa "ooni "anx' aya yd haa yatee. This summer I'm living with my uncle. Our uncles used to live here. Haa kaak has yaax' yd has teeyin. Ya kutaan a" kaak "anx' yei "at yatee. S/he's living down south. Ixkeex' yd yatee. Five months from now we'll be living in a new house, maybe. We lived in his house. Ou hidi yee(x') awe yd haa wootee. or Keijin dis yaa yeedadidil> yees hit yee(x') yd haa kwgatee shakdeL Ou hidix' awe yei haa wootee. Ten years ago we were living in Juneau. Are you going to stay here? Yaax' age yd ikgwatee? Jinkaat taakw shoonaaxeex Juneau-x' yd haa teeyin. S/he's going to stay in this town. Ya aanx' aya yd kgwatee. or I stayed there last fall. Ya aan kix' aya yei kgwatee. or Yeedat yeis aa yH "at wootee. Ya aanx' yd kgwatee. Are you going to be in Angoon this spring? S/he's going to live/stay downtown. Ya noow geix' aya yei kgwatee. Aang60nx' ge yei ikgwatee ya taakw eetee? (literally "in the fort") I'm going to stay/live in Juneau. Juneau-x' aya yei "at gwatee. or Juneau-x' aya yei "at gugatee. 6. Health and medical S/he's not living here. Tldl yaax' yd uti. I'm not living there. Tldl wdx' yei "at uti. Where is your medicine? Goos60 i naagu? I didn't live there. Tldl aa yei "at uteeyin. Is this your medicine? I naagu akya? I'm not going to stay here. Tldl yaax' yet "at gugatee. Did you take your medicine? I naagu ge keeyan60t'? Who's staying at your [p J house? Aadoo sa yee hidix' yei yatee? or Is your medicine running out? Naakw ak.we i jeedei yaa shunaxix? Aadoo sa yee hidi yee(x') yH yatee? Are you sick? Iyaneekw ge? Our son is staying at our house. Haa yeet awe haa hidix' yd yatee. or I'm sick. Xat yaneekw. Haa yeet awe haa hidi yee(x') yd yatee. I'm really sick. I;una" "at yaneekw. S/he's staying with' me. A" "anx' aya yd yatee. I'm not sick. Tldl "at uneekw. I'm staying with' him/her. Ou "anx' awe yd "at yatee. Is s/he sick? Yaneekw age? No, but s/he's not strong. Tldk', tldl ku.aa ulcheen. , In regional English often "by me," influenced from Tlingit.
- -,. ,'-
24 25 his/her face du ya S/he's sick. Yaneekw. his/her hair du sha'iaawU S/he's not sick. Tleil uneekw. your chin i teey Are you cold? Iseiwa.at' ge? your finger i tl'eils or S/he has sugar diabetes. Sugar diabetes awe du jeewU. or i tl'eels Nukdzi neekw awe du jeewu. or your forehead i kaak' Nukdzi neekwch wooshaat. or my tooth Nukdzi neekwch jaalsw. ax OOK my chest ax w60w S/he has a headache. Ou shaan yaneekw. my throat a'i leitoo'i I don't have a headache. A'i shaan tleil uneekw. my tummy ax x'6ol' How are you feeling? Waa sa sh teedinook? So-so. TIel waa sa. I'm not feeling very well. TIel tla'i 'iat tooshk'e. 7. Feelings I: Happy and sad I think I'm getting sick. Kei 'iat naneekw shakde ya. Maybe you're tired? I wdixwetl gwaa we ge? I'm feeling fine. A'i toowU yak'ei. I'm tired. Kat wudixwetl. I'm happy. A'i toowU sigoo. S/he's tired. Wudixwetl. I'm pleased with it. A'i toowU alik'H. Where does it hurt? Goosa we yaneekw? I'm proud. A'i toowU kligei. or My throat hurts. A'i leitoo'i yaneekw. or A'i toowu kligee. A'i leitoo'i yanook. I'm so proud of you. Tla'i waa sa a'i toowU klig'H i kaa'i. I hope you get well. At a'iwdishee iwunei'ii. I'm proud of it. A kaa'i a'i toowu klig'eL I'm sad. (lit. "My emotions are sick. ") A'i toowU yaneekw. Note. In Tlingit, nouns for body parts are always used with a possessive pronoun We're sad. Haa toowu yaneekw. (my, your, his, her, etc.) which is sometimes called a possessive object (of me, of Why are you sad? Waana'i sawe i toowU yaneekw? you, of him,' of her, etc.). Note that there is no gender distinction in Tlingit. En What makes you feel so sad? Oaa sawe yei i toowu asineekw? glish "his" and "her" are the same word in Tlingit. I'm not feeling sad. TIHI a'i toowU uneekw. They became sad. Tuwuneekw has aawat'ei. his/her hand du jin Are you [p] happy now? Yaa yeedat ge yee toowU sigoo? his/ her head du sha You [p] will be happy. Yee toowU kei gU'isagoo. his/her foot du K'OOS It makes me sad/sick. A'i toowU asineekw. his/her knee du keey I'm feeling brave/strong. A'i toowu litseen. his/her shoulder dU'ieek I'm not feeling brave/strong. TIHI a'i toowU ulcheen. his/her eye du waals She/he/it is good. Yak'H. his/her ear dugilk She/he/it is not good. Tleil ushk'e. his/her nose du lu I'm not feeling fine. Tleil a'i toowu ushk'e. his/her mouth du x'e
27 26 I'm not feeling happy. Tleil a" toowii ushgii. Woe! (Oh, my precious thing!) A" adee! What's the problem? Daa sawe ikaawaxil'? Oh, daughter! (calling with Sik' H! or (What's bothering you?) tender emotion) All; seek'. Why are you crying? Waana" sa eegaal!;? Oh, grandchild! (calling with Ch"ank' ei! or Are you missing mom / your mother? I tlaa ge yisihaa? tender emotion) All; dach"ank'. Are you missing dad / your father? I eesh ge yisihaa? S/he is thankful/satisfied. Sh t60gaa ditee. I'm lonesome. Kat wuliteesh. It's OK with him/her. Ou t60gaa yatee. or S/he is lonesome. Wuliteesh. Sh tugaa ditee. You're lonesome. Iwliteesh. S/he is obedient to him/her. Ash ,,'eigaa yatee. Maybe you're lonesome? Iwliteesh gwaa gel I'm not lonesome. Tleil "at wulteesh. Eeshaan. Poor thing / poor guy / pitiful. 8. Feelings II: Having, needing, wanting, sleepy Poor me. Eeshaan "at. Poor you. Eeshaan wa.e. What do you have? Oaa sa(we) i jeewii? Poor us. (Take pity on us.) Eeshaan uhaan. I have a fish. Kaa t a" jeewii. Are you angry? X'aant ge iyaniik? or X'aan age iya.60? or S/he has a knife. Litaa du jeewii. X'aan ge it60wu? We have fish. Kaat haa jeewii. Do you have a Chilkat blanket? Naaxein ge i jeewii? S/he's angry. X'aan aya.60. or X'aant uwaniik. Do you have money? Oaanaa ge i jeewii? S/he has lots of money. Aatlein daanaa du jeewii. or I'm angry. X'aant "waaniik. or X'aan Kaa.60. or Oaanaa tlein du jeewii. or X'aan ax t6owu. Oaanaa du jee yagei. I don't have any money. It hurts him when you do that. Ash sineekw we yei daa.eeneiyi. TIeil daanaa a" jee. I need two dollars. S/he's got a bad mouth / isn't Tiel chaa ,,'eiti. Dei" daanaa eeteena" "at yatee. We need two dollars. Dei" daanaa eeteena" haa yatee. talking nice. Loan me some. A" eet aa his'. Say, "I'm sorry. 11 IlAK toowU yaneekw," y60 wunaka. Who's got the cash? Aadoo jeewii sa(we) we daanaa? or What can we do to help him? Waa sa(we) du eet gatudishee? or Waa sawe du eet gaduwashee? Aadooch sa lashat we daanaa? I have it. All; jeewii a. Have courage. [s] I gu.aa ya" x'wan. or I gu.aa" x'wan. Do you have it? I jeewii gel You [s] have it. I jeewii a. Have courage. [p] Yee gu.aa ya" x'wan. or Yee gu.aa" x'wan. S/he has it. Ou jeewii a. We have it. Haa jeewii a. Your poor hand. I jin eel or Aatlein at awe i jin. You [p] have it. Yee jeewii a.
28 29 We're not sleepy. Tleil haa eet yatawuhaa. They have it. Has du jeewu a. I'm not sleepy. Tleil aKeet yatawuhaa. Whose (thing) is it? Aad60 aayiK sa sitee? S/he's not sleepy. Tleil du eet yatawuhaa. It's ours. Haa aayiK sitee. or The children are not sleepy. Tleil has du eet yatawuhaa we at yiitx'i. Haa aayi aya. S/he's getting sleepy. Ou eede yaa yatanahein. It's mine. AK aayiK sitee. or I'm getting sleepy. AK eede yaa yatanahein. AK aayi aya. I'm not getting sleepy. TINI aK eede yaa yataanahein. That's mine. AK aayi awe. This is mine. AK aayi aya. That boat is ours. Haa aayiK sitee we yaakw. or 9. Cooking, eating, talking about food Haa aayi awe, we yaakw. That one is going to be mine. AK aayiK gooKsatee weit.aa. Are you [p] hungry? Yee eet ge yaan.uwahaa? TleinaK aK adi awe we keitl. aT That dog is my very own. Are you [s] hungry? I eet ge yaan.uwahaa? KunaK aK aayi awe, we keitl. or I'm hungry. AK eet yaan.uwahaa. or KunaK aK aayiK sitee we keitl. Kaat yaan.uwahaa. Aad60 teeli saya? Whose shoe is this? I'm not hungry. TIe! Kaat yaanwuha. I teeli akya? Is this your shoe? We're hungry. Haa eet yaan.uwahaa. Aaa. AK tee Ii awe. Yes. That's my shoe. I'm getting hungry. AK eede yaa yaannahein. or No. That's not my shoe. Tleik'. TIeil aK teeli awe. AK eede yaannahein. What do you [s] want? Oaa sa i tuwaa sig60? S/he's getting hungry. Ou eede yaa yaannahein. aT Oaa sa yee tuwaa sig60? What do you [P] want? Ou eede yaannahein. Heen aK tuwaa sig60. I want water. We're getting hungry. Haa eede yaa yaannahein. or ___ du tuwaa sig60. S/he wants __. Haa eede yaannahein. Wewant ______haa tuwaa sig60. I'm hungry for pilot bread. Gaati aK eet uwahaa. They want __. ___ has du tuwaa sig60. Are you hungry for berries? Tleikw age i eet uwahaa? Do you [s] want __? ___ ge i tuwaa sig60? S/he's hungry for boiled halibut. Chaatl utIKi du eet uwahaa. Do you [P] want __? ___ ge yee tuwaa sig60? or I'm hungry for dried fish. At K'eeshi aK eet uwahaa. I tuwaa ge sig60 ___? I'm hungry for salmon. Kaat aK eet uwahaa. I don't want water. Heen tleil aK tuwaa ushgu. My aunt is hungry for k'ink'. Klink' aK aat eet uwahaa. We don't want ______tleil haa tuwaa ushgii. or I'm getting hungry for __. ____ aK eede yaa nahein. Tiel ___ haa tuwaa ushgii. I'm getting hungry for pilot bread. Gaati aK eede yaa nahein. AK eet yataawahaa. I'm sleepy. S/he's getting hungry for pilot bread. Gaati du eede yaa nahein. I eet ge yataawahaa? Are you sleepy? We're getting hungry for pilot bread. Gaatl haa eede yaa nahein. Ou eet yataawahaa. S/he's sleepy. I'm full. Kat shaawahik. They are sleepy. Has du eet yataawahaa. We're sleepy. Haa eet yataawahaa.
31 30 I'm thirsty. Kat shaawakux. It's bitter, ~i.aax'w. I'm not thirsty. TIe! l(at shawukoox, or It's sweet / good tasting, Linukts. TIe! al( eet shakux, wuha, It's hot. Yaawat'aa. or What are you thirsty for? Daa sa(we) a yal( ishaawakux? Yat'aa. ,r,c '. I'm thirsty for juice. At kaheeni yal( l(at shaawakux. or a hot thing yat'aayi at ..-z--:"C-r (Ll At kaheeni l(aat uwahaa, It's cold, SLaat', a cold thing sLaat'i at Put (lift up) the pot on the fire. We k'watil('aan kax' kei sa.een. The water is hot. Yat'aa we heen. or Put the pot (down) on the fire. We k'watll('aan kax' daak sa.een. We heen yat'aa. or Season it with fireweed leaves. Lool kayaani a l(oocte yei nasne. Yaawat1aa we heen. Let's cook trout. K'waat' gal(toos.ee, hot water yaawat'ayi heen We're going to cook trout. K'waat' gagal(toos.ee. cold water sLaat'i heen What are you cooking? Daa sawe gees.ee? I'm cooking fish. Kaat aya gal(as.ee. It's sour; turned sour. Kawlis'lix. It's boiling. WudlLuk. salty ILei!' It smells good. Lits'aa. too sweet a yaanal( linukts It's beginning to smell good. Kei nalts'ein. just sweet enough ayal( awe linukts S/he is barbecuing fish. Kaat atseek. not sweet enough tie! ayal( ulnukts Fish baked in an oven. Sdoox toonal( l(aat. It's not sweet, Tiel ulnukts. S/he's making frybread. Eel( kat sakwnein at'oos', I'm going to make frybread. Eel( kat sakwnein kkwat'oos', or Put it on the table. Nadaakw kaa yan ti. Eel( kat sakwnein kukwat'oos'. Put them on the table. Nadaakw kax' yan yei sane. or l l S/he is baking bread. Sakwnein at 6os • Nadaakw kaa yei na,oo. We'll eat later. Dziyaaginx' tsa at gal(tool(aa. Run, get a spoon. Shalgaa neesheex. It's time for breakfast. S'ootaat atl(a gaawu aya. or We're going to eat herring eggs, Gaax'w gal(tool(aa. Ts'ootaadi atl(aayi gaawu aya. It's lunch time. Sitgawsaan atl(a gaawli aya. or Grandma's eating her herring eggs with seal grease and soy sauce. Sitgawsaani atl(aayi gaawu aya. ,Shaawat aa,haa leelk'w tsaa eeJ(Ci ka tsu soy sauce tin awe al(a du gaax'u. Do you want water? Heen ge i tuwaa sigoo? I want water. Heen al( tuwaa sigoo. I'm full (pf solid), Kat shaawahik. or Pass the milk. Wasoos I'aa tul(ani haadei nas,een, Kat wooneil(. Is your food good? Yak'ei ge i atl(aayi? I'm full (of liquid). Kat shaawatI'it'. Eat! At l(a! It's full (of solid), Shaawahik. What do you need? Daat eeteen~ sa iyatee? It's full (of liqUid). Shaawatl'it' . Can I help you? (Let me help.) I eet kwshe kadashee? one cup/measure/template tleix' gUx'aa kaayi
32 33 ribbon (light) seaweed klaachl rice* k60x 1 herring eggs gaax'w chicken' kaax hooligan saak crackers; pilot bread' giiatl hooligan oil saak eel!;i carrot s'in or • Cultural note. Traditional Tlingit names were often applied to new foods. Thus Sian rice was originally the root of Kamchatka lily, chicken was grouse, and pilot bread food taken home from a party eenwu the fungus that grows on trees.
What are you eating? Daa sawe ee~a? boiled fish utll!;i I'm eating fish. Xiiat l!;aKa. dry fish at l!;'eeshi I'm eating pilot bread. Qaatl l!;al!;a. half dry fish niiayadi Are you eating dry fish? At l!;'eeshi ge eel!;a? fermented fish heads klinkl What is s/he eating? Daa sa(we) al!;a? salmon eggs kahiiakw S/he's eating gumboots. Shaawal!;a. soup, broth ta)i;heeni or What are they eating? Daa sa(we) has al!;a? tel!;heeni Theyare eating gumboots. Shaaw has al!;a. juice at kaheeni berries tleikw Let's eat salmon eggs. Kahaakw gatool!;aa. apple x1aaxl 1 -,-"." ~, . - . We'll eat later. Dziyaaginx' at gal!;tool!;aa. apple juice x1aax kaheeni We'll eat deer meat. Quwakaan dleeyi gal!;tool!;aa. orange juice iianjis kaheeni berry juice tleikw kaheeni Did you eat? At iyal!;aa gel oil, grease eeK or When did you eat? Gwatk sii(we) at iyal!;aa? eix I just ate. Yeisu at l!;waal!;iia. tsaa eel!;i seal oil I ate a while ago, Dziyaak at l!;waal!;aa. seal meat tsaa dleeyi What did you eat? Daa sa(we) iYaKaa? deer meat guwakaan dleeyi I ate fish. Xaat l!;waal!;aa. pilot bread giiatl When will you eat? Gwatgeen sa(we) at gageel!;aa? bread (flour) sakwnein I'll eat after a while. Dziyaagin(x') at kukal!;aa. baked or fried bread sakwnein eewu What will you eat? Daa sa(we) kgeel!;aa? k'unts' potatoes I'll eat fish. Xaat aya kkwal!;aa. or gumboots shaaw slaaw Xaat kukal!;aa. crab What do you (habitually) eat? Daa sa(we) eel!;aaych? or giial' clams Daa sa(we) eel!;aa nooch? Hudson Bay tea s'ikshaldeen I (habitually) eat fish. Xaat (aya) l!;wal!;aaych. common (dark) seaweed laak'iisk
3S 34 My aunt likes k'ink'. A'i aat 'i'ei yakei k'ink'. Tlingit kinship terms do not always match English. Many are gender-bound, de My aunt doesn't like k'ink'. A'i aat tiel du 'i'ei ushke k'ink'. pend on age of Siblings involved, and are based on the moieties of the people My aunt is eating k'ink'. A'i aat k'ink' a'ia. involved (that is, man or woman of the same or opposite moiety; Sibling of the My aunt will eat k'ink'. A'i aat k'ink' akgwa'iaa. same or opposite sex; etc.). My aunt ate k'ink'. A'i aat k'ink' aawa'iaa. My uncle ate up all the k'ink'. A'i sanich ya'i ayawsi'iaa we k'ink'. his/her ancestor du shag60n (perceived as gone behind one) or S/he is eating fish· heads. ,li;aat shaayi a'ia. du shuka (perceived· as gone ahead of one;
t S/he is sucking on the jawbone. S'aak als'oos • also, his or her crest) S/he is burping. Altsaa. his/her grandparent du leelk'w or du aali (older term; grandfather) or Let's eat Chinese food. Chaanwaan at'iaayi gatoo'iaa. du daakan60x'u (ceremonial term of respect) Let's eat boiled fish for lunch. Utl'ii gatoo'iaa ya satgawsaan at'iaayi his/her grandchild du dach'ian sakw. his/her namesake du saayi We'll boil fish. Gaga'itoosh.60tl. We'll eat at McDonalds. McDonalds-x' at ga'itoo'iaa. his/her father du eesh Let's eat at McDonalds. McDonalds-x' at gatoo'iaa. his/her mother du tiaa his/her child du yacti his/her children du yatx'i 10. Kinship his/her daughter du see his/her son du yeet Who's that? Aad60 sawe? his older brother du hun'iw (a man's older brother) This is your grandparent. I leelk'w aya. his younger brother du keek' (younger Sibling of same sex) one's relative kaa'iooni his sister du dlaak' (a man's sister) Is that man your relative/relation? Yee 'iooni ak. we we kaa? his brother-in-law du kaani (brother of man's wife) Is that person your brother/sister? I een aa ak.we? her older sister du shat'i (a woman's older sister) Tlingit kinship terms are always used with possessive pronouns. The most com her younger sister du keek' (younger Sibling of same sex) mon possessive pronouns are: her brother du eek' (a woman's brother) her sister-in-law du kaani (sister of a woman's husband) my your (singular) his/her aunt du aat (father'S sister) or his/her du du tlaak'w (mother's sister) our haa his/her uncle du sani (father's brother) or your (plural) yee du kaak (mother's brother) their has du
36 37 nephew or niece (man's sister's child) du keilk' (same moiety) her husband's older brother du ",u",hun",w nephew or niece (woman's brother's child) du kaalk'w (opposite moiety) her husband's younger brother du ",u",keek' her younger sister's husband du keek'",u", Note on nieces and nephews. In terms of kinship and social structure, a woman's her older sister's husband du shat",i",u", sister's child is also considered her child, and a man's brother's child is also con sidered his child; therefore the Tlingit terms do not apply (and do not match his/her relative/tribes person du ",oonl English). his/her partner du yakaawu her husband's clan brother du kaawu his/her spouse du ",an.aa his wife's clan sister du shaawadi his wife du shat his wife's clan sisters du shaawatx'i yan her tribal brother du xwaayi her husband du "'U'" his/her mother-in-law du chaan his tribal sister du shaawu his/her father-in-law du woo his/her sweetheart du tseiyi his/her daughter-in-law du yitshat his/her son-in-law du sei",u", He got married. Aawashaa. his brother-in-law du kaani (brother of man's wife) She got married. Ash uwashaa. or her sister-in-law du kaani (sister of a woman's husband) Wuduwashaa.
Note on in-laws. The Tlingit term kaani does not match the English concept of a Terms ofaddress. When speaking directly to a person, the following terms are used. man's sister-in-law (wife's sister or brother's wife) or a woman's brother-in-law Most of these feature a short vowel and the -k' suffix, which is a term of endear (sister's husband or husband's brother). For these relationships, the follOWing terms ment. are used: mother atlei or his wife's younger/older sister du shat keek'/shat", atlee his older/younger brother's wife du hUllJ<:W /keek' shat grandchild ch",ank' her husband's older/younger brother du ",U", hun",w/keek' son yitk' her younger/older sister's husband du keek'/shat",i "'u'" daughter sik' niece/nephew keJk' or These terms can either be two separate words, as above, each with a tone of its kalk'w ,own, or they can be compound nouns, joined, with the tone on the first word father eesh ::t,' IIstolen" by the second. grandparent leelk'w k,<,),,,h~'r' c
his wife's younger sister . du shatkeek' his wife's older sister du shatshatJ<: his older brother's wife du hun",wshat his younger brother's wife , du keek'shat
38 39 11. Reporting news, giving messages 12. Ceremonial situations, invitations to speak, models for public speaking My mother is sick. A1!; tlaa yaneekw. My paternal uncle died. A~ sani WDonaa. I am invited. Kat wuduwa.eex'. ,. -:',," His father died. Ou eesh woonaa. We are invited. Haa wduwa.eex'. Did they tell you? I een ge kaduneek? I am invited to Sitka. Sheet'kaadi"Kat wuduwa.eex'. Do you know that our uncle died? Yisikoo ge haa sani wunaaW1i? 00","0' Our leader will speak. Haa shaadehani K'aguKdataan. I had an operation/surgery. Kat wuduwaxaash. ladies and gentlemen sh yaa awudineiyi shaa lsa lsaax'w S/he had surgery. Wuduwaxaash. people of honor; honored people sh yaa awudaneix'i My father is going to have surgery. A1!: eesh ga1!;duxaash. you people of honor seated here sh yaa awudaneix'i yaat yilseeni Someone phoned me. A1!; jeet K'awduwatan. those who are my in-laws aK kaani yanK siteeyi aa Someone telephoned for you. I jeet K'awduwatan. you (the ones) who invited us here yaade 'baa yeey.eex'i aa ,,-/,-? /', You're wanted on the phone. Telephone K'eide iduKOOK. that he invited us here yaade haa woo.eex'i Your paternal uncle telephoned I sanich telephone toode eewaKooK. for you. you asked me to this table They telephoned about you. I daat haat K'awduwatan. tsu Kat ya nadaagu a yaaKdei Kat yeeYKooKu or They phoned about your teeth. looK daat haat K'awduwatan. tsu Kat ya nadaakw daade Kat yeeYKooKu I'll make an appointment. Appointment yei kkwasanei. At this moment I (also) would like to speak. What are you telling him/her? Oaa sa du een keeneek? Yaa yeedat aK tuwaa sigoo (Kat tsu) K'aKwdataani. I'm telling him/her about her father. Ou eesh daat at aya du een kaKaneek. At this time for a short while I would like to speak. Tell him/her ___ . Ou een kananeek ___. Ya gaaw ch'a yei yiguwaatl' aK tuwaa sigoo K'aKwdataani. I will tell him/her __. Ou een kaklswaneek ___, Please forgive me if I don't do this correctly. (or "if it doesn't come out right") Did s/he call? Haat ge K'awditan? Ch'a aadei lswa yei Kat K'agaKyee.oo I ayaK yoot wuxeexi. How is she/he/it? Waa sa yatee? For a short while please give me time. She/he/it is OK. Gaa yatee. Ch'a yei yiguwaatl' gaaw aK jeet yiti. She/he/it is not in very good shape. TIe! gaa ushti. This evening the time has come for us to discuss things. Ya xaanaa awe at lsoowahaa daa sa katooneegi. This evening the time has come for people to discuss things. Ya xaanaa awe at lsoowahaa daa sa katduneegi. At this time I would like to explain. Ya gaaw aK tuwaa sigoo lsunaaK daak kaKwaneegi. I want to say to you ... ; Co AK toowax' sigoo, yei yee yaKwsalsaayi ... /.",,;,c-,.y
40 41 Won't you please listen to this. Did you come on the bus? Bus kat ge haat keeyatin? Haandei kunayis.aa" x'wan. aT Is s/he riding the bus? Bus kat ge yaa kunatin? Haandei kinay(i)s.aa" x'wan. Is s/he riding/driving the bus? Bus kat ge yaa naku,,? A while ago I listened to you and how you were thinking. Where did you go? Goode sa yigoodeen? Ya dziyaak awe i ,,,:eit "wasi.a", i tundataani, aadH yateeyi yeo (or "Where have you been?") Where did you travel from? Gooda" sawe yaa kineetin? This is how I feel (about it). Yei aya a" toowU yatee. Did you fly over? Haat ak.we yidikin? aT (This) is how I am thinking about it. (A) ya" awe daa yoo tu"aatank. Haat ge yidikin? aT For [Name] (to wear). [Name] kaadei. Plane kat ge haat keeyatin? (Said when departed are remembered.) We're flying to Sitka today. Sheet'kaade yaa haa kanalyich yaa For [Name] (to eat). [Name] ,,'eide. yagiyee. (Said when departed are remembered.) We're flying to Sitka tomorrow. Sheet'kaade haa kakgwalyeech seigan. Here! Haade! I am flying to Sitka today. Sheet'kaade kkwadal\.een yaa yagiyee. (Said when gifts [other than fire dishes] are being brought.) I am flying to Sitka tomorrow. Sheet'kaade kkwadakeen seigan. S/he is flying today. Kei gu"dakeen yaa yagiyee. S/he is flying tomorrow. Kei gUl!;dakeen seigan. 13. Coming, going, and traveling We arrived today. Yaa yagiyee haat kuwtuwatin. We arrived yesterday. Tatge awe haat kuwtuwatin. Where are you [s] going? Goode sa yaa neeglit? I arrived today. Yaa yagiyee awe haat ku"waatin. aT I'm going home. Neilde yaa n"aglit. Yaa yagiyee aya haat ku"waatin. Where is s/he going? Goode sa yaa nagut? I arrived yesterday. Tatge haat ku"waatin. S/he's going home. Neilde yaa naglit. S/he arrived yesterday. Tatge haat koowatin. Where are you [p] going? Goode sa yaa nay. at? S/he arrived today. Yaa yagiyee haat koowatin. We're going to school. Sg60nde yaa ntoo.at. We'll go by boat/car. Ga"tookOo". Where are they going? Goode sa yaa has na.at? I'll go by boat/car. GukwakOo". aT They're going to town. Aande yaa has na.at. aT KukakOo". aT Aan kaade yaa has na.at. aT Kwak6o". Aan ,,'ayeede yaa has na.at. S/he will go by boat. GugwakOo". Where are you coming from? Gooda" sa yaa neeglit? Will you go by boat? GageekOo" ge? I'm coming from school. Sg6onda" yaa n"agut. Are you flying to Angoon? Aang60nde gekei kgidakeen? I'm going over there. Y60de yaa n"agilt. We came by car. Haat wutuwaku". Where do you want to go? Goode sa ituwatee? Let's go to the store. Hoon daakahidide na"too.aat. Come with me first. AK een s'e na.a. or Xaan s'e na.a.
42 43 in the boat 14. Locations and directions we yaakw yigu in his boat du yaagli yigu up the mountain shaa shakeewu Where is the ? Goos60 we ? at my father's aK eesh Kanu Where's the drum? Goos60 we gaaw? in the road dei yigu Where's the book? Goosoo we x'Ux'? in the water, on the river heen yigu The book is on the table. We x'ux' nadaakw kawu. or on the bottom (of water, river) heen taawu or Nadaakw kawu we xlux'. heen taagu Where's your husband? Goos6o i KUx? on the (surface of the) water heen kawu or My husband is a home. Neilu a" "u". heen"ukawu Where's your mother? Goos60 i tliia? among the berries tleil;w "oowu My mother is upstairs. Hit shant60wu a" tiaa. The box is under the table. We l;60k nadaakw tayeewu. Is your mother upstairs? Hit shant60wu ge i tlaa? or I tlaa ge hit shant60wu? to town aan kaade Isn't your mother upstairs? Tleil age hit shanru i tlaa? or to the beach eel;de or I tlaa ge tiel hit shantu? leinde No. My mother is not upstairs. Tleik'. Tleil hit shantu a" tiaa. to the woods at gut60de The berries are in the box. K60k yigu tleil;w. to the forest aas gut60de or as gut60de at home I indoors neilu (my) right hand sheeyna" a" j in outdoors I outside gaanu (my) left hand s';it'naK ax jin next door k'idaakawu (go) right sheeyn 44 4S They are not long. TIe! udayat'gix'. 15. Sizes and shapes, conditions and attributes It is long. (extended object) Liyat'. (dimensional verbs) They are long. Has dliyat'x'. It is not long. TIe! ulyat'. Unlike English and other European languages most familiar to learners of Tlingit, It is not long. Tiel ulyatx'. It is heavy. (rock; inanimate object) Yadal. Tlingit has relatively few "real" adjectives (such as "tlein" = "big"). Most of the time to translate English adjectives it will be as a verb in Tlingit. For example: They are heavy. Has didalx'. It is light. (lit. "not heavy") TIe! udal. it is good yak'H They are not heavy. TIe! has udadalx'. s/he is sick yaneekw S/he's heavy. (person; live creature) Lidal. it is hot yat'aa They are heavy. Has dlidalx'. s/l}e is strong Jitseen S/he's light / not heavy. TIe! uldal. it is smelly; it stinks lichan They are not heavy. TIe! has uldalx'. Lots, many yagei S/he's fast. Yasatkw. many of them yageiyi aa We're fast. Haa yasatkw. many aatlein or You're fast. iyasatkw. aatlenx' [p] I'm fast. Kat yasatkw. She/he/it is big/tall/large. Ligei. I'm not fast. Tleill(at usatkw. They are tall. Has dligeix'. S/he's slow. Lich'eeyakw a big one ligeiyi aa S/he's strong. Litseen. big ones dligeix'i aa S/he's not strong. Tleil uJcheen. medium sized one yangaa kwdligeiyi aa You [p] are strong. Yee litseen. She/he/it is not big/tall/adult. TIe! ulge. a strong one litseeni aa They are not tall/adult. TIe! has ulgeix'. It's difficult. Lidzee. They are not very tall. Tiel tlal( has ulgeix'. It's easy. (lit. "not hard") Tleil uldzee. It is small/little/tiny. (compact object) Wi googeink'. S/he's rich. Linaall(. They are small. Wi has kwdzigeink'. S/he's not rich. TIe! ulnaall(. It is small/little. (extended object) Yei gushigeink'. S/he's poor. K'anashgicteil( sitee. She/he/it is short. Yei kwsigeink'. It stinks (smells bad). Lichan. They are short. Yei has kwdzigei. It's beginning to stink. Kei naJchan. It is long. (compact object) Yayat'. It smells good (fragrant). Lits'aa They are long. Has diyat'x'. or It's taboo. Ligaas. Has diyat'gix'. She/he/it is good. Yak'ei. ,-' It is not long. TIe! uyat'. a good one yak'eiyi aa 47 46 She/he/it is not good. Tleil ushk'e. We are becoming real Tlingits. KunaK LingitK yaa haa nasteen. You [s] are bad. (lit. "not good") Tleil eeshk'e. That boy is a good worker. Aak'e yei jineiyiK sitee we at k' atsk'u. or You [p] are bad. Tleil yee ushk'e. Aak'e yei jineiyi awe we at k'atsk'u. or well/nice k'idein We at k'atsk'u aak'e yei jineiyiK sitee. or It can be seen well. K'idein duwateen. We at k'atsk'u aak'e yei jineiyi awe. It can be heard well. K'idein duwa. 48 49 Two colors are also used to describe racial groups: English Original Tlingit noun black t'ooch' (charcoal) white man dleit !saa blue (deep blue) K'eishx'w (blue jay, Steller's jay) English language dleit !saa K'HnaK brown s'agwaat white woman dleit shaawat (flat outer layer of hemlock bark) black man t'ooch',kaa gold goon (gold) black woman t 1ooch1 shaawat green / light blue s'oow (greenstone, jade stone) gray lawUK (young seagull) or Sometimes the color words are heard with the ka- prefix, as in "kadleit." This !sugaas' (fog) probably derives from an older concept of color as applied to the surface of some grayish/whitish dliwoo thing, as opposed to color in the abstract. orange sheiK'w (red alder) or aanjis daayi (orange skin) red K'aan (fire) silver daanaa (silver dollar) 17. Numbers and counting white dleit (snow) yellow t1'aatl' (small, yellow bird; one t1Hx' yellow salmon berries; two dHK or the color of yellow fungus) three nas'k four daax'oon It's black. T'ooch' yaK yatee. five keijin A black shirt. Tooch' k'oodas'. six t1eidooshii It's blue. K'eishx'u yaK yatee. seven daKadooshii It's brown. S' agwaat yaK yatee. eight nas' gadooshii It's gold. Goon yaK yatee. nine gooshii!s It's green / light blue. S'oow yaK yatee. ten jinkaat It's gray. LawUK yaK yatee. or eleven jinkaat !sa t1eix' Kugaas' yaK yatee. twelve jinkaat !sa dHK It's grayish/whitish. Dliwoo. etc. It's orange. SheiK'w yaK yatee. or twenty tlei!saa Aanjis daayi yaK yatee. twenty one tlei!saa !sa tWx' It's red. K'aan yaK yatee. etc. It's silver. Daanaa yii)<: yatee. It's white. Dleit yaK yatee. once tleidaheen It's yellow. Tl'aatl' yaK yatee. twice daKdaheen or deiK daheen 51 50 thrice, three times nas'gidaheen or six people tieidooshoona" )saa nas'k daheen seven people da"adooshoona" )saa four times daax'oondaheen OT eight people nas'gadooshoona" )saa daax'oon daheen nine people gooshuguna" )saa OT five times keijindaheen gooshu)sna" )saa etc. ten people jinkaadina" )saa OT one by one tiek'gaa or jinkaatna" )saa tlak'gaa . eleven people jinkaat )sa tleina" )saa two by two da"gaa twelve people jinkaat )sa da"na" )saa three by three nas'gigaa etc. one by one (people) tiek'gaana" twenty people tlei)saana" )saa two by two (people) da"gaana" twenty one people tlei)saa )sa tieina" )saa and a half )sa a shoowU etc. Counting things Old and new counting systems When talking about things and animals, it is not necessary to make the noun The traditional Tlingit counting system was in base 20. The new system, since plural in Tlingit. European contact, is decimal (base 10). This shows up in counting by lOs (or, as the case may be, by 20s). one goat tleix' janwu two deer dei" guwakaan Old (base 20) New (decimal, base 10) three salmon nas'k xaat 20 tlei)saa 20 tiei)saa etc. 30 tlei)saa )sa jinkaat 30 nas'k jinkaat 40 da,,)saa 40 daax'oon jinkaat SO da,,)saa )sa jinkaat SO keijin jinkaat Counting people 60 nas'gikaa 60 tleidooshu jinkaat 70 nas'gi)saa )sa jinkaat 70 da"adooshu jinkaat For counting people, the suffix -na} or -nina} is added to the number. 80 daax'oon)saa 80 . nas'gadooshu jinkaat 90 daax'oon)saa )sa jinkaat 90 gooshu)s jinkaat one person tleina" )saa 100 keijin)saa 100 tleix' hindit two people da"na" )saa 200 jinkaat)saa 200 Mi" hindit two women da",na" shia three people nas' gina" )saa four people daax'oonina" )saa five people keijinina" )saa 52 53 Measurements 18. Weather fathom (armspan) waat inch kaa tl'eg'aak How's the weather? Waa sa kuwatee? How was the weather? foot kaa KlOOS Waa sa koowatee? yard kaas' It's fine. Kuwak'i'i. mile kaay now yeedat It measures a foot. Tleix' kaa ,,'oos ya" koowaat'. today yaa yagiyee or It measures a fathom and a half. Tleix' waat ka a shoowu yiil!; koowaat'. yaa yakyee tomorrow seigan or teaspoon shaJ k'atsku seiganin tablespoon shal tlein yesterday tatge cup guxlaa probably shakcte half a cup gUx'aa shoowu maybe, probably gwal gallon k'ateil It was fine yesterday. Koowak'ei tatge. It will be fine. Kei kukgwak'ei. It's getting fine. Kei kunak'ein. Days of the week rt will be fine tomorrow. Seigan kei kukgwak' ei. It will probably be fine. Kei kukgwak'ei shakcte. Monday tleix' yagiyee It will probably be fine tomorrow. Seigan kei kukgwak'i'i shakcte. Tuesday dH" yagiyee The weather is not good. TIe! kooshk'e. Wednesday nas'k yagiyee It's cloudy. Kulig60s'. Thursday daax'oon yagiyee It was (got) cloudy yesterday. Kuwlig60s' tatge. Friday kei jin yagiyee It will be cloudy. Kei kugu"lag60s'. Saturday Sindi k'atsk'u It's getting cloudy. Kei kunalg60s'. Sunday Sindi or It's sunny. Awdigaan. Sandi It was sunny yesterday. Awdigaan tatge. It will be sunny. Yei agu"dagaan. What time is it? Xloon gaaw sawe? It's getting sunny. Yei andagan. It's getting to be that time Aacte yaa kandaxit. or It's warm (hot). Kuwat'aa. (quitting time). Aade yaa kunahein. It was warm yesterday. Koowat'aa tatge. noon satgawsaan It will be warm (hot). Kukgwat'aa. (w/o kei, high tone) or one o'clock tIeix' gaaw Kei kukgwat'aa. (w/kei, low tone) two o'clock dei" gaaw Maybe it will be hot tomorrow. Seigan kei kkgwat'aa shakde. It's getting warm (hot). Yaa kunat'ein. It's cold. Kusi.aat'. S4 SS It was (got) cold yesterday. Kuwsi.aat' tatge. 19. Commands I: Washing things and self It will be cold. Kei lsugul>sa.aat'. It's getting cold. Kei lsunas. aa t'. Wash! [s] Na.6os'! It's snowing. Dleit daak wusitan. Wash! [p] Nay.60s'! It snowed yesterday. Dleit daak wusitan tatge. Wipe! [s] Galgli! It will snow. Dleit daak gUl(sataan. Wipe! [p] Gaylagu! It's starting to snow. Dleit daak nastan. Wash the clothes. We naa.at na.6os', It will probably snow. Dleit daak gUl(sataan shakde. Wash your clothes. I naa.adi na.60s'. Maybe it will snow. Gwal dleit daak gul>sataan. Wash the dish. We S'IX' kana.6os'. or It will snow tomorrow. Seigan dleit daak gUl>sataan. We S'IX' KOD na.6os'. It will probably snow tomorrow. Seigan dleit daak gUl>sataan shakcte. Wash your dish. I s'ix'i kana.6os', It's raining. See~ daak wusitan. .. Wash the cup. We gux'aa kana. 60S'. Is it raining? Seew ge daak wusitan? Wash your cup. I gux'ayi kana. 60S'. rained yesterday. Seew daak wusitan tatge. .. the table. It Wash We nadaakw kana.60s'. It will rain. Seew daak gUl>sataan. .." It's starting to rain. Seew daak nastan. .. Wash your hands. [s] I jin na.60s'. It's foggy. Kuwdigwas'. ~ Wash your hands. [p] Yee jin nay.60s'. It will be foggy. Kugul>dagwaas' . Wipe your hands. [s] I jin galgli. It's getting foggy. Yaa lsundagwas'. Wipe your hands. [p] Yee jin gaylagu. It's stormy. Ayawditee. It was stormy yesterday. Ayawditee tatge. Wash your head. [p] Yee sha nay.60s'. It will be stormy. Yei ayagul>datee. Wash your face. [P] Yee ya nay.60s'. It's getting stormy. Yei ayandateen. Wash your hair. [p] Yee shal>aawu. nay.60s'. It's snowing hard. Ayakaawadan. Wash your foot. [p] Vee K'OOS nay.6os', It was snowing hard yesterday. Ayakaawadan tatge. Brush your teeth. [p] Yee 00l> nay.60s'. It will snow hard. Ayakakgwadaan. It's starting to snow hard. Yaa ayakanadan. Wash your head. [s] I sha na.60s'. I'm stormbound. 2I,at yaawasik. Wash your face. [s] I ya na.60s'. I'm wet. 2I,at wuditl'ak'. Wash your hair. [s] I shal>aawu. na.60s'. How is it outside? Waa sa yatee gaan? Wash your foot. [s] I K'OOS' na.6os'. I'll take a look. Aade aklswalgein. or Brush your teeth. [s] lOOK na.6os'. Aade aklswalgeen. It stopped (raining or snowing). Aawadaals. It will stop (raining or snowing). Akgwadaals. It's beginning to let up. Yaa ana dais. S6 S7 There are alternative forms: Wash the spruce roots. We Kaat nal.oos'. Wash the hooligan. We saak nal.oos'. Wash your hands. [s] Jinida.oos'. Wash your hands. [p] Jinayda.oos' . But: Wash your head. [s] Shanida.oos' . ~ Wash your head. [p] Shanayda.oos'. Wash the salmon. We raat na.oos'. Wash your face. [s] Yanida.6os' . Wash your face. [p] Yanayda.oos'. Wash your feet. [s] X'usnida.6os'. 20. Commands II: Giving, taking, carrying, bringing, Wash your feet. [p] K'usnayda.oos' . handling You may hear yet further variations of the alternative forms above, using more complex contractions: Tlingit verbs of handling (giving, bringing, taking, carrying, picking up, putting down, and putting on clothes, etc.) are very complicated and typically involve a Jeenda.oos'. for Jinida.oos'. Wash your hands. [s] verb stem and a series of prefixes relating to the shape of the object. For example: Sheenda.oos'. for Shanida.oos'. Wash your head. [s] The Tlingit verb stem tf has the basic meaning of handling a general object, usu Yeenda.oos'. for Yanida.oos'. Wash your face. [s] ally small. When the verb stem is in the command form with various noun phrases and directional prefixes, it has the follOWing meanings. "It" or "the X" refers to There are also alternative forms using the L classifier. the noun actually used. Wash your hands. [s] I jin nali.oos'. 1. haat ti bring [it] here; bring [the X] here Wash your hands. [p] Vee jin nayla.oos'. 2. aK jeet ti give [it] to me; give me [the X]; Wash your hands. [p] Jinayil.oos' . hand me [the X] Wash your feet. [p] K'usnayil.oos'. 2a. du jeet ti give [it] to him/her; give him/her [the X]; hand him/her [X] The pattern seems to change a bit. It is OK to say: 3. yan ti put [it] down; put down [the X] 4. aal( gati pick [it] up; pick up [the X] Wash the hands. [s] Jinal.oos'. 5. aal( nati take [it] away; take [the X] away 6. yoode nati carry [it] (there); carry [the X] But it implies washing someone else's hands, not your own. (over there) The L classifier is used here for action involving long objects such as fingers, toes, spruce roots (for weaving), and some (but not all) fish, etc. Here are the verbs with the noun object "stone": She's washing her spruce roots. Ou Kaadi al. us'kw. 1. Haat ti we te. Bring the stone here. She washed her spruce roots. Ou Kaadi awli.oos'. 2. Al( jeet ti we teo Give me the stone; hand me the stone. 58 59 2a. Du jeet ti we teo Give him/her the stone; 7. tan - empty container hand him/her the stone. Bring the (empty) cup here. Haat tan we gtix'aa. 3. Yan ti we teo Put down the stone. Bring the drum here. Haat tan we gaaw. 4. Aa» gati we te. Pick up the stone. 5. Aa» nati we teo Take the stone away. 8. satan - pole-like object 6. Y60de nati we teo Carry the stone over there. Bring the rifle here. Haat satan we 6onaa. Here are a few examples: Bring the broom here. Haat satan we xit'aa. 1. tf - general object, usually small 9. kasatan - pole-like object (smaller) Bring the stone here. Haat ti we teo Bring the pencil here. Haat kasatan we kooxeedaa. I Bring the crayon here. Haat kasatan we crayon. Bring the book here. Haat ti we XIUX , 10. santi -living creature, usually carried in arms 2. k~tf - small, round object Bring the dime here. Haat kati we gUt. Bring me the cat. Haat santi we d6osh. Bring the apple here. Haat kati we x1aax', Bring me the baby. Haat santi we atk'atsk'u. or Haat santi we atk'iyatsk'u. 3. satf - frame-like object; object with internal parts 11. sa.fn - full container; container with contents Bring the belt here. Haat sati we seek. Bring the chair here. Haat sati we kaayagijeit. or Bring the (full) cup here. Haat sa.in we gUx'aa. Haat sati we kaayakijeit. Bring the berries here. Haat sa.in we tleikw. Bring the walkman here. Haat sati we walkman. 12. aJ - fabric; cloth 4. k(a)satf - round, frame-like object Bring the towel here. Haat a» we jigwHnaa. Bring the bracelet here. Haat kasati we kees. Bring the shirt here. Haat a» we k'oodas'. 5. jikatf - coiled rope or yam; skein, hank or coil of rope or yam 13. yei sane - plural objects in general Bring the rope here. Haat jikati we tix'. In general, this over-rides all other categories if the object is plural. Bring the yarn her!'. Haat jikati we kakHn. Bring the [Xl (plural items) here. Haat yH sane we. [Xl. or Haat yH sani we [Xl. 6. jiksatf - uncoiled rope or yam; a piece of rope or yam Bring the rope here. Haat jiksati we tix'. ..'f Bring the yarn here. Baat jiksati we kakein. 60 61 Windows (if on hinge or crank): 14. kajel- handle all of something In general, this over-rides all other categories if "all" is meant. Open the window. Heide shunataan we Kaawaagi. or Bring (all) the [X] here. Haat kajeJ we [X]. A K'€itK shuwutan we Kaawaagi. (usually plural) Close the window. K'€it tan we Kaawaagi. or K'eit shutan we Kaawaagi. or 15. saM - dead animal A K'€it shutan we Kaawaagi. Bring the fish. Haat sata we Kaat. Windows (if sliding in a sash): Bring the deer. Haat sata we guwakaan. Open the window (pull / push up). Kei yeesh we Kaawaagi. Close the window (pull down). A K'eiK gayeesh we Kaawaagi. or 21. Commands III: Opening and closing things AK gaye~sh we Kaawaagi. - Tlingit verbs of opening and closing vary according to the shape of the object in Open the book. [s] WooshdaK shunal.aat we x'ux'. question, the direction involved, and the nature of the action (hinged, sliding, Open your book. [s] WooshdaK shunal.aat i x'ux'u. tubular, etc.). Open your books. [p] WooshdaK shunayla.aat yee x'ux'u. or WooshdaK shinayla.aat yee x'ux'u. We will open this container of wisdom. H€ide shugal(tootaan ya yaa!susge daakeit. Close the book. [s] Woosh yat shula.a we x'ux'. Close your book. [s] Woosh yat shula.a i x'ux'u. Open the box. A yanaatK gataan we.!sook. Close the books. [P] Woosh yat shiyla.a we x'ux'. or Open the pot. A yanaatK gataan we !s'wat!. Woosh yat shuyla.a we x'ux'. Close the box. A yanaal( gataan we !sook. Close the pot: cover the pot. A yanaaK gataan we !s'wat!. Close the book. [s] Woosht shula.a we x'ux'. Close your books. [p] Woosht shuyla.a yee x'ux'u. or Open the door. H€ide shunataan we K'ahaat. or Woosht shiyla.a yee x'ux'u. A K'€itK shuwutan we K'ahaat. Close the door. X'eit tan we ~!ahaat. OT Open the curtain. [s] WooshdaK yakoollil' we Kaawaagi K'€it shutan we K'ahaat. aT kas'isaa. A K'€it shutan we K'ahaat. Open the curtain. [P] WooshdaK yakaylalil' we Kaawaagi Open the (sliding) door. A K'€itK wuyish we K'ahaat. kas'isaa. Open the (sliding) window. A K'€itl( wuyish we Kaawaagi. Close the (sliding) door. A K'€iK wuyish we K'ahaat. Close the (sliding) window. A K'€iK wuyish we Kaawaagi. 63 62 Close the curtain. [s] W60sht yaklalil' we "aawaagi kas'isaa. or Put the hat on your head. I shaa" gati we s'aaxw. W60shde yaklalil' we "aawaagi kas'isaa. or Put your hat on your head. I shaa" gati i s'aaxu. W60sht yakalalil' we "aawaagi kas'isaa. or W 60sht yakoollil' we "aawaagi kas'isaa. Take off your hat. [s] Shaada" kei idati i s'aaxu. or Close the curtain. [p] W60sht yakaylalil' we "aawaagi kas'isaa. I shaada" kei ti i s'aaxu. or I shaat" kei ti i s'aaxu. Turn on the light. A kat shuksatan we s'eenaa. Turn on the TV. A kat shuksati we TV. or Put on your hats. [p] Yee shaa" yei gaysane yee s'aaxu. or A kat shukati we TV. or Yee shaa" yei gaysani yee s'aaxu. A kat kati we TV. or A "'eit,, yakooti we TV. Take off your hats. [p] Yee shaat!> kei yeiysane yee s'aaxu. Turn on the water. A "'eit,, yakooti we heen. (You) put the hat on his/her head. Ou shaa" gati we s'aaxw. Turn off the light. Yaklakis' we s'eenaa. Turn off the water. A ,,'eit kalate,,' we heen. or Coat and coat·like objects (naa + ti) A ,,'eit kalati,,' we heen. or A "'ei,, yakooti we heen. Put on your coat. Naa" gidati i kinaak.Mi. or Turn off the TV. A "'ei,, yakooti we TV. or Naa" gidati i kinaa.Mi. or A kaa" shuksati we TV. or Ka" gidati i kinaak.Mi. or A kaa" yakooti we TV. I naa" gati i kinaak.Mi. Take off your coat. Naat" kei idati i kinaak.Mi. or I naat" kei ti i kinaak.Mi. or 22. Commands IV: Putting on and taking off clothes Kaa" kei idati i kinaak.Mi. Some nouns that use this verb theme and noun phrase: Verbs of putting on and taking off clothing are very complicated in Tlingit, as each phrase depends on the shape of the clothing, how it is put on, the direction dress l'aak your dress i I'aagi (also, rarely, i I'aaki) of the motion, and the body part involved. You will also encounter regional, com vest l.uljini your vest i l.uljini munity, personal, and situational variations. Here are some examples: shirt k'oodas' or your shirt i k'oodas'i or goodas' i goodas'i sweater kakein k'oodas' your shirt i kakein k'oodas'i Hat and hat-like objects (shaa + ti) coat kinaak.at or your coat i kinaak.Mi or kinaa.at i kinaa.Mi Put on the hat. [s] Shaa" gidati we s'aaxw. Put on your hat. [s] SMa" gidati i s'aaxu. K'oodtis' (goodas' for some speakers) is a generic term and can include shirt, coat, blazer, halibut jacket, and ceremonial shirts and tunics. 64 65 Shoe and shoe-like objects (!'OOS + yii!!) Headbands and headband-like objects (shaa + ka-ti) Put on your shoe(s). X'OOSK idayek i teeli. or Put on your headband. ShaaK kagidati i kootaagayi. or X'OOSK idayik i teeli. or I shaaK kagati i kootaagayi. X'oosde idayek i teeli. or Take off your headband. ShaatK kei keedati i kootaagayi. or I K'OOSK yek i teeli. or I shaatK kei ti i kootaagayi. or I K'oosde yek i teeli. I shakadoox'u shaatK kei jikeedati. Take off your shoe(s). X'oosdaK idayek i teeli. or I K'oosdaK yek i teeli. Bibs, bib-like objects, and koogeinaa (sei + ka-ti) Some nouns that use this verb theme and noun phrase: Put on the koogeinaa. SeiK kagidati we koogeinaa. or socks l'eex'wan your socks i l'eex'wani I seiK kagati we koogeinaa. rubber boots s'el'teel your boots i s'el'teeli Put on the ceremonial bib. I seiK kagati we saka.at. moccasins at xashti tee I or your moccasins i at xashti teeli or Take off the koogeinaa. SeitK kei keedati we koogeinaa. or at xashdi teel i at xashdi teeli I seitK kei ti we koogeinaa. pants tuk'ataal your pants i tuk'ataali Put the (baby) bib on him/her. Du seiK kagati we K'axil'k yinaa haadi. Put the (ceremonial) bib on him/her. Du SHK kagati we saka.at. Gloves and glove-like objects (ji + yii!!) Take the (baby) bib off him/her. Du seitK kei ti we K'axil'k yinaa haadi. Take the (ceremonial) bib off him/her. Du seitK kei ti we saka.at. Put on your gloves/mittens. JikaK idayek i tsaax'Lor I jikaK yek i tsaax'i. Take off your gloves/mittens. JikaatK idayek i tsaax'i. or Shakee.at (shaa + sa-ti) I jikaatK yek i tsaax'i. Put on the shakee.at. ShaaK geesti we shakee.at. or I shaaK gasti we shakee.at. Blankets and blanket-like objects (x'ao) Take off the shakee.at. ShaatK kei eesti we shakee.at. or I ShaatK kei sati we shakee.at. Put on the Chilkat blanket. Idax'6o we naaxein. Put on the button blanket. Idax'oo we kaayuka.oot' x'oow. Put on the shawl. Eesx'oo we sadaat'aay. Belts and belt-like objects (k6a + sa-ti) Put on your belt. KaK geesti i seegi. or I kaK gasti i seegi. Take off your belt. KaaK kei eesti i seegi. 66 67 Bracelets and bracelet-like objects (ji + ka-sa-ti) Eyeglasses a. (waak + ka-sa-ti) b. (waak + yei sa-ne) Put on your bracelet. Jika;, kageesti i keesi. aT c. (waak + yei ka-sa-ne) I jika;, ka;,sati i keesi. Take off the bracelet. Jikaat;, kageesti we kees. There are several permissible alternatives for handling eyeglasses, depending on Take off your bracelet. I jikaat;, ka;,sati i keesi. how the object is perceived: as single, framelike object (a); as general plural ob jects (b); as round, plural objects (c). Necklaces and necklace-like objects (sei + ji-ka-sa-ti) Put on your glasses. a. I waakna;, ka;,sati i wakdaanayi. Put on the necklace. Sei;, jikageesti we seit. b. I waakna;, kei yei sane i wakdaanayi. Put on your necklace. Sei;, jikageesti i seidl. c. I waakna;, kei yei ksane i wakdaanayi. Take off the necklace. Seit;, kei jikeesti we seit. Take off your necklace. Seit;, kei jikeesti i seidl. Take off your glasses. Take off the necklace. I seit;, kei jiksati we seit. a. I waakda;, ka;,sati i wakdaanayi. Take off your necklace. I seit;, kei jiksati i seidl. b. I waakda;, yei nasne i wakdaanayi. Take off the necklace. Seida;, kei jikeesti we seit. c. I wakkaat;, yei ksane i wakdaanayi. Take off your necklace. Seida;, kei jikeesti i seidl. c. I wakkaa;, y(>i ksane i wakdaanayi. Take off the necklace. I s(>ida;, kei jiksati we seit. Take off your necklace. I seida;, kei jiksati i seidl. 23. Hunting Scarf; necktie (sei + ka-duxJ We're going to go mountain goat hunting. Janwu 1'6on ga;,too.aat. Put on (tie on) your scarf. I sei kadux' i sadat'aayl. Put on (tie on) your necktie. I sei kadux' i saka.acti. Note. In traditional Tlingit culture, it was taboo or bad manners to talk about future plans for hunting animals. Thus, the future in this case is grammatically For removing a scarf other verb stems may be used: correct, but may not be socially correct for some elders. Take off your scarf. Seit;, nida.aa;, i sadat'aayi. or Is it a black bear you shot? S'eek ak.we iya.un? Seitli: yei neesne i sadat'aayi. They went seal hunting. Tsaa l'6on (awe) has wookoo;,. I like caribou meat. Watsix dleeyi (awe) a;, tuwaa sig60. A brown bear is walking over there. X60ts y6o;, yaa nagut. deer guwakaan 68 69 That's a dog salmon jumping. Teel' awe at wootaan. My father shot a deer. A~ eesh guwakaan aawa.un. A fish jumped. Xaat wootaan. or My uncle shot two deer. A~ sani dHx guwakaan aawa.un. Xaat kei uwatan. There are a lot of fish jumping. Xaat taani yagei. Did you [s] go hunting? Moon ge yeegoot? There's not much fish jumping. TIe! taan tla~ koosti. I went hunting. AI'oon ~waagoot. salmon (in general) Did you [P] go hunting? Moon ge yeey.aat? ~aat king salmon (chinook) t'a We went hunting. AI'oon wutuwa.aat. coho (silver) I'ook My father went hunting. Ax eesh al'oon woogoot. sockeye (red) gaat We went hunting together. Woosh een aroon wutuwa.aat. chum (dog) teel' What did he get (kill)? Daa sa(we) aawajak? humpy (pink) chaas' He got (killed) a deer. Quwakaan aawajak. freshwater sockeye & coho K'aakw What did you [s] get? Daa sa(we) iyajak? shark t60s1 I got a deer. Quwakaan ~waajak. herring yaaw What did slhe shoot? Daa sa (we) aawa.un? halibut chaatl Sihe shot a deer. Quwakaan aawa.un. boat yaakw What did you [s] shoot? Daa sa(we) iya.un? his boat du yaagu I shot a deer. Quwakaan ~waa.un. their boat has du yaagu What did you [p] get? Daa sa(we) yeeyjak? seine geiwu We killed a deer. Quwakaan wutuwajak. seine boat asgeiwli yee yaagli What did you [p] shoot? Daa sa(we) yeey.un? herring seiner yaaw asgeiwu yee yaagu or We shot a deer. Quwakaan wutuwa.un. yaaw isgeiwli yee yaagu We'll eat deer meat tonight. Ya xaanaa guwakaan dleeyi ga~too~aa. halibut boat chaatl yee yaagli or I'll invite my older brother. Ax hun~w tsu yei kkwa.eex'. chaatl yei daaneiyi The boat is going along. Yaa naku~ we yaakw. They're setting halibut gear. Chaatl ~'ayee tix'i yaa s ashukanaku~. 24. Fishing, tides, and water We made one set. TIHx' daheen heent wutuwagix'. or Tleidaheen heent wutuwagix'. There were a lot of salmon there. Aa woogei ~aat. It (the set) wasn't good. Tleil wuk'ei. Are there a lot of salmon there? Aa ge yagH ~aat? There wasn't much in it. Tleil wugei a too x'. Are there (any) salmon there? Xaat age awu a? It (the set) was good. Wook'ei. Are there salmon jumping? Kadutaan ge ~aat? or There was a lot in it. Woogei a toox'. Xaat taani age awu a? They're pulling their net in (slowly). Has du geiwu kei s anayish. The fish are here! Yaadu ~aat! He's pulling his net aboard (quickly). Du geiwli yaakwdH yaa ana~ut'. There are still some. Ch'a awu aa. His boat is getting full. Yaa ashanalhik du yaagli. There's nothing here. TIHI daa sa yaat. brail net kaxwenaa 71 70 Yes, have her came. Aaa, haat gagaadi. or (The baat) is getting full Yaa shandaxwen. Aaa, haat gagaat. (from brailing). We have all kinds af faad. Ldakat yHde atKa haa jeewu. He's brailing the baat full. Yaa ashanaxwen. S/he has all kinds af faad. Ldakat yeide atKa du jeewU. (The baat) is full (from brailing). Yaa shawdixwen. Oaxjaa too1S; yaa nakuK. It (baat) is traveling in a wind. What did yau [s] catch? Daa sa(we) kei ydzit'eK? It (baat) is traveling in a storm. K'eeljaa toaK yaa nakuK. I caught a king salman. T'a kei Kwdzit'eK. We yaakw tadaa gaKtaaneegwal'. We will paint the battam af the baat. What did yau [p] catch? Daa sa(we) kei ydzit'eK? My (paternal) uncle is mending AK sani du geiwu akHs'. We caught twa king salman. DHK t'a kei wtudzit'eK. his net. What did s/he catch? Daa sa(we) kei awdzit'eK? S/he's trolling. ShukalKaach. S/he caught a coho,. L'aak kei awdzit'eK. S/he's fishing for salman Xaat ast'eiK. What are yau [s] butchering? Daa sa(we) eexaash? (with a pale). I'm butchering fish. Xaat Kaxaash. S/he's seining. Asgeiwu. S/he is butchering fish. Xaat axaash. S/he's jigging far halibut. Kasyeik. We are butchering fish. Xaat taaxaash. AK see haachies-tin ast'eiKi du tuwaa My daughter likes to, fish with They are butchering fish. Xaat has axaash. haachies. sigoa. flasher (bracelet spaan) kees shal shal k'wat' spinner 25. Plants, gardens, and nature The tide is gaing dawn. Yei nalein. S/he is working in her garden. The tide is dawn. Yan uwalaa. Du taayi yH adaane. The tide has turned to, came in. Dakde yaawadaa. S/he likes to, garden. At kaheiK du tuwaa sigoa. or The tide is caming in. DaaknadHn. KadaheiK du tuwaa sigoa. The tide has come up. Yankat uwadaa. She grows flawers. Waash gunayaade k'eikaxwHn akaheiK. It's ripe. It is half tide. ;Kaa shaawU yaK daak uwadaa. or Kaawat'aa. ;Kaa shaawu yaK yaa waalaa. Is it ripe? Kaawat'aa gel Yau'll see the (tide) marker. KwHy yei kgisateen. When is it ripe? Gwatgeen sawe kakgwataa? Let's go, to, the tide flats. Leinde naKtaa.aat! Can yau eat it? DUKa age? Where's yaur (paternal) aunt? Gaasoa i aat? Maybe it's no, gaad to, eat? TIel gwaage ushk'e dUKaayi? S/he went dawn to, the tide flats. LHnde waagaat. Is it gaad far medicine? Naakw yis ge yak'H? When is she coming back? Gwatgeen sa haade kgwagoat? They are digging patataes. K'unts' has akaawahaa. She'll be gane far an haur. TIHx' gaaw K'aak gugayHK. I picked berries. TIHkw Kwaa.in. Tell her we are coaking. Du een kananeek at gataas.ee. A raven is sitting in a tree. YHI aas yikt aa. So, she can came there? WHde ngagaadeet gel or Small birds are sitting in the tree. Ts'itsgux' saani aas yikt has keen. Weit gagaatt gel [Yes, twa ts!] That's a sea pigean aver there. ;K'eik'w ayu yoat. 72 Appendix I: Tlingit spelling conventions When learning to read and write Bingit, people soon ask about two problems: 1. Long and short vowels: pronunciation patterns and standardization 2. Word division We assume that you already know the letters of the Tlingit alphabet and how to spell isolated words. If not, then see our Tlingit Spelling Book and tape, and our Beginning Tlingit grammar with CD. Here we talk about problems writing verbs, phrases or combinations of words. This is not about the alphabet itself or the values of the sounds as they relate to letters. Everything here is about using the standard orthography for coast Tlingit. There are two related problems: 1. learning to how to hear and write the actual sounds when they may vary for a number of reasons (dialect variation, different combination of words, dif ferent part of the word, etc.); 2. deciding how to separate the natural flow of speech into individual words, which can sometimes be arbitrary. We make these decisions all the time in English, and sometimes the choice is very arbitrary. The word "the" is pronounced differently by most speakers in "the man" and lithe apple," yet we write them the same. The woman's name IIMary Ann" is also spelled "Marianne," and the language is changing in whether to spell "life style" or "life-style" or "lifestyle." Tlingit has not been popularly written for . very long, and teachers and students are slowly working out the spelling conven tions in certain troublesome places. 75 Similar contrasts exist for all vowels. The difference in vowel length can make Part one: Long and short vowels - pronunciation patterns and standardization a difference in the meaning. Sometimes the difference is very tiny, yet makes a great difference, as between positive and negative: 1. About long and short vowels. . A;s, eecte yaa yatanahein. I am getting sleepy. (short a) There are eight vowels in Tlingit, which pattern in pairs of short and long. In the .n' A" eede yaa yataanahein. I am not getting sleepy. (long aa) alphabet, the short vowels are written with one letter, and the long vowels with .~i. two letters. 2c. Subject pronouns in the verb complex. Some of the subject pronouns change .- vowel length depending on whether they fall immediately next to the stem (or Short Long stem with a non-syllabiC classifier), or if there is a syllabic classifier between the a aa subject pronoun and the stem. In these cases, vowel length is automatic and does e ei not change the meaning. We still write long and short as they are heard. ee u 00 Long (next to stem) Short (if classifier present) ee you (singular) you (singular) 2. Features common to all speakers and regional dialects of Tlingit. Sounds that are too we tu we written as they are heard and spoken. yee you (plural) yi you (plural) 2a. Nouns. Vowel length makes a difference in meaning in words. Ee"a. You are eating it. Idana. You are drinking it. (or Drink it!) Too"a. We are eating it. Tudana. We are drinking it. me fish, salmon "at "aat Yee"a. You are eating it. Yidana. You-all are drinking it. du se his/her voice du s'ei his eyebrow ish eddy du eesh his/her father 2d. Personal names and Place names. Vowel length also alternates for most speakers dush pollywog d60sh cat when two separate nouns are combined in personal or place names, so that the long vowel of the first noun becomes short. 2b. Verb stems. Vowel length also alternates regularly in the Tlingit verb system. Vowel length (and tone) in the stem vowel is part of the system of shoWing when gaat sockeye (red) salmon an action happened, if it is ongoing, complete, incomplete, or still in the future. gat Heeni Sockeye River (Bartlett Cove) (Something like vowel changes in English "sing, sang, sung," but not the same.) X60ts brown bear XutsnoowU Angoon yaa has na.at they are going along has uwa.at they arrived (Note: An alternative etymology is xoodzee, burning embers [xoodzl, xoots with has woo.aat they went low tone] but the same vowel shortening pattern would apply, regardless of mean- has guga.aat they will go ing.) :,:' ", yaa nagut s/he is going along 3. Patterns with personal and regional variation. uwagut s/he arrived woogoot s/he went In contrast to the examples above, (where vowel length makes a difference in gugag60t s/he will go meaning, or where patterns of variation are shared by most Tlingit speakers) there are several'places in Tlingit that show personal and/or regional variation in long 77 76 and short vowel preference, but where no difference in meaning is involved. As a 3c. Locational and directional suffixes (post-positions). As with possessive suffixes, matter of preference and convenience, we generally standardize the spellings short, there is personal and regional variation in the vowel of the locational and direc following our local and personal use. In writing your own local materials, feel free tional suffixes. We again standardize short. In reality, this affects only two suffixes. to follow local speech or the speech of the elders, and write long, if they do. We note below the exceptions to this rule, where all speakers have either long or Expect to encounter some variation in these words and patterns, as described short. below. Short Long 3a. Demonstratives. We standardize the demonstrative pronouns short, whereas -u /-wu -00/ woo location in or on some speakers pronounce them long, and older printed materials standardized de dei motion toward long. Some common examples are: Meaning Short Long yaadu yaadoo here this (here) ya yaa toowu toow60 in the mind (to like) this (close by) he hei jeewu jeew60 in the hand (to have) that (there) we wei neilde neildei home; to inside of house that (yonder) yU y60 Important exceptions: the following are always pronounced and written long. Note that speakers may not be entirely consistent here, and that certain phrases may be exceptions to the general pattern. Note also the differences between: tuwaa in the mind (to want) (historically tu + ya + wu) goos60? where? (historically goo + sa + wu) Demonstrative Bound adverb Directional prefix (long vowel form) (high tone) (low tone; no tone) 3d. Yak' e and similar verb stems. Some verbs show regional and personal varia yaa (this) yaa (along) tion. Listen carefully and follow local usage. Where we have noticed variation, we y60 (that) y60 (thus) yoo (back and forth) have standardized short. One example is yak 'i!. 3b. Possessive suffixes (and most verbal suffixes). Most Tlingit nouns (other than Short Long relatives and body parts) take a suffix when they are possessed. These are pro yak'e yak'ei it's good nounced either long or short, according to personal and regional variation. There But notice: the negative is always short, even for speakers who pronounce the is no difference in meaning between the long and short forms. Again, we stan positive long: dardize short, whereas some speakers pronounce them long, and earlier print materials standardized long. tJel ushk'e it's not good tJel eeshk'e you're not good Short Long ee used with most nouns (du hidi, du keidli, du tix'i, etc.) 3e. Irrealis. The irrealis prefix -u- (meaning not, negative, or indicating an un u 00 used after wand velar and uvular consonants preceded real situation) is always written short. (The "00" on the TIingit Verb Complex by a back vowel (du gaawu, du koogu, du x'tix'u, etc.) Chart dated October 1989 is incorrect.) However, it routinely becomes long in combinations with other vowels, in which case it is written long, as it sounds. Note that where verbs use the same endings (as in the attributive, verbal noun, (More on this in AppendiX II.) and various forms in the subordinate clause) the same rules apply. 78 79 at "ii s/he's eating something 2. What's a syllable? tiel at u"a s/he's not eating anything A syllable is a unit of sound, usually with a vowel. "Cat" and "cats" both have one axel s/he's eating it syllable, and "syllable" has three syllables. In English, we write according to words, tie! oo"a s/he's not eating it (a + u = 00) not syllables. We don't write "a-cord-ing" and "sill uh bulls." We write "going" The irrealis prefix -u- is often absorbed into other prefix vowels, with the result and not "go-ing." We do the same in writing Tlingit. that two different short vowels become one long vowel. There is a tendency for beginning spellers in Tlingit to write by syllable rather than word. iyak'e you are good, fine tiel eeshk'e you're not good, fine (i + u = ee) Heen "a da na. instead of Heen "adana. Hit woo too see teen. instead of Hit wutusiteen. (More on this in Appendix IL) Yaa na gut. instead of Yaa nagiit. 3f Classifiers. Classifiers are always written short. As far as we know, all speak As in English, we want to write as a word unit all the parts of the word that cannot ers pronounce them short unless they are exaggerating by speaking slowly for stand alone. Thus, in Tlingit as in English we write learners or sounding them out for spelling. Even if they sound long, write them short. (Exceptions are contractions with the subject pronoun described later, be Yaa nagiit. not Yaa na gut. low.) He is going along. not He is go ing a long. We can say and write Part two: Word division a long journey but not He is go ing a long. In Tlingit na cannot stand alone (unless it means something else, like "Take 1. What's a word? it!"). Likewise, woo doesn't stand alone, but is part of the verb: A basic problem in writing all languages is the question of what is a word. Speech woogoot s/he went flows naturally in phrases, and sometimes it is hard to know what the word bound aries are. To solve the problem, we generally work out from the word into combi In the example of yaa nagUt, the yaa can be separated, meaning "along." Other nations of words, and write as separate words those units that have meaning when words can be used instead: they stand alone. So, in English, we write yaa nagiit s/he is going along the cat the cats yei nagiit s/he is going down the dog the dogs kei nagiit s/he is going up but we don't write s by itself because people don't say s without putting it on so it makes sense to write them separately. another word. We do write "the" by itself, because it can combine with other 2a. Joining object pronouns. Some Tlingit object pronouns always stand alone. words and have a meaning of its own. Some have the option of standing alone or being combined to the verb. We stan dardize the optional pronouns by combining them to the verb stem. The combin ing pronouns are also those which combine in contractions with other prefixes in the verb complex, whereas the separated object pronouns never contract with 80 81 other prefixes. For this reason, it seems logical to combine these object pronouns change and standardize in joining "aN to be consistent in the word division of "aN in writing the verb. as object of verb as well as relational noun. Examples: Combined (joined to verb) aka on top of it (with no verb) i you IKsiKan I love you. akat on top of it (with verb of location) a him/her/it AKa S/he is eating it. akaade to the top of it (with verb of motion) AsiJ;;an. S/he loves him/her. adaa about it, around it ku indefinite human object Koowajak. S/he killed somebody. atu inside it Note that this makes or reflects no difference in pronunciation; it is purely" cos Separated metic." Kat me ~at siKan. S/he loves me. Note that "a" as the object pronoun contrasts with "a" as a base meaning "there, haa us Haa siKan. S/he loves us. that place, at that time," and also "it." This is an unusual base and patterns like yee you (plural) Yee Kasixan. * I love you (plural). the demonstrative and directional bases. Some examples (with post-positions): ash* him/her/it Ash siKan. S/he loves him/her. aa some of it (partative) Aa uwaKaa. S/he ate some of it. awu there (with no verb) at something, indefinite object At dana. S/he is drinking at there (with verb of location) (something). aacte there (with verb of direction) sh reflexive (self) Sh wudzineiJ;;. S/he saved him/herself. 2c. Joining post-positions to non-Tlingit words. It has been suggested that some * YeeYJsiJan is also heard; see AppendiX II, rule 9 about the y. system be devised to note when Tlingit grammatical suffixes are being added to * Ash places focus on the .object of the verb (him, her). non-Tlingit words. One way is to hyphenate the suffix; another way is to italicize 2b. Joining the object of a relational noun ("aN / it). We have not been consistent the non-Tlingit word. We have no preference for standardization, but are inclined in the past. (There may be some inconsistencies in this book.) We have joined toward the hyphen. Options: objects of verbs to the verb (adana, s/he is drinking it; a;sa, s/he is eating it); but in Juneaude ("to Juneau") no separation our previous books, we have separated the objects of relational nouns (a kat, on Juneau-de hyphen top of it). If we are joining "a" (it) when it is the object of a verb, it is also logical Juneaude italicizing the non-Tlingit element to join Na" when it is the object of a relational noun (on top of it, inside of it, around it, etc). We have not been consistent in the past, because it also seems Compared to English, Tlingit writing is in its infancy. As more people become logical not to join the object of a relational noun, arguing that it is a base of its readers and writers of Tlingit, such spelling conventions will be resolved. own, much as the relational noun is also a base with suffixes of its own. It makes sense either way. In our work to date, we have followed Naish and Story, who separated the "aN from the following relational noun. But many writers seem natu rally inclined to join the object. Also, as Jeff Leer points out, "aN is one of the pronouns that is subject to contraction rules; that is, it naturally joins the rest of the word (like i and Isu but unlike Jat and at, etc.) For these reasons, we decided to 82 83 ..~ ..•• .. Appendix II: Contractions Tlingit contraction and assimilation rules .. (morphophonemics) .. O. About contractions Contractions (shortening words) happen in most languages. A contraction hap pens when two separate elements combine, and the new combination is unstable, and therefore creates a third, new element, either through loss of one of the origi nal elements, or by somehow drawing together or blending the original two. The most simple contraction is when a vowel drops out and nothing else happens. It gets more complicated when the original vowels and consonants change to some thing new. Examples in English: He is going. becomes He's going. He is not going. becomes He isn't going. He will not go. becomes He won't go. Will you not go? becomes Woncha go? Did you eat? becomes ]eet? Contractions are very important and very complicated in Tlingit. The following sections form an attempt to explain the basic concepts in as orderly a manner as possible. 8S 1. The Tlingit casino; the Tlingit slot machine recognizable word. Although nJag(lt looks strange and is not pronounceable by (The concept of the Tlingit verb complex) itself, it always patterns with the word in front of it and so is easy to pronounce as a phrase. Like a slot machine, the Tlingit verb consists of a series of positions or slots, the members of which combine in a number of possible ways. You need the right 4. Why not "y"? The y classifier deletion rule line-up for a winner. The entire series of possible positions is called the "verb complex." Sometimes the "slots" are called "positional categories." It can also be compared to a menu in a Chinese restaurant: you can order a combination special Similar to the "three strikes" rule is a rule involving the combination of the y classifier and the first person subject pronoun Ja. by selecting one item from column A, one item from column B, an appetizer, a soup, and a dessert-but only one item from each column. iyateen you are looking at it / seeing it Kaateen I am looking at it / seeing it The underlying form is Ja-ya-teen. 2. Three strikes and you're out! The three open syllables rule Here the y consonant of the second syllable drops out, and the two originally A basic rule of Tlingit speech is that a series of three open syllables in a row before short vowels are now joined as one long vowel. Here's another example: the verb stem or syllabic classifier is unstable. (An open syllable is a syllable that kU-Ka-ya-n60k becomes kUKaan60k ("I am doing") ends in a vowel.) Typically, the vowel of the second syllable falls out. This creates a new series of only two syllables in which the first is "closed" because it now ends in a consonant. 5. Why the "w"? Why the "dotted y"? Gamma rays and gamma goblins: the ghosts of Tlingit past yaa na-gut s/he is going 2 syllables; OK yaa na-Ka-gut I am going 3 open syllables, becomes yaa n-Ja-g(lt Watch what happen~ when we expand the above pattern on the verb for seeing: Remember to count the preceding syllable (yaa) even if it is written as a separate I can see it. word. Xaateen. You can see it. Iyateen. S/he can see it. Ayateen. We can see it. 3. The concept of underlying forms Tuwateen Suddenly the y of the classifier becomes a w. Why? To understand what's happening in the process of contraction, it is helpful to One of the most important concepts for understanding such contractions in reconstruct a theoretical, underlying form that nobody actually says. This may Tlingit is the concept of the sound that lingUists sometimes call" gamma," after seem silly, but it shows the origin of the normal, accepted form that everybody the Greek letter y. When we need to write this for purposes of linguistic explana actually says. The underlying form shows where the actual, contracted form is tion, we write it as)i, called (ly-umlaut," or IIdotted y/" or "ywith two dots." This coming from. The above example used a reconstructed, theoretical, underlying sound no longer exists in modern T1ingit. It existed until very recently in the form. Yaa na-Ja-g(lt is the underlying form; the second syllable vowel drops out. speech" of some of the oldest speakers, who are now deceased. It was a sonorant, In yaa nJag(ltthe first syllable now becomes closed and the phrase is pronounced an unrounded w, the voiced counterpart of x. yaan-Ja-g(lt. We still spell this as two words because the yaa is still a separate, 86 87 In modern Tlingit, the former y became either w or y depending on the sounds next to verb, and "go" is na conjugation. We know this from the imperative or command it (phonetic environment). Thus forms: y becomes w when influenced by u (and 00) Come: CJ conjugation Go: na conjugation y becomes y when influenced by i (and ee and all other vowels) Neil gil. Corne in. Neildi' nagil. Go horne. Neilt uwagilt. S/he carne horne. Neildi' woogoot. S/he went horne. This pattern appears regularly throughout Tlingit grammar. It is similar to the Neilt iyagilt. Vou carne horne. NeildI' yeegoot. Vou went horne. pattern of variation or distribution between -u and -i as the possessive suffix on nouns and as verb suffixes, especially in participial and attributive clauses. In the In other words, in Tlingit you cannot always predict on the basis of sound rules verb example above: alone. Both sets of contractions derive from the same underlying form. Which set a given verb takes is determined by its conjugation category (0, na, ga, gal. More underlying tu-ya-teen becomes tu-wa-teen because of u on this later. underlying !,a-ya-teen becomes !,a-ya-teen because of a (then !,aa- because of rule 4, above) underlying i-ya-teen becomes i-ya-teen because of i 7. Cafe au lait in the Tlingit Cafe This alternation of y and w depending on the influence of u is an extremely important concept in understanding Tlingit grammar. Here's another example: Making Tlingit verbs is a lot like making coffee. When different elements are com bined, they change into something entirely new. In making coffee, water is passed Waa sa kuwan60k? What is s/he doing? (from /su-jia-nook) through or mixed with ground coffee beans, and a new basic combination is cre Waa sa keeyan60k? What is s/he doing? (from /su-i-ya-nook) ated. If you add milk, steamed milk, cream, sugar, honey, cinnamon, cardamom, It shows up especially in perfective forms. chocolate, or anything else, you get a new kind of specialty blend. This happens in language as well, in the process of contraction, where words are shortened. by s/he went woogoot wu-ya-goot combining or drawing sounds together. The process is also called assimilation. s/he arrived uwagilt wu-ya-giit The combinations are the cafe au lait, cafe creme, cappucino, latte, and other you [s] went yeegoot Wil-i-ya-goot espresso versions of the Tlingit verb. you [s] arrived iyagiit wu-i-ya-gut As with making espresso drinks, it is impossible in language to tell the exact you [p] went yeey.aat wu-Yi-ya-.aat order in which the separate elements blend. Does the sugar dissolve before the you [P] arrived yeey.at wu-Yi-ya-.at milk blends? It all seems to happen at once, and the end result is the same. Some times the process is easy to follow: a vowel drops and nothing else happens. Some times it is a bit more complicated: the consonant changes because of its new 6. "But why? Yes, but." Exceptions come and go position. Sometimes several vowels and consonants are involved, and they all seem to be stirred around. A u may drop in one place and reappear somewhere In some verbs, (such as those immediately above) two different sets of contrac else in the blend, perhaps changing a g to a kw. This happens especially in the tions can derive from the same underlying form. In such cases, the sound rules future forms, because the irrealis u is always present in the underlying form, but described above are over-ruled by a higher (or deeper) rule: the set of contractions rarely shows up as u in the actual spoken form. In the perfective, the wand!, seem is determined by the conjugation category of the verb. "Come" is a 0 conjugation to change places. A technical term for changing places is "metathesis." Vou will 88 89 also see the wu of the perfective changing to yi because of the rules controlling the a-ee-I'ei~ > eel'ei~ you are dancing change of y in the environment of i or u. ga-i-da-haan > gidahaan (or gidaan) Stand up. Here are some" A, B, C's" of assimilation, blending, and contraction. (The sym na-i-da-t60w > nidat60w Read. bol > means lIbecomes" or ((changes to" and the symbol < means /(comes from.") Examples with a: (a + u > aa). Sometimes the difference between the short and long a is the difference between the positive and negative. Here the prefix vowel A. Consonants: a common blend. blends with the u irrealis. na-ga-too.aat > na-g-too.aat > na-K-too.aat ("let's go") Positive: AK eede yaa yatanahein. I'm getting sleepy. This is a common example. When a vowel drops according to the "three strikes" Negative: Tiel aK eecte yaa yataanahein. I'm not getting sleepy. or "three open syllable" rule, this creates a new combination of sounds and one of < yata-u-na-hein them usually changes. Here, the vowel a drops out. Q and t do not go well to Examples with a: (a + u > a). Sometimes the u simply drops out: gether, so g > ~ (the stop becomes a fricative). ash ka-u-na-ee-I-yiit > Ash kaneelyiit! Play! B. Vowels: great vowel movements. Examples with a: (a + u > 00). Sometimes the prefix u, (normally the irrealis used Tlingit verbs can have several prefixes that end in vowels. Especially when the with negative, future, and some other forms) is part of the theme, as in "to play," prefix vowel falls before the second person subject pronoun (you), a blending and some of the verbs for turning on and off. happens. When a prefix vowel precedes the second person singular subject pro ash koolyiit < ash ka-u-I-yiit s/he is playing noun, the prefix vowel is absorbed into the pronoun, and the pronoun vowel A K'eitK yakooti we TV /heen. < ya-ka-u-ti Turn on the TV/water. becomes long: a, U, i, + i or ee > ee. A K'eiK yakooti we TV /heen. < ya-ka-u-ti Turn off the TV/water. Examples with a: (a + i or ee > eel. The underlying form for both verbs of turning is: ya-ka-u-ti. The verb implies ka-i-sha-xeet > keeshaxeet you are writing it turning on or off by a knob or faucet. The "on" and "off" are conveyed by the ka-ee-sh -xeet > keeshxeet you are writing noun and postposition: ka-i-sa-ne > keesane you are knitting it a K'ei-tK from the mouth of it (open; let flow) ka-ee-s-ne > keesne you are knitting a ~'ei-K along the mouth of it (shut, close, stop flow) yoo K'a-i-ya-tan-k > yoo K'eeyatiink you are talking Kat K'a-i-ya-.aK-ch > Kat K'eeya.iiKch you hear (& understand) me Examples with i: (i + i or ee > eel. [Kat i-ya-.iiK-ch > Kat iya.iiKch you hear me] yei ji-ee-ne > yei jeene you are working sh ka-ee-I-neek > sh keelneek you are story-telling at ga-ee-s-.ee > at gees.ee you are cooking Examples with u: (u + i or ee > eel. ka-i-da-ch'iiak'w > keedach'iiak'w you are carving Wiia sii kU-i-ya-n60k? > Wiia sii keeyan60k? What are you doing? ka-ee-.us'-kw > kee.us'kw you are washing (dishes) yoo tU-i-ya-tiin-k > yoo teeyatiink you are thinking ' a-ee-l 6on > eeI'6on you are hunting ash ka-u-ee-I-yiit > ash keelyiit you are playing a-ee-s-geiw60 > eesgeiw60 you are seining tiel u-ee-sh-k'e > tiel eeshk'e you are not good a-ee-s-t'ei~ > eest'ei~ you are sport fishing 90 91 , Examples with e: (a> ei). Short e does not exist in prefixes. The prefixing form of wu-;><;a-di-naa > ;><;wadinaa I drank it. the vowel is a. Nouns ending in e change the vowel to a as nominal or thematic prefixes. The u-w affect in first person future: (ga-u-ga-;><;a- > kuka or kkwa). noun ;<;'f (mouth) > prefix ;<;'a The first person singular future shows even more complicated u-w influence than noun Sf (voice) > prefix sa the perfective. However, the underlying e reappears as a long ei in certain sequences involving u, ga-u-ga-;><;a-da-naa > kukadanaa or kkwadanaa I will drink it. such as the perfective and the irrealis. Remember that both the perfective wu and the ya classifier have the ji in their underlying historical form, so there is assimila (For more detail on this, see the sections below on perfective and future.) tion going on between the underlying ji and the underlying e. a-Kia-w6os' > aK'aw6os' S/he is asking him/her. 9. The i classifier affect a-X'a-yu-ya-w6os' > aK'eiwaw6os' S/he asked him/her. tlel a-x'a-u-woos' > ax'eiwoos' S/he is not asking him/her. Like the u and w, the i sound in Tlingit can affect sounds elsewhere in the word. sa-wu-ya-haa > [a kaa daak ;><;at] seiwahaa I remembered it. For example, in the second person plural (you-all) yeey sometimes appears where you would expect yi or yee. It may sound at first as if something is wrong, but this is a regular phenomenon: yi or yee becomes yeey in the imperfective before a 8. How you affect me! The u-waffect: Can I woo you? Can I wow you? classifier with the i element. I affect classifiers are common in the imperfectives of the stative verbs. (For University of Washington Husky fans, the UW affect might be remembered Here are some examples in transitive verbs. Notice that only the second person as the "bow-wow affect.") Assimilation need not happen to immediately neigh plural subject pronoun is affected. boring sounds. Sometimes a sound can drop out and still influence sounds later in the word. This commonly happens with u. Ixdzineex', I smell you. [s] Vee xadzineex', I smell you. [p] The u-w affect with direct objects: (a + wu + ya > aa). Kat yeeydzineex'. You [p] smell me. Has yeeydzineex'. You [p] smell them. The vowels need not be directly in contact to blend. The direct object a becomes Sh yeeydzineex'. You [p] smell yourselves. long aa in perfective forms with the sequence of direct object a, the wu perfective, Woosh yeeydzineex'. You [p] smell each other. and the ya (jia) classifier. (The underlying historical sequence is: a + jiu + jia.) lee haa idinook. You [s] touch/feel us. a-wu-ya-xash > aawaxash s/he cut it up lee haa yeeydinook. You [p] touch/feel us. a-wu-ya-.oo > aawa.oo s/he bought it Notice that yeey appears in three separate places in Tlingit: a-wu-ya-;><;aa > aawaxaa s/he ate it • as a variant if yi-yee affected by the i classifier element The u-w affect in first person perfective: (wu + ;><;a > ;><;wa). • as a contraction with wu- in the second person perfective forms • in contractions with the y classifier. The first person singular perfective shows how things can get turned around (met athesis). The u can drop out, but have influence later in the word. 92 93 _&1 10. The "doo·dah" rule: (du + do > du) these sets below, some examples, and then add a longer section on how they are derived from the underlying forms through a combination of rules: dropping syl In a combination of the fourth person impersonal subject pronoun du and the da lables, vowel and consonant assimilation, the u-w affect, and vowel harmony. classifier, the classifier drops out. (This could be called the "doo-dah drop rule.") Imperfective English Perfective Perfective Future Future du-da-na > duna one drinks it, somone is drinking it; (non 0) (0 conj) (full) (contracted) it is drunk 1 Ka I Kwa kuka kkwa tiel du-da-t60w > tiel dut60w it is not counted; one does not count it 2 i - ee you yi iya gagi kgee tiel u-wu-du-da-na > tiel wuduna it was not drunk 3 0 s/he/it wu- woo uwa guga kgwa ga-u-ga-du-da-naa > gaKdunaa it will be drunk; someone will drink it 4 du ((oneil du gaKdu 1 tu - too we wutu gaKtu 2 yi - yee you yiy gaKyee 11. The "doody" rule: (du + di> duwa) 3 has + 3s they has + 3s has + 3s The Tlingit perfective is something like, but not exactly like, the English past In a combination of the fourth person impersonal subject pronoun du and the di tense. It is marked by the wu- prefix (historically jiu-, variations woo- and w-) and classifier, the di classifier drops out and is replaced by wa (influenced by rules of takes the i form of the classifier. Stern shapes vary according to conjugation cat vowel harmony). This shows up regularly in the perfective (which requires the i egory (0 or non-0), and the choice of subject pronoun and classifier contraction classifier set). (This could also be called the "doody/doo-wap rule.") (yee or iya / woo or uwa) is also dictated by conjugation category (0 or non-0). wu-du-di-naa >wuduwanaa someone drank it; it was drunk Here are some perfective examples. Perfective Underlying form 1 Kwadinaa wu-Ka-di-naa I drank it. 12. The "gaa-ga" rule: (go': go > gao) 2 yidinaa wu-i-di- naa You drank it. 3 awdinaa a-wu-0-di-naa She/he/it drank it. In a combination of the conjugation prefix ga and the aspect prefix ga, the vowel 4 wuduwanaa wu-du-di-naa Someone drank it; it was drunk. of the first ga becomes long. This happens in the hortative (desiderative/subjunc 1 wutudinaa wu -tu -di -naa We drank it. tive) of ga conjugation verbs. Here is an example from the Lord's Prayer in Tlingit: 2 yiydinaa wu-yi-di-naa Tall drank it. i aayi yaK kugaaKtoosti Thy will be done (lit. may we live/be like yours) Notes: < ku-gaa-g-too-s-ti < ku-ga-ga-too-s-ti Is. Vowel drops; J becomes rounded by w influence. 2s. Y is realized here as y because of i. U is assimilated. 13. Double and triple shot espresso: more than you really want to know about 3s. U drops by three open syllable rule; ji realized as w. perfective and future paradigms 4s. "Doody" rule: du + di > duwa. Ip. Straightforward, no contractions, ji realized as w because of tu. The pronoun contractions for the perfective and future are so different from the 2p. The second y is by vowel harmony. imperfective that it is practical to learn them as separate pronoun sets. We give 94 9S Here are a few more words about and examples of the perfective. The first The perfective forms can seem especially puzzling when prefix vowels as well person plural (we) is the most straightforward form, and usually shows only the y as the y classifier are involved. Remember that the underlying form of both the wu rules: and the y classifier is the historical y. This is a highly changeable combination, as many of the examples show. wu-tu-ya-.oo > wutuwa.oo We bought it. wu-tu-si-k6o > wutusik60 We know (it). a-Kia-w6os' > a~'aw6os' S/he is asking him/her. a-~'a-yu-ya-w6osr > a~'eiwaw6os' S/he asked him/her. For other persons (I, you singular and plural, he, she, it, someone) many "cafe au a-YU-ya-.oo > aawa.DO S/he bought it. laW' contractions apply. The Tlingit future is like the English future. It is marked by an underlying string wu-"a-ya-.oo > ~waa.oo I bought it. of conjugation prefix ga, irrealis u, and aspect prefix ga. It takes the a form of the wu-i-ya-.oo > yeey.oo You [s] bought it. claSSifier, and the stem is usually long and high. Ga and ga conjugation verbs a-wu-ya-.oo > aawa.oo S/he bought it.' require the kei and yei directional prefixes, respectively. Unlike the perfective, there wu-yi-ya-.oo > yeey.oo You [p] bought it. is no stem shape or pronoun contraction dictated by verb conjugation. Pronoun wu-"a-si-k6o > "wasik60 I know. contractions follow the standard rules. wu-i-si-k6o > yisik60 You [s] know. Some of the future forms have two versions: full and contracted. The con a-wu-si-k60 > awsik60 She/he/it knows (it). tracted forms follow the standard three syllable rule, with the dropped u causing wu-yi-si-k6o > yeeysik60 You [p] know. the ks and gs to become rounded. But remember: even the "full" forms are actu , See the u-w affect section for more detail on this pattern. ally complex contractions of the underlying forms. The underlying form consists Here are some examples with direct object pronoun contractions. of a sequence of conjugation prefix (ga), the irrealis (u), the aspect prefix (ga), and the subject pronoun. The irrealis is because the future is a concept and is not yet i-wu-ya-jals > eewajals S/he killed you / You killed her. real. The irrealis sometimes assimilates with the ga prefix vowel, and at other a-wu-ya-jals > aawajals S/he/it killed him/her/it. times falls out, but causes the ks andgs to become rounded. This is the u-w affect. lsu-wu-ya-jals > koowajals S/he/it killed somebody. i-wu-ya-"6o,, > eewa"6o,, He called you. CP IR AP SP Becomes Or (contracted) [I sanich telephone t60de eewa"6o,,. Your uncle called you on the phone.] 1 ga u ga "a kulsa klswa (sometimes gulsa) 2 ga u ga gagi/gagee kgee Here are some examples with noun phrases. 3 ga u ga 0 guga kgwa A ,,'ei-t ya-wu-dzi-.aa. > A ,,'eit yawdzi.aa. S/he kissed him/her. 4 ga u ga du ga"du Du ,,'ei-t ya-wu-"a-dzi-.aa. > Du ,,'eit ya"wdzi.aa. I kissed him/her. 1 ga u ga tu ga"tu/ga"too 3 ga u ga yi ga"yi/ga"yee Here are some contrasts with weather verbs. In reality, all of these changes happen at once, like making coffee with cream Kuwat'aa. < ku-ya-t'aa It's warm/hot. and sugar. It's impossible to tell if the sugar dissolves before the cream blends. But Koowat'aa. < ku-wu-ya-t'aa It got hot/was hot. the sequence is probably something like this: Kusi.aat'. < ku-si-.aat' It's cold. Kuwsi.aat'. < ku-wu-si-.aat' It got cold/was cold. ga-u-ga-"a-da-naa underlying form (I will drink it.) ga-u-g - "a-da-naa a drops; g + ! unstable combination; becomes" 96 97 ga-u- -ka-da-naa a + U unstable; a is assimilated by u For readers familiar with Beginning Tlingit, please note that the actual and theo g -u- -ka-da-naa acceptable; used by some speakers retical position of u is more complicated than reflected on the chart on page 213. k -u- -ka-da-naa acceptable; used by many speakers For SimpliCity, following Naish and Story, we charted it as coming before the con k-kwa-da-naa used espeCially if previous word ends in vowel jugation prefixes. In reality, it follows ga but comes before na and gao (u drops but causes" to be rounded) ga-u-ga-i-da-naa underlying form (You will drink it.) Some verbs: come, go, drink, eat, dance. ga- -ga-i-da-naa u drops; (can't co-exist with i) Remember: these are just a few examples to show how the combinations work. ga- -g -i-da-naa a is absorbed by i These show the general pattern, but do not cover all verbs. There may always be gagidanaa acceptable form some variations for transitive and intransitive verbs, between 0 and non-0 (na, kgidanaa used especially if previous word ends in vowel ga, ga) conjugations, and depending on the prefixes. (a drops, and g + g becomes k + g) Came Went Will come/go a-ga-u-ga-da-naa underlying form (She/he/it will drink it.) (0 conjugation) (non-0 conj.) (full form) (contracted) a-ga-u-g-da-naa a drops; g + d unstable; g becomes '" 1 Kwaagut Kwaagoot kukag60t kkwag60t a-g-u-K-da-naa a + u unstable; a is absorbed by u 2 iyagut* yeegoot* gageeg60t kgeeg60t aguKdanaa acceptable form 3 uwagut* woogoot* gugag60t kgwag60t akgwadanaa u drops, underlying g reinstated, but rounded; 4 aawagilt* woogoot akgwag60t g becomes k next to g 1 wutuwa.at wutuwa.aat gaKtoo.aat (Note third person direct object pronoun a.) 2 yeey.iit yeey.aat gawee.aat Here are a couple of examples with a noun phrase various prefixes, and the 3 has uwa.at has woo.aat has guga.aat preverb used with the ga and ga conjugation verbs. * With the y classifier, 0 conjugation verbs take the iya- and u-wa contraction; A K'eide yakgwas.aa. < ya-ga-u-ga-s-.aa S/he will kiss him/her. non-0 conjugation verbs take yee- and woo. I K'eide yakkwas.aa. < ya-ga-u-ga-Ka-s-.aa I will kiss you. * A is the indefinite pronoun for verbs of motion. Kei kuguKsa.aat'. < ku-ga-u-ga-sa-.aat' It will be cold. Imperfective Perfective Future (full) (contracted) Yei aguKdagaan. < a-ga-u-ga-da-gaan It will be sunny. drinking it drank it will drink it A couple of reminders. The contracted forms are commonly used when the pre 1 Kadana Kwadinaa kukadanaa kkwadanaa ceding word ends in a vowel. This commonly happens with postpositions such as 2 idana yidinaa gagidanaa kgidanaa -de, and with directional prefixes such as kei and yei (reqUired with ga and ga 3 adana* awdinaa aguKdanaa akgwadanaa conjugation verbs, respectively). So, in counting syllables, remember, especially 4 duna* wuduwanaa* gaKdunaa in the future and perfective, to include the last syllable of the preceding word 1 tudana wutudinaa gaKtudanaa when applying the "three strikes" rule. Directional prefixes are a common part of 2 yidana yiydinaa gaWidanaa the pattern, and there may also be postpositions on the nouns. In other words, 3 has adana has awdinaa hasaguKdanaa has akgwadanaa you can't simply memorize a single set of subject pronoun contractions involving * A is the third person object pronoun reqUired with third person subject (0). the aspect and conjugation prefixes, but must also be prepared to apply the "three * "doo-dah" rule: du + da > du strikes" rule. * "doody" rule: du + di > duwa 98 99 ,_4; fi.···=; Imperfective: Future: ... Transitive (has direct object) Intransitive (action focus) Transitive (has direct object) Intransitive (action focus) 1 K60x l(axa. I am eating rice. At Kaxa. I am eating. ... 1 K60x kukaKaa. I will eat rice. At kukaKaa. I will eat. ~ 2 K60x eel(a. You are eating rice. At eeKa. You are eating. or K60x kkwaKaa. or At gukaKaa. 3 K60x al(a. S/he's eating rice. AtKa. S/he is eating. ~ 2 K60x gageeKaa. You'll eat rice. At gageeKaa. You [s] will eat . 4 K60x dUl(a. Rice is eaten. At dUKa. Someone's eating. .,. 3 K60x akgwaKaa. S/he'll eat rice. At gugaKaa. * S/he will eat. 1 K60x tool(a. We are eating rice. At tooKa. We are eating. .,. 4 K60x gaKduKaa. Rice will be eaten. At gaKduKaa. People will eat. 2 K60x yeeKa. You [p] are eating rice. At yeeKa. You [p] are eating. 1 K60x gaKtooKaa. We'll eat rice. At gal(tooKaa. We will eat. 3 K60x has aKa. They are eating rice. Has at Ka. They are eating. .. 2 K60x gal(yeel(aa. You'll eat rice. At gal(yeeKaa. You [p] will eat . .. 3 K60x has akgwaKaa. They'll eat rice. Has at gugal(aa. They will eat. Perfective: ...,.,.. * akgwa2;aa with object pronoun contraction: guga",aa without contraction Transitive (has direct object) Intransitive (action focus) 1 Koox KwaaKaa. I ate rice. At KwaaKaa. I ate; I've eaten. ..,.. Here are some selected forms of "to dance," an intransitive verb, but with a 2 K60x iYaKaa. You ate rice. At iYaKaa. * You ate: ..,.. required a prefix. It is na conjugation. you've eaten. Dance! [s] Anal'eiK! 3 K60x aawaaKaa. S/he ate rice. At uwaKaa.* You ate: .. Dance! [p] Anayl'eiK! you've eaten. Let's dance! AnaKtool'eiK! « a-na-ga-too-l'eil() 4 K60x wuduwal(aa. Rice was eaten. At wuduwal(aa. Someone ate . .. 1 K60x wutuwaKaa. We ate rice. At wutuwaKaa. We ate: .. I am dancing. AKal'eiK. we've eaten. .. I danced. AKwaal'eiK. « a-wu-Ka-ya-l'eil() 2 K60x yeeYKaa. You [p] ate rice. AtyeeYKaa. You [p] ate: .., I will dance. Akkwal'eiK. « a-ga-u-ga-Ka-0-I'eil() you've eaten. You [s] are dancing. Eel'eiJ<:. 3 K60x has aawaaKaa. They ate rice. Has at uwaKaa. They ate: ... You [s] danced. Iyal'eiK. « a-wu-i-ya-I'eiK) they've eaten. You [s] will dance. Akgeel'eiJ<:. « a-ga-u-ga-ee-0-I'eiK) * iya",aa. Eat is a 0 conjugation verb, so takes iya and uwa with the y classifier. S/he is dancing. Al'eiK. * aawaa",aa with object pronoun contraction: uwa2;aa without object pronoun S/he danced. Aawal'eiK. « a-wu-0-ya-I'eiK) S/he will dance. Akgwal'eiK. « a-ga-u-ga-0-0-I'eil() We are dancing. Atool'eiK. We danced. Awtuwal'eiJ<:. « a-wu-tu-ya-l'eiK) We will dance. AgaKtool'eiK. « a-ga-u-ga-too-0-l'eiK) You [p] are dancing. Ayl'eiJ<:. « a-yee-l'eil() You [p] danced. Ayeeyl'eiJ<:. « a-wu-yi-ya-l'eiK) You [p] will dance. AgaKyeel'eiK. « a-ga-u-ga-yee-0-I'eiK) 100 101